Are invasive nematodes putting squeeze on Florida strawberries?

Transcription

1 Are invasive nematodes putting squeeze on Florida strawberries? J.A. Desaeger 1 *, J. W. Noling 1, R.N. Inserra 2, J.A. Brito 2 and S.A. Subbotin 3. 1 University of Florida, resp. GCREC, Wimauma, and CREC, Lake Alfred, FL, USA, 2 Florida Department of Plant Industry, Gainesville, FL, 3 California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento, CA, * corresponding author, jad@ufl.edu 2017

2 Gulf Coast REC Nematology Lab Andrea Ruthes Jake Helmer Mike Burrell Johan Desaeger Paul Dahlin Homan Regmi Chenzhao Bonnie Xie David Moreira

3 What Nematodes in FL strawberry fields? 1. Sting nematode Belonolaimus longicaudatus Common in Florida, native 2. Northern root-knot Meloidogyne hapla Less common, pr. introduced 3. Northern lesion Pratylenchus penetrans Less common, pr. introduced 4. Foliar nematodes Aphelenchoides spp. Uncommon, pr. introduced

4 5/31/2018 Nov. 2016, foliar nematodes (Aphelenchoides), Plant City Smaller plants, tight, stunted, compact crowns; curled, puckered, distorted leaves, hard and rough to the touch; > 150 foliar nematodes per g leaf

5 SPECIES A. fragariae Life Cycle days 3500 eggs/female Can reproduce on Fungi A besseyi Life Cycle 8-12 days (above C-80DD) Can Reproduce on Fungi A ritzemabosi Life Cycle days 3500 eggs /female Can reproduce on fungi Host Range Wide Wide Wide Foliar Nematodes different types Symptoms Plant stunting, with Leaf Blotch, reddening of veins and foliage, shoot twisting, undersized crinkled leaves, particularly inner crown. Plant stunting, with Leaf Blotch, reddening of veins and foliage, shoot twisting, undersized crinkled leaves, particularly inner crown. Plant stunting, with Leaf Blotch, reddening of veins and foliage, shoot twisting, undersized crinkled leaves, particularly inner crown. INSIDE LEAF In hosts other than strawberry X X OUTSIDE LEAF X X X Survival Quiescence- Dormancy w/in Infected leaves (600 days) Anhydrobiosisdehydrated w/in soil & plant tissue Quiescence- Dormancy w/in Infected leaves (600 days) Summary Spread quickly in moist conditions Global distribution with WIDE host range Life Cycle is SHORT: 2-3 weeks Symptoms similar among 3 species Feeding can occur both inside and outside of plant tissue Resistant to desiccation Aphelenchoides besseyi

6 Foliar nematode in Plant City, FL, 2016 Aphelenchoides besseyi White tip disease of rice False angular leafspot of beans (CR) Crimp or dwarf disease of strawberry (US, EU, AU) A. Brooks, Plant City, 1929 Few recent cases; 2014 (1), 2016 (6) Biology on strawberry in FL?

7 Dramatic change in plant response to foliar nematode during season 7 DID THE FOLIAR NEMATODE SPREAD WITHIN THE FIELD? Possibly rain, dew, irrigation, Late November 2016 December 2016 March 2017

8 The best way to spread foliar nematodes within a field.. 8 Pay a Harvesting Crew to drag their hands through plants up and down rows within a field

9 5/31/2018 Can the foliar nematode survive Florida summer? A. fragariae/ A. ritzemabosi - strawberry can survive in dead leaves, soil, weeds, dormant buds A. besseyi - most info on rice Florida? Old reports mostly Crop destruction - Dead plants? Survive in soil during summer?

10 NORTHERN ROOT KNOT NEMATODE (Meloidogyne hapla) On Florida Strawberry Field symptoms: wilting, stunting, discoloration galling, plant mortality Root galls 10

11 Root Knot Nematode has come again! Spring 2016 Canadian bare root source of Radiance North Carolina bare root source of Radiance Root Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne hapla) 70% end of season plant collapse RYFarm, Plant City, FL, March 22, Radiance and watermelon collapsing from Meloidogyne hapla in Radiance from Strawberry Thyme Nursery Simcoe Ontario

12 Obvious delay when nematode not Introduced / established w/in transplant

13 Several farms with root-knot damage March 2017 strawberries and double-crop cantaloupe, watermelon, 13

14 14 Nematicide rescue trial on-farm Northern root-knot nematode field 100 ft plots, 4 reps 7 pts 7 days pre-plant 6.5 oz 2 days pre-plant Vydate and Majestene 1 day preplant and 40 days post plant, resp. 2 qt + 1 qt and 2 gal + 1 gal Root gall index at 40 and 70 days

15 Gall Index (0-10) 15 6 M. hapla Root Infection on Cantaloupe 5 a 40 days 70 days 4 ab 3 a a b ab b b 2 1 ab b 0 Check Majestene Vydate Velum Nimitz

16 Pratylenchus penetrans northern lesion nematode Tunnel and feed inside roots - endoparasitic Very common in NE US and Canada Wide host range, almost every species of cultivated plant + many weeds Predisposes plants to invasion by pathogens (black root rot disease complex of strawberry) Common at FSGA farm > 1000 nematodes/g root

17 17 Are foliar, root-knot and lesion nematodes invasive and putting squeeze on FL strawberries? How widespread? need to study! Can they survive in Florida? probably Threat? definitely foliar and root-knot Management? not many options