NAEMS. What do the data mean?

Transcription

1 Erin Cortus Ag & Biosystems Engineering South Dakota State University Al Heber Ag & Biological Engineering Purdue University NAEMS What do the data mean? How do we interpret the numbers? Ammonia, Hydrogen Sulfide, Particulate Matter (PM-10) Dairy, Swine, Poultry Averages (Variation for each site not shown) What are some of the trends or interesting observations? Daily Mean, kg/d B1 B2 F9 Patterns Rates 0 6/8/07 9/28/07 1/18/08 5/9/08 8/29/08 12/19/08 4/10/09 7/31/09 Date Average Daily Mean Rates Aerages Averages 1

2 Average Rates Rate Expression Average Rate Expression (per sow) (500 kg) Average Rate Per Head Inventory to Exceed Regulatory Threshold Note: A lower inventory number means a higher emission rate. Lighter than air Pungent and irritating odor Produced by breakdown of urea and other nitrogenous compounds Associated with odor Nitrogen has fertilizer value in manure Ammonia is a principal precursor to PM-2.5 and could be regulated under the CAA in the future EPCRA Reporting Threshold for CAFOs =100 lb/d Mitigated via diet changes, biofiltration, manure removal, etc. 2

3 700 mature dairy cows considered a CAFO (MV sites only) lb/y-hd ( cows) EPA (2005) Factor Flush: 57 lb/y-hd (639 cows) Scrape: 28 lb/y-hd (1313 cows) 2500 pigs (>55 lbs) or 10,000 pigs (<55 lbs) is a CAFO 6-7 lb/y yper finish pig pg( (~5500 pg pigs) 6-18 lb/y-sow (2000 to 6100 sows) EPA (2005) Factor Shallow pit: 6.0 lb/y-hd (6083 pigs) Deep pit: 7.6 lb/y-hd (4803 pigs) 125,000 broilers (solid manure) or 82,000 layers (solid manure) is a CAFO 0.4 lb/y-hd (90,000 birds) lb/y-hd (42,000 to 162,000 birds) EPA (2005) Factor Broiler Houses: 0.22 lb/y-hd (165,909 birds) Dry Layer Houses: 0.42 lb/y-hd (86,905 birds) 3

4 INCREASING EMISSION WITH LIVE MASS: EXAMPLE FROM SWINE FINISH OPERATION INCREASING EMISSION WITH LIVE MASS: EXAMPLE FROM BROILER OPERATION Source: Lin et al DECREASING EMISSION WITH AMBIENT TEMPERATURE: EXAMPLE FROM A LAYER OPERATION Source: X. J. Lin, UCD 59 4

5 INCREASING EMISSION WITH TEMPERATURE: EXAMPLE FROM A DAIRY OPERATION Barn 2 NH 3 emission, kg/d y = x R² = Mean barn temperature, o C Source: Lim, T., Univ. of Missouri Heavier than air Associated with odor Can smell like rotten eggs at low concentrations but odorless at high levels Product of anaerobic digestion Released in bursts, especially during manure agitation EPCRA Reporting Threshold for CAFOs =100 lb/d 700 mature dairy cows considered a CAFO (MV sites only) Scrape: lb/y-hd (44, ,000 cows) Flush: 4.6 lb/y-hd (8000 cows) Flushing with recycled lagoon effluent at WI farm resulted in H 2 S spikes compared with scraping. 5

6 2,500 pigs (>55 lbs) or 10,000 pigs (<55 lbs) considered a large CAFO 0.22 to 0.45 lb/y per finisher (80,000 to 162,000 finishers) 0.30 to 5.5 lb/y per sow (6,700 to 121,000 sows) High emissions at IA site attributed to high sulfur content of the water 125,000 broilers (solid manure) or 82,000 layers (solid manure) considered a large CAFO lb/y-hd (16M birds) to lb/y-hd (23M to 74M birds) CONCENTRATION SPIKES FOR A FLUSH SYSTEM ON A DAIRY OPERATION 6

7 AVERAGE EMISSION RATE FOR SWINE OPERATIONS AND THE SUPPLY WATER SULFUR CONTENT IA4B-B1 H 2S emissions, mg d -1 hd IA4B-B OK4B NC4B Water sulfur content, mg d -1 m -2 Classified by size PM2.5 Particulate Matter < 2.5 μm PM10 Particulate Matter < 10 μm TSP Total Suspended Particulate Respiratory problems Gas and odor transport mechanism Clean Air Act Threshold Varies 250 tons/y used here (MV sites only) 0.07 to 1.3 lb/y-hd (375,000 to 75M cows) 7

8 Factor Range 0.17 to 0.23 lb/y-hd for finishers (2.2M to 2.8M finishers) 0.29 to 0.39 lb/y-hd for sows (1.2M to 1.7M sows) 0.03 lb/y-hd (14M birds) lb/y-hd (18M- 37M birds) PM-10 EMISSION AND HOUR OF DAY: EXAMPLE FROM A SOW GESTATION/FARROWING OPERATION 8

9 PM-10 EMISSION AND ANIMAL ACTIVITY: EXAMPLE FROM A SOW GESTATION OPERATION PM-10 EMISSION AND ANIMAL ACTIVITY: EXAMPLE FROM A FARROWING ROOM PM-10 EMISSION AND TIME OF YEAR: EXAMPLE FROM A LAYER OPERATION Source: X. J. Lin, UCD 9