The Industrial Revolution in Britain. AP World History

Transcription

1 The Industrial Revolution in Britain AP World History

2 Today s main idea: What does it mean for a country to experience an Industrial Revolution? Why was Britain the first?

3 Industrialization fundamentally altered the production of goods around the world. It changed how goods were produced and consumed. It also had far-reaching effects on the global economy, social relations, and culture. What s important? Key Concept 5.1 AP World History Although it s common to speak of an Industrial Revolution, the process of industrialization was a gradual one that unfolded over the course of the 18th and 19th centuries, eventually becoming global.

4 Industrialization: What is it? The social and economic changes that transform a rural society based around agriculture into an urban society based around manufacturing. Who industrializes: First: Great Britain Later: Western Europe, USA, Russia, Japan

5 Why do we care? Reshapes the big picture of history: creates new political and economic powerhouses Reshapes the little picture : changes to daily life Two huge consequences of industrial technology: Industrialized countries = access to advanced weaponry WW1 and WW2 Factories need raw materials to make products & markets to sell those products Colonization: the creation of colonies Imperialism

6 Pre-Industrial Life in Britain Most people lived in rural villages; small communities Farming = major economic sector 1/3 of the babies died before 1 year old; life expectancy was 40 years old Disease was common Private and public farmlands were not separated or fenced off It was easy for many families and farmers to work the land cooperatively and productively All daily activities revolved around farming

7 Economy in Britain One of the most common goods: wool Later, imported cotton (after their empire expands) Wool and cotton worked by hand into textiles (cloth) Used domestic system = products produced in the home by hand Workers set own hours & could take care of domestic duties Women took care of kids, cooked, etc. while making money at home Not very efficient on a large scale

8 Shifts from Country to City Before: Britain had an open-field system = farmers could plant crops on unfenced private and public lands Enclosure movement = passing of laws that allowed landowners to take over and fence off private and common lands New agricultural innovations Lighter plows, selective animal breeding, crop rotation, higher-yielding seeds, etc. Increased output, lowered food prices less farmers needed Result: Farmers have to move to towns/cities to find work

9 Why Britain? Agricultural improvements increased food production Rapid population growth in cities surplus of labor for factories Farms need fewer workers, so more men for factories in cities Religious toleration in Britain = skilled workers of all faiths Capital supply: money to invest in labor, machines, and raw materials More $$$ to buy manufactured goods Had become wealthy because of Trans-Atlantic trade & colonies Wealthy aristocrats interested in profit Natural resources needed for manufacturing Coal & iron Harbors & rivers = transportation & power Small country = easy to transport stuff

10 Why Britain? (pt. 2) British government favored businessmen Britain s colonial empire Private property laws & patents to protect inventors Passed tariffs to keep out cheap foreign goods Provided stability, created roads & canals Big rivals in colonization = Dutch, French Had more colonies than either Markets to buy Britain s manufactured goods Food, raw materials, silver to feed & fund Britain Scientific Revolution Atmosphere of innovation Laws to protect & support inventions

11 Cotton Sparks a Revolution Britain s textile industries can t keep up with demand Everyone in their empire gets textiles from Britain Previous domestic system (sewing by hand) too slow Cotton gin (1793, in USA) New inventions increase manufacturing speed Spinning Jenny (1768) Water-powered loom (1787) Click these links to see videos of industrial cotton-producing machinery.

12 Cotton Sparks a Revolution Steam engine (1782) -- engine that pumps steam to power machinery by heating water, using coal Britain s geography -- lots of rivers for steam power Result of this technology: Britain s cotton production explodes 1760: 2.5 million pounds of raw cotton imported into Britain 1787: 22 million pounds (right after textile machines created) 1840: 366 million pounds (textile factories are widespread)

13 Other Technological Changes Increased production of iron and steel Invention of the steam-powered locomotive Used to make appliances, tools, buildings, ships. Creates new job opportunities & connects towns long distance = newer, bigger markets Factories are created in cities Textile machines are large and costly, easiest to manage this way Workers and machines under a manager Rigorous daily schedules (& punishments or beatings to enforce them) End result: By 19th century: Britain is the workshop, banker, and trader of the world.

14 British Society Transformed Population : relatively stable, little growth From 1750 to 1850: more than doubled (Why? Overall, better diet, health improvements, more marriages) Urbanization From 1800 to 1850: population of London doubled Poor, unsanitary living conditions in many areas Goods produced Coal & fossil fuels (for steam power) Cotton textiles & metalworking (sold internationally) All kinds of manufactured goods

15 What s next: Keep these questions in mind as you read from chapter 17 of Strayer during this week. Your chapter will help you answer them. On Friday (B)/Monday (A), we will have a seminar over the Reading Questions for Ch How did the Industrial Revolution reshape Britain s social order? 2. What new social & economic ideas were created to justify (or criticize) industrialization?