THE CONTEXT. Chief Editor Wamankumar Wani

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1 THE CONTEXT Interna onal, Peer Reviewed & Indexed Journal of Arts & Humani es UGC Approved Journal: S. No Volume 4 Issue 1, July 2017 ResearcherID: K Chief Editor Wamankumar Wani Parbhani MS India.

2 THE CONTEXT Quarterly journal of Arts & Humanities UGC Approved Journal: S. No Publication details and instructions for authors: This is an Open Access Journal distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 The Role of Irrigation Projects in the Development of Agriculture in Nandurbar District Dr. Sanjiv H Kolpe Arts, Commerce & Science College, Gangakhed. Dist. Parbhani. Published online: 01 July 2017 Article Number: TCissn /4.1a Author(s); licensee Magnus Publishing. The Electronic Archived Version (EAV) and permanent URL of this article is: Abstract Irrigation is generally defined as the application of water to the land for the purpose of supplying moisture essential to plant growth. In the process, irrigation projects transform the land in two ways: 1) By direct modifications of the land surface that occur when canal networks are constructed and land is cleared, shaped and leveled for irrigation; 2) By indirect in-depth transformations that take place when the water and salt balances in the region are changed following the import of additional quantities of water and salt into the area. This study introduces the effect of irrigation project on irrigated area. Irrigation is the basic determinant of agriculture. The aim of this study is to investigate the irrigation facilities for the growth of agriculture in Nandurbar district and to examine the effect of irrigation project on irrigated area. The data collected from primary and secondary sources. Irrigation projects are collected for the period of 2005 to The researcher has taken major, medium and minor irrigation projects. Major, medium and minor irrigation project, which is a life of Nandurbar district, plays a very important role in the development of agriculture. Keywords: Major, Medium and Minor irrigation projects, Irrigated area Page 189

3 The Role of Irrigation Projects in the Development of Agriculture in Nandurbar District Dr. Sanjiv H Kolpe Introduction Irrigation is considered one of the most important and basic factor in the process of transformation of agriculture, where rainfall is both inadequate and unpredictable. Irrigation is basic determinant of agriculture because its inadequacies are the most powerful constraints on the increase of agricultural production, particularly in the drought prone region. It is recognized for its protective role of insurance against the vagaries of rainfall and drought. Irrigation disparity account for a substantial amount of variation in agriculture output between regions. Farming without irrigation is very limited in the study region, and if the rainfall is less than 20 cms agriculture is impossible without irrigation. In drought prone area, irrigation helps the farmers to takes two or more crops from the same fields within a year and it increases the productivity of the land, labour utilization, per hector yield, and changes in cropping patter, all these things depend on irrigation. Majid Hussain (1969) studied the geographical basis of Tube well irrigation in the upper Ganga Yamuna doab, the drilling of the tube wells in the area have been assessed and its effect on changes of land use pattern have been shown. The paper includes four map showing surface configuration of area under commands of tube wells and canals. The proportion of the cropped land irrigation by tube wells also have been depicted in a map. The study can be utilized for the further extension of canals and small irrigation projects in the area. Nandini Chatterjee (1995) studied irrigated agriculture A case study of west Bengal. Author has collected official and field survey data. Author found that irrigation potential of west Bengal was not fully utilized. During the period of investigation only 36% of grass cropped area was availing irrigation facilities. Author has pointed out that the growth rate of irrigation during the period of 1995 was somewhat sluggish. More K. S. and Mustafa F. R. studied irrigation requirement and development in Maharashtra. In this paper author have considered necessity or irrigation development in the state of Maharashtra. They have prepared three maps irrigation requirements development of irrigation, and priority for the development of irrigation in Maharashtra. To achieve the equitability of food grains in subsistence agricultural region the imbalance in irrigation facilities must be reduced. Importance of the study The study area located in the heart of drought prone region of Maharashtra. Irrigation is a key element in the success of farming in drought prone area. The co-efficient of variability of rainfall is over 35% in the region. The region of study area suffered by scanty erratic, uneven and uncertain rainfall. Therefore it is a great need of irrigation. Page 190

