Water Conflicts Management

Transcription

1 Water Conflicts Management A short course with support of: Sana a university

2 OUTLINE 1. Objective 2. Description of the course 3. Introduction: Importance of water 4. Situation of Yemen Water Resources 5. Legal Status of Water Ownership in Yemen 6. Types Water Conflicts in Yemen 7. Factors Affecting Raising of Water Conflicts in Yemen 8. Conflict Management 9. Range of Conflict Styles 10. Managing Processes to Resolve Water Conflict Case 11. Negotiation 12. Mediation 13. The analytical framework is used to answer the key questions 14. Case studies of local water conflicts

3 OBJECTIVE: Increase the capacity building of trainees on understanding types of water conflicts and factors affecting raising of conflicts over water resources in Yemen, be able to analyze certain water conflict cases and know how to identify stakeholders, key stakeholders and other water players. Gain skills required for negotiation and be able to plan for manage water conflict cases until reaching an agreement to rend conflicts over water resources into cooperation for water resources development. DESCRIPTION OF THE COURSE Attendees of the short course will be able to understand types of water conflicts, recognize factors affecting raising of conflicts over water in Yemen, analyze certain water conflict cases, identify stakeholders and key stakeholders and related water players, determine role of water sectors for resolving water conflict cases, and plan for managing water conflict cases until reaching an agreement.

4 Introduction: Importance of water Water is an essential ingredient for human life and sustainable development, from food production and securing hygiene to supporting economic growth, water is a fundamental and irreplaceable resource in all societies. Conflict is most likely to occur over water when disputes involve access to water of adequate quantity and quality.

5 SITUATION OF YEMEN WATER RESOURCES The annual water consumption of Yemen is estimated as 3.4 billion cubic meter, with a shortage of 26%. The agricultural production consumes 90% of water. Groundwater irrigated areas increased from 37,000ha in 1970 to 407,000ha in 2004, while rainfed areas shrunk from 1,200,000ha to 460,000ha. Farmers deepened their wells over 50 meters over the past decades. There are currently over 50 diversion weirs and main distribution canals Approximately (120, ,000)ha in the low lands of the country are irrigated by spate systems Groundwater is responsible for irrigating 27% of the total cropped area.

6 LEGAL STATUS OF WATER OWNERSHIP IN YEMEN Priority of use Quantity of use Places of use and sharing Water allocation mechanisms Operation and maintenance TYPES WATER CONFLICTS IN YEMEN 1. Sharing groundwater resources 2. Sharing surface water resources

7 FACTORS AFFECTING RAISING OF WATER CONFLICTS IN YEMEN 1. Scarcity of water resources 2. Impact of climate change 3. Rapid population growth 4. Instability of Political Situation 5. Inequity distribution of limited water resources (Inadequate allocation of water supply project) 6. Low enforcement of water law

8 CONFLICT MANAGEMENT

9 CONFLICT MANAGEMENT

10 CONFLICT MANAGEMENT

11 CONFLICT MANAGEMENT Determine Roles of Main Players and Influencers

12

13 RANGE OF CONFLICT STYLES

14 APPROACHES TO CONFLICT

15 MANAGING PROCESSES TO RESOLVE WATER CONFLICT CASE 1. Force 2. Adjudication 3. Negotiation NEGOTIATION 1. Negotiation Approaches 2. Interests needs 3. Options 4. Standards and Criteria 5. Communication 6. Relationship 7. Agreement and Commitment

16 NEGOTIATION SKILLS 1. COMMUNICATION SKILLS: ACTIVE LISTENING 2. COMMUNICATION SKILLS: TALKING CLEARLY AND PRECISELY 3. RE-FRAMING POSITIONS AS INTERESTS 4. UNDERSTANDING AND PERCEPTION 5. OPEN QUESTIONS 6. SEPARATE THE PEOPLE FROM THE PROBLEM

17 MEDIATION 1. The Role of the Mediator 2. Mediation Skills and Tools 3. Mediation Approaches A) THE EVALUATIVE APPROACH B) THE TRANSFORMATIVE APPROACH

18 CHALLENGES FACING ARBITRATORS AND MEDIATORS 1. Local leadership is based on personal leadership capacity, 2. In most cases there is no clear leadership, 3. In many areas there is no single leadership strong enough to take authoritative decisions, 4. An important condition for conflict resolution is that the third party is perceived as legitimate by both parties in order to settle the conflict, 5. A main challenge, therefore, is how to garner a critical mass of local stakeholders to support a decision of a third party mediating the conflict.

19 CONSENSUS BUILDING: PRINCIPLES, AND PROCEDURES Consensus building relates to a decision and agreement reached by all the identified parties who have a stake in the outcome and decision. DISPUTE REGULATION MECHANISMS 1. Property rights 2. Financing water management 3. Participative capacity 4. Regulations and agreements 5. Engineering and Monitoring 6. Conflict prevention 7. Conflict resolution

20 THE ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK IS USED TO ANSWER THE KEY QUESTIONS 1. What is the interest of stakeholders involved in the emergence of water related conflicts? 2. Which conflict solutions (formal and traditional) are used for preventing or resolving conflicts in land and water management? and 3. Are these solutions part of existing practices being used or of new arrangements being established?

21 CASE STUDIES OF LOCAL WATER CONFLICTS SANA A CASES Case 1 Shahik dam: villagers of Shahik vs. villagers of Tan im Case 2 Arrowdah: villagers of Ber Julah against grape farm owner Case 3 Bani Matar: villagers of Al Kharabah, Mahiab, Bait Awad and Bait Habes against villagers of Jalal TAIZ CASE STUDY Case 1: Bani Yusof: villagers of Qihaf vs. Person 93 HODIEDAH CASE STUDY Case 1: Person 81 versus local farmers along the Debashiya canal Conflict description and stakeholder analysis

22 OPERATIONALIZING THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK: INDICATORS AND QUESTI ONS A: Context and contextual changes B: Conflict description and stakeholder analysis C: Dispute regulation mechanisms