UK Cattle Yearbook 2018

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1 UK Cattle Yearbook 2018

2 Contents Chapter 1 Introduction 3 Chapter 2 Marketing Chain 4 Table 2.1 Beef and veal balance sheet, UK, Figure 2.1 Product flows in the beef marketing chain, UK, Chapter 3 Livestock Numbers 6 Table 3.1 Cattle numbers by category, UK, June Table 3.2 Cattle numbers by region, UK, June Table 3.3 Cattle holdings and average herd size by region, UK, June Figure 3.1 Beef cow holdings by herd size and region, UK, June Chapter 4 Slaughterings and Production 10 Table 4.1 Red meat production, UK, Figure 4.1 Trends in red meat production, UK, Table 4.2 Beef and veal production by region, UK, Table 4.3 Cattle slaughterings, UK, Table 4.4 Cattle slaughterings by region, UK, Figure 4.2 Change in share of cattle slaughterings by region, 2007 and Table 4.5 Cattle average carcase weights, UK, Figure 4.3 Liveweight/deadweight cattle marketings, GB, Chapter 5 Consumption 14 Table 5.1 Meat consumption, UK, Figure 5.1 Trends in meat consumption, UK, Table 5.2 Per capita meat consumption, UK, Table 5.3 Self-sufficiency rates, UK, Figure 5.2 Percentage of beef and lamb sold under British logo, GB, Figure 5.3 Change in source of retail meat purchases by volume, GB, 2014 and Figure 5.4 Change in retail volume and value sales of beef products, GB, 2014 and Figure 5.5 Percentage of beef products sold on promotion, GB, Figure 5.6 Retail expenditure profile for beef, GB, Chapter 6 Livestock and Meat Prices 21 Table 6.1 Deadweight cattle prices, GB, Table 6.2 Deadweight cattle prices by region, GB, Figure 6.1 Seasonality of beef prices, GB, Table 6.3 Liveweight cattle prices, GB, Table 6.4 Rearing calf prices, England and Wales, Table 6.5 Store cattle prices, England and Wales, Table 6.6 Farm to retail beef price spreads, GB,

3 Contents Chapter 7 Imports and Exports 26 Table 7.1 Volume and value of beef and veal imports, UK, Table 7.2 Imports of fresh/frozen beef and veal by source, UK, Table 7.3 Imports of processed beef and beef offal by source, UK, Figure 7.1 Imports of beef and veal by product, UK, Table 7.4 Volume and value of beef and veal exports, UK, Table 7.5 Exports of fresh/frozen beef and veal by destination, UK, Table 7.6 Exports of beef offal by destination, UK, Figure 7.2 Map of UK fresh/frozen beef and veal exports by destination, Chapter 8 Abattoirs 31 Table 8.1 Red meat abattoir numbers by type, England, Table 8.2 Size profile of red meat abattoirs, England, Table 8.3 Size profile of abattoirs slaughtering cattle, England, Chapter 9 Auction Markets 33 Table 9.1 Auction market throughputs by region, GB, Table 9.2 Auction market centres by region, GB, Table 9.3 Auction markets sales held by region, GB, Table 9.4 Auction markets selling finished cattle by size, GB, Table 9.5 Auction markets selling finished cattle by size, England, Table 9.6 Auction markets selling finished cattle by size, Wales, Table 9.7 Auction markets selling finished cattle by size, Scotland, Table 9.8 Market share of largest auction markets selling prime cattle, GB, Table 9.9 Largest auction markets selling prime cattle, GB, Chapter 10 Carcase Classification 37 Table 10.1 Distribution of prime beef carcases by conformation and fat class, GB, Table 10.2 Distribution of prime beef carcases, GB, Table 10.3 Distribution of prime beef carcases by conformation and fat class, GB, 2007 and Figure 10.1 Prime beef carcases meeting target specification, GB, 2007 and