4 The region witness often scarcity conditions. The drought cycle having a very small span of two or three years, have adversely affected on socio-economic life of the people. Therefore, irrigation facilities are essential to ensure table yields. Objectives of the study 1. To study the irrigation facilities for the growth of agriculture in Nandurbar district. 2. To examine the effect of irrigation project on irrigated area. Database and Methodology The data collected from primary and secondary sources. The primary data is the raw data collected through different sources. The information was also collected through various offices. The detail statistics of irrigation projects in the district is obtained from socio-economic review, district statistical abstracts, seasons and crop report published by department of agriculture development of irrigation. Irrigation projects are collected for the period of 2005 to IMPORTANCE OF IRRIGATION Irrigation and increased crop yields There is indisputable evidence that irrigating land leads to increased productivity. Irrigation is a necessary input into the high yield varieties developed during the Green Revolution. One acre of irrigated cropland is worth multiple acres of rain-fed cropland. Globally, 40% of food is produced on irrigated land, which makes up only 17% of the land being cultivated. Irrigation is generally used to produce high-value crops. In Asia, yields from most crops have increased % after irrigation. Irrigation allows farmers to apply water at the most beneficial times for the crop, instead of being subject to the timing of rainfall. One recent study shows this result for crop production data from India. Production data from 1956 through 1987 shows that irrigation affects total factor productivity beyond the input value of the water. Irrigation and land values Land values in a region are a function of the productive potential of the land. The development of irrigation systems allows farmers to grow higher yields of existing crops, or more profitable cash crops. Because of this, the benefits to landholders of irrigation development can be large. One question of importance in developing countries is that of land security. Areas where land rights are ill-defined will have lower benefits accruing to the local population than those areas with well-defined rights. Contribution of Irrigation to Agricultural Productivity Increased supplies of irrigation water have been instrumental in feeding the populations of developing countries in the last 50 years. Irrigation water has increased food security and improved living standards in many parts of the world. With a rapidly growing world population and a limited food supply, fifty years ago it was common to hear concerns of food shortages and mass starvation. This was particularly true for Page 191

5 the populations of developing countries. While malnutrition is still a concern in many countries, the reason is not a lack of a sufficient global food supply. In fact, in the early 1990s, nearly 80% of malnourished children lived in countries that produced food surpluses, evidence that the problem is not one of insufficient supply. The last 50 years has seen a larger increase in food production than expected, more than enough to match the growth in population. Irrigation Supply Stabilization The construction of a water storage and conveyance system decreases the risk associated with stochastic rainfall. Farmers are better able to plan their cropping patterns when they can predict the supply of water available. The planting of certain crops, such as tree crops, requires the assurance of a sufficient water supply. Irrigation also allows farmers to apply water at the times that are most beneficial for the crop, instead of being subject to the variation in rainfall. Food Supply Expansion Irrigation and agricultural land expansion. One clear benefit of water projects is an expansion in the feasible land base for agricultural production. Worldwide, cropland under irrigation increased from 94 mha in 1950 to 271 mha in A region might have high quality soil for growing crops, but if it doesn t receive enough rainfall at the right times of the year, it can t be used for crop production. For areas that receive rainfall during the wrong season, the development of reservoirs allows water to be stored during the rainy time of the year, and then used for farming during a dry part of the year. For those areas that don t receive enough water for growing crops, canals allow water to be transported from a water-rich area to an arid area. Irrigation and double cropping of land Another benefit of reservoirs is that stored water can be used for double cropping of fields. There are many tropical areas that are warm throughout the year, but have seasonal rains for a portion of the year while remaining dry and arid for the other part. The ability to store water during the rainy season for use in the dry season could allow a farmer to move from one annual crop to two or three. One area where this occurs is in the central plain of the main island of the Philippines. This area has a rainy season from mid-june into November, and more than 70% of the total rainfall falls in a 4- month period. The region has two cropping seasons in a year the first is mainly dependent on rainwater, with irrigation water used to supplement times of drought, while the second, from December to May, is almost entirely dependent on irrigation water. Welfare Improvements Irrigation and employment and income. There is evidence in many regions that employment opportunities have increased after the development of irrigation systems. This can occur either because labor is needed for new land brought into production, or for land that is being double cropped and therefore requires additional labor in planting and harvesting. Page 192

6 The study region Nandurbar district come in existence since July 1998, which has separated from old Dhule district Nandurbar district consists for six tehsils namely Nandurbar, Naavapur, Shahada, Taloda, Akkalkuwa and Akrani. The district is bounded by to North latitude and to East longitude. The district has total area of sq.km. Information of irrigation projects (Nandurbar district) Sr. no Name of the Project Types of Project Blocks covered Area Irrigated Projected (Hect.) Actual 1 Shivan Major Nandurbar Dhara Medium Shahada Susari Minor Shahada Gomai Major Shahada YapiPrakasha Major Shahada, Nandurbar Tapi-Sarangkheda Major Shahada, Nandurbar Rahalyawad Minor Shahada Dehai Medium Akkalkuwa Aamlibori Medium Akkalkuwa Rangawali Medium Navapur Koradi Medium Navapur NaganBardu Medium Navapur The sources of surface irrigation discussed in the light, these are the major, medium and minor irrigation projects. Major Irrigation Projects TapiPrakasha and TapiSarangkheda-Major Irrigation projects. These are the major irrigation project, which is located in Nandurbar district. It is located in Shahada and Nandurbartalukas of Nandurbar district. It was constructed on the Tapi River. Area irrigation Potentials are 9840 hectares and 9742 hectares and Shahadaand Nandurbartalukas benefited by this project. Due to the completion of construction of the canal work, hectare area was under perennial irrigation was under seasonal irrigation in Apart from the above mentioned Major projects Shivan (3547 hectare), Gomai (4336 hectare) covers Nandurbar and Shahada blocks. Page 193

7 Medium Irrigation Projects There are six medium irrigation projects with cultivable command areas it will 3000 to 5000 hectares. Out of six medium irrigation projects only one is located in the Shahada taluka and two are in Akkalkuwa taluka and three are in Navapur Taluka. The all projects irrigates hectares during while the potential irrigated land was hectares. Due to the physical factor, distribution of medium irrigation project in the study region is uneven. Minor Irrigation Projects An irrigation project which covers less than 2000 hectares as the cultivate command area is called minor irrigation scheme. During the rainy season when water collects and forms a pond, it is usually called a tank. This water used for irrigating the standing crops after the wet season. Storage of water in the tank is depending on monsoon rainfall due to variability of rainfall. Sometimes, there is little water, sometimes, they remain dry, and either of field with full water. There are ten minor projects are to constructed but actually only two minor irrigation projects are completed and Shahada taluka is benefited from these projects. Other eight projects are under construction. The minor irrigation projects irrigates the potential land is only 1180 hectares. Conclusion Study region benefited by two major irrigation project. TapiPrakasha and Tapi- Sarangkheda irrigation project, which is a life of Nandurbar district, plays a very important role in the development of agriculture. This project has changed the cropping pattern of the study region from traditional crop to cash crop largely. There are eight medium irrigation and 855 minor irrigation works in the study region. Maximum number of works are in Navapur taluka. Most of the minor irrigation schemes become dry in summer season due to the rate and distribution of the monsoon rainfall effects on the water storage capacity of the project. Remarkable increase in surface irrigated area is observed in Shahada talukas. As evidence shows, that the well is an important source of irrigation constituting percent of total irrigated area in the district. During the period of under review district as a whole has 1.28 percent negative change in percentage of well irrigated area to total irrigated area, due to increase the surface irrigated area,. Intensity of irrigation is high in Nandurbar and Shahada due to irrigation projects. It is low in Akkalkuwa and Akranitalukas. High development of drip irrigation is found in Shahadatalukas due to fruit cultivation. During the period of investigation indices of gross irrigated area shows high variation indicates high variability of monsoon rainfall. The percentage of drip irrigated to net irrigated area is only 5.25%, in the district states that development of drip irrigation I low. Page 194

8 References Cantor L.M. (1967) A World Geography of Irrigation. Edinburgh, Oliver and Boyd, Debashis Das (1992) Caste structures and utilization of water resources for irrigation New Dimensions in Agricultural Geography Volume Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi. Reddy M. V. and Reddy N.B.K. (1992) Changing pattern of irrigation in Andhra Pradesh New Dimension in Agricultural Geography Vol. No. 3. Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi. Sharma S.K. and Jain C.K. (1992) an Agricultural Atlas of India a Geographical Analysis, Kurukhetra Vishal Publication. Page 195