4 Chapter 1 Introduction The statistics in the latest edition of the AHDB Beef & Lamb Yearbook show that 2017 was a relatively stable year after the dramatic price movements that characterised Although sterling continued to remain weak, a tighter domestic supply and demand balance led to higher import volumes and lower exports than the year before. Deadweight prices started the year following a typical pattern, softening marginally as supplies ran slightly ahead of post-christmas demand, and tracking just below the five-year average prices for the time of year. However, where the market would normally expect to turn in May or June, prices in 2017 started to pick up as early as March; producers were still wary of the very low prices available to them in April of the previous year and this may have been reflected in a tighter supply situation. The GB all prime average deadweight price was at its lowest in the week ending 25 March, at 343.4p/kg, with the change in direction led by the market for young bulls. More commercial-type prime carcases fared particularly well, with price premiums for higher specifications narrowing slightly at this time. Late April marked the low point for prices in 2016, but by the same time in 2017 prices were 13 per cent higher year on year and were above the five-year average. From spring into late summer, good demand for beef kept the supply and demand balance relatively tight, despite retail price rises. The average price for GB R4L steer carcases rose by 9 per cent between early April and early September, peaking at 388.9p/kg. Prices then softened again over the following weeks. After a small rally in November, when processors were active in the run-up to Christmas, the market then entered into what became a very long winter for some; finishing conditions all summer had been good, but a wet harvest meant reports of widespread straw and forage shortages were to follow. Deadweight prices remained above the five-year average and 2017 closed with R4L steers priced at 375.5p/kg. For the year as a whole, prime cattle slaughterings totalled 1.97 million head, an equivalent level to 2016 throughputs. However, adult cattle throughputs fell by 3 per cent to 659,000 head after a strong year in Consequently production fell by 1 per cent on 2016 levels, with numbers and carcase weights of prime animals broadly stable, but fewer, although slightly heavier, cows. A generally weaker currency than the year before might ordinarily have lent itself to a continuation of the positive trade environment witnessed in Instead, imports grew by over 4 per cent on 2016 levels, to 442,000 tonnes, particularly from Ireland, and exports fell by 2 per cent, to 140,000 tonnes. Together these are a testament to the size and importance of the UK domestic market, where year-onyear demand grew by 1.4 per cent in The contents of the 2018 AHDB Beef & Lamb Yearbook provide an overview of the facts and figures from the beef and sheep meat sectors during We hope it serves as a useful reference guide for industry and other interested stakeholders. 3

5 Chapter 2 Marketing Chain Table 2.1 Beef and veal balance sheet, UK, tonnes * 2017 Production Imports Fresh/frozen Processed Exports Total consumption 1, , , ,204.1 Total consumption is a balance calculation based upon total supplies available for consumption, ie production + imports exports Volumes are carcase weight equivalent *Defra changed to calendar months from February 2016 Source: AHDB, Defra, IHS Maritime & Trade Global Trade Atlas /HMRC 4

6 Marketing Chain Figure 2.1 Product flows in the beef marketing chain, UK, 2017 Prime cattle slaughterings 1.97 million head Cow and bull slaughterings 659,000 head Calf slaughterings 112,000 head Value of product 2,995 million Liveweight sales 15% Prime cattle = 12% Cows/bulls = 29% 0.42 million head 425 million Deadweight sales 85% Prime cattle = 88% Cows/bulls = 71% 2.21 million head 2,530 million Slaughtered production Total: 902,000 tonnes Prime cattle: 689,000 tonnes Cows/bulls: 206,000 tonnes Calves: 7,000 tonnes Wholesalers/depots/traders Meat exports Total: 140,000 tonnes Carcase: 128,000 tonnes Processed: 12,000 tonnes Total: 440 million Meat imports Total 442,000 tonnes Carcase 340,000 tonnes Processed 102,000 tonnes Total 1,334 million Total beef & veal usage million tonnes 8,412 million Liveweight and deadweight percentage splits are estimated using GB data Volumes are carcase weight equivalent Source: AHDB, Defra, IHS Maritime & Trade Global Trade Atlas /HMRC 5

7 Chapter 3 Livestock Numbers Table 3.1 Cattle numbers by category, UK, June head Female cattle aged 2 years or more: Breeding herd (cattle which have calved): 4,228 4,238 4,204 4,193 3,411 3,472 3,493 3,481 Beef 1,569 1,576 1,596 1,589 Dairy 1,841 1,895 1,897 1,891 Other female cattle (not calved or in calf for first time): Beef Dairy Female cattle aged between 1 and 2 years: 1,373 1,379 1,442 1,464 Beef Dairy Female cattle less than 1 year: 1,499 1,570 1,603 1,583 All male cattle: 2,737 2,730 2,783 2,763 2 years and over to 2 years 1,011 1,001 1,032 1,051 Under 1 year 1,302 1,342 1,386 1,357 Total cattle & calves 9,837 9,919 10,033 10,004 Source: Defra 6

8 Livestock Numbers Table 3.2 Cattle numbers by region, UK, June head Dairy cows Beef cows England Total cattle and calves , , , , , , , ,418 Wales , , , ,137 Scotland , , , ,782 Northern Ireland , , , ,666 Dairy and beef cows defined as breeding females over 2 years old Source: Defra, Daera, Scottish Government, Welsh Government 7

9 Livestock Numbers Table 3.3 Cattle holdings and average herd size by region, UK, June England No. of dairy cow holdings Average dairy herd size (head) No. of beef cow holdings Average beef herd size (head) Total cattle holdings , , , , , , , , , , , ,209 Wales* ,130 N/A 8,910 n/a 11, ,094 N/A 8,613 n/a 10, ,054 N/A 8,436 n/a 10, ,030 N/A 8,379 n/a 10,668 Scotland , , , , , , , , , , , ,692 Northern Ireland , , , , , , , , , , , ,942 *Cow holding numbers shown are based upon animals aged 2 years or over with offspring except Wales, which are based upon all animals over 2 years as further breakdown is not available. As a result average beef and dairy herd size figures for Wales are not available on the same basis. Dairy herd sizes are based on number of holdings with dairy cattle rather than number of registered dairy producers. n/a = not applicable Source: Defra, Daera, Scottish Government, Welsh Government 8

10 Livestock Numbers Figure 3.1 Beef cow holdings by herd size and region, UK, June 2016 England 26,127 beef cow holdings Wales* 8,379 beef cow holdings Herd size: Herd size: Herd size: Herd size: 100+ Herd size: 100+ Herd size: % of beef cow holdings % of beef cow holdings 38 Herd size: 1 9 Herd size: Herd size: Herd size: Scotland 9,154 beef cow holdings Northern Ireland 14,756 beef cow holdings Herd size: Herd size: % of beef cow holdings 21 Herd size: Herd size: Herd size: Herd size: % of beef cow holdings 42 Herd size: 1 9 Herd size: Herd size: 5 19 Herd size: *Beef cow holding numbers shown are based upon animals agend 2 years or over with offspring, except Wales, which are based upon all holdings with beef cows over 2 years. Source: Defra, Daera, Scottish Government, Welsh Government 9

11 Chapter 4 Slaughterings and Production Table 4.1 Red meat production, UK, tonnes Beef & veal Lamb & mutton Pig meat Offal Total red meat a , , * , ,099.9 a = Excludes offal *Defra changed to calendar months from February 2016 Volumes are carcase weight equivalent Source: Defra Figure 4.1 Trends in red meat production, UK, ,200 1,100 1, tonnes * 2017 Beef & veal Lamb & mutton Pig meat *Defra changed to calendar months from February 2016 Volumes are carcase weight equivalent Source: Defra 10

12 Slaughterings and Production Table 4.2 Beef and veal production by region, UK, tonnes UK England** Wales Scotland a Northern Ireland a * a = Excludes calves *Defra changed to calendar months from February 2016 **Estimate based on remaining balance Volumes are carcase weight equivalent Source: Defra, AHDB Table 4.3 Cattle slaughterings, UK, head Prime cattle Cows & bulls Calves Total cattle & calves , , , , * 1, , , ,744 *Defra changed to calendar months from February 2016 Source: Defra 11

13 Slaughterings and Production Table 4.4 Cattle slaughterings by region, UK, head UK England Wales Scotland a Northern Ireland a ,669 1, ,649 1, * 2,780 1, ,744 1, a = Excludes calves *Defra changed to calendar months from February 2016 Source: Defra Figure 4.2 Change in share of cattle slaughterings by region, 2007 and 2017 Northern Ireland a Northern Ireland a Scotland a 20 Wales (%) 58 Scotland a 17 5 England Wales 2017 (%) 62 England a = Excludes calves Source: Defra 12

14 Slaughterings and Production Table 4.5 Cattle average carcase weights, UK, kg deadweight Steers Heifers Young bulls Prime cattle Source: Defra Figure 4.3 Liveweight/deadweight cattle marketings, GB, % Liveweight Deadweight Source: Defra, AHDB 13

15 Chapter 5 Consumption Table 5.1 Meat consumption, UK, tonnes Beef & veal Lamb & mutton Pig meat Poultry Total meat , ,578 2,129 5, , ,631 2,349 5, , ,717 2,473 5, , ,709 2,391 5,603 Consumption is a balance calculation based upon total supplies available for consumption, ie production + imports exports Volumes are carcase weight equivalent Source: AHDB. Calculations based on data from Defra, IHS Maritime & Trade Global Trade Atlas /HMRC Figure 5.1 Trends in meat consumption, UK, ,500 2,000 1,500 1, tonnes Consumption is a balance calculation based upon total supplies available for consumption, ie production + imports exports Volumes are carcase weight equivalent Source: AHDB. Calculations based on data from Defra, IHS Maritime & Trade Global Trade Atlas /HMRC 14 Beef & veal Pig meat Lamb & mutton Poultry

16 Consumption Table 5.2 Per capita meat consumption, UK, kg per person Beef & veal Lamb & mutton Pig meat Poultry Total meat Per capita consumption is a calculation based upon total supplies available for consumption, ie production + imports exports divided by the mid-year population estimate Volumes are carcase weight equivalent Source: AHDB. Calculations based on data from Defra, IHS Maritime & Trade Global Trade Atlas /HMRC, Office for National Statistics Table 5.3 Self-sufficiency rates, UK, % Beef & veal Lamb & mutton Pig meat Poultry Total meat Self-sufficiency (%) = Production/consumption (where consumption is production + imports exports) Source: AHDB. Calculations based on data from Defra, IHS Maritime & Trade Global Trade Atlas /HMRC 15

17 Consumption Figure 5.2 Percentage of beef and lamb sold under British logo, GB, % Jan 16 Jun 16 Jan 17 Jun 17 Jan 18 Beef Lamb Source: ESA 16

18 Consumption Figure 5.3 Change in source of retail meat purchases by volume, GB, 2014 and 2017 Total independents & symbols Other multiples Freezer centres Hard discounters Total butchers Other retailers (non-grocers) 2014 (%) 68 Top 5 multiples Total butchers Total independents & symbols Other retailers (non-grocers) Other multiples Freezer centres Hard discounters (%) 64 Top 5 multiples Data covers 52 weeks ending late December the same year/early January of the next year Source: Kantar Worldpanel 17

19 Consumption Figure 5.4 Change in retail volume and value sales of beef products, GB, 2014 and % Roasting Stewing Frying/grilling steak Mince Burgers & grills Fresh hot pies Pasties Chilled main meal accompaniments Ready meals Other a Volume Value a = includes Marinades, Frozen pies & puddings, and Ready to cook Data covers 52 weeks ending late December the same year/early January of the next year Source: Kantar Worldpanel 18

20 Consumption Figure 5.5 Percentage of beef products sold on promotion, GB, % Fresh & frozen primary beef Roasting Stewing Frying/grilling steak Mince Data covers 52 weeks ending late December the same year/early January of the next year Source: Kantar Worldpanel The efoodchainmap from AHDB is an interactive UK map, which plots a range of information, including the location of abattoirs, auction markets, meat processors and meat traders using colour coded pins. The map can be accessed at the website: 19

21 Consumption Figure 5.6 Retail expenditure profile for beef, GB, 2017 Fresh/frozen beef 2,250 million Roasting Stewing 18 Other 12 5 Retail expenditure profile (%) 30 Frying/grilling 36 Mince Processed beef 1,025 million Frozen ready meals Ready to cook 9 2 Burgers and grills Chilled ready meals 47 Retail expenditure profile (%) Chilled main meal accompaniments a a = includes single protein meal solutions Data covers 52 weeks ending 31 December 2017 Source: Kantar Worldpanel 20

22 Chapter 6 Livestock and Meat Prices Table 6.1 Deadweight cattle prices, GB, p per kg Steers Young bulls R4L Overall R4L Overall p per kg Heifers Cull cows R4L Overall -O4L Overall

23 Livestock and Meat Prices Table 6.2 Deadweight cattle prices by region, GB, Overall (p per kg) England and Wales Steers Young bulls Heifers Cull cows Overall (p per kg) Scotland Steers Young bulls Heifers Cull cows Figure 6.1 Seasonality of beef prices, GB, p per kg deadweight Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Based on GB monthly deadweight cattle prices for steers 22

24 Livestock and Meat Prices Table 6.3 Liveweight cattle prices, GB, p per kg All prime cattle Steers Young bulls Heifers Cull cows Source: AHDB, LAA, IAAS Table 6.4 Rearing calf prices, England and Wales, per head Friesian/ Holstein/Cross Hereford/Cross Continental/Cross Bulls Heifers Bulls Heifers Bulls Heifers Source: AHDB, LAA 23

25 Livestock and Meat Prices Table 6.5 Store cattle prices, England and Wales, per head Friesian/Holstein/Cross Yearlings 18 Months 2 Years Steers Heifers Steers Heifers Steers Heifers Hereford/Cross Continental/Cross , , , , Others/Cross Source: AHDB, LAA 24

26 Livestock and Meat Prices Table 6.6 Farm to retail beef price spreads, GB, p per kg Average farm price Average retail price a Actual price spread Producer share of retail price (%) Others share of retail price b (%) a = Retail prices converted to an untrimmed carcase equivalent and adjustment made for drip loss b = This is the share received by rest of supply chain, including retailers, processers and wholesalers Source: AHDB 25

27 Chapter 7 Imports and Exports Table 7.1 Volume and value of beef and veal imports, UK, Fresh/frozen Processed Offal 000 tonnes million 000 tonnes million 000 tonnes million , , , Volumes are shipped product weight Data as at June 2018 Source: IHS Maritime & Trade Global Trade Atlas /HMRC Table 7.2 Imports of fresh/frozen beef and veal by source, UK, tonnes Fresh/frozen Bone-in Boneless Frozen Fresh/chilled EU Irish Republic Netherlands Poland Germany Italy Non-EU Botswana Australia Brazil Uruguay Namibia New Zealand Volumes are shipped product weight Data as at June 2018 Source: IHS Maritime & Trade Global Trade Atlas /HMRC

28 Imports and Exports Table 7.3 Imports of processed beef and beef offal by source, UK, tonnes Corned beef Brazil France Irish Republic Other processed beef Irish Republic Sweden Beef offal Irish Republic Germany Volumes are shipped product weight Data as at June 2018 Source: IHS Maritime & Trade Global Trade Atlas /HMRC Figure 7.1 Imports of beef and veal by product, UK, 2017 Processed 22 Frozen bone-in Chilled bone-in Imports of beef and veal (%) 40 Chilled boneless Chilled carcases 21 Frozen boneless Volumes are shipped product weight Data as at June 2018 Source: IHS Maritime & Trade Global Trade Atlas /HMRC 27

29 Imports and Exports Table 7.4 Volume and value of beef and veal exports, UK, Fresh/frozen Offal 000 tonnes million 000 tonnes million Volumes are shipped product weight Data as at June 2018 Source: IHS Maritime & Trade Global Trade Atlas /HMRC Table 7.5 Exports of fresh/frozen beef and veal by destination, UK, tonnes Fresh/frozen Bone-in Boneless Frozen Fresh/chilled EU Irish Republic Netherlands France Italy Germany Belgium Denmark Non-EU Volumes are shipped product weight Data as at June 2018 Source: IHS Maritime & Trade Global Trade Atlas /HMRC 28

30 Imports and Exports Table 7.6 Exports of beef offal by destination, UK, tonnes million Total EU Non-EU Volumes are shipped product weight Data as at June 2018 Source: IHS Maritime & Trade Global Trade Atlas /HMRC What does this mean for the industry? Helping our levy payers make sense of the issues as they evolve. Helping key stakeholders and Government to seek the best possible deal for our industries outside the EU. 29

31 Imports and Exports Figure 7.2 Map of UK fresh/frozen beef and veal exports by destination, The above map shows the countries the UK exported fresh/frozen beef to in 2017, according to IHS Maritime & Trade Global Trade Atlas /HM Revenue and Customs. Data as at June 2018 The website provides guidance on exporting, including a list of Export Health Certificates (EHC) available: Source: IHS Maritime & Trade Global Trade Atlas /HM Revenue and Customs

32 Chapter 8 Abattoirs Table 8.1 Red meat abattoir numbers by type, England, Abattoir numbers Throughput ( 000 GBU) 7,629 7,969 8,057 8,034 Average throughput (GBU) 41,021 41,508 42,858 43,661 Types of abattoirs Killing cattle Killing sheep Killing pigs GBU = 1 cattle beast or 2 pigs or 5 sheep Table 8.2 Size profile of red meat abattoirs, England, 2017 Size group (GBU) Number of abattoirs Total throughput (GBU) Average throughput (GBU) Share of throughput (%) 1 1, , ,001 5, ,619 2, ,001 10, ,273 6, ,001 20, ,072 15, ,001 30, ,363 25, ,001 50, ,408 39, , , ,040,893 69, >100, ,318, , Total 184 8,033,549 43, GBU = 1 cattle beast or 2 pigs or 5 sheep 31

33 Abattoirs Table 8.3 Size profile of abattoirs slaughtering sheep, England, 2017 Size group (head) Number of abattoirs Total throughput (head) Average throughput (head) Share of throughput (%) 1 1, , ,001 5, ,270 2, ,001 10, ,859 7, ,001 20, ,389 15, ,001 30, ,820 25, ,001 50, ,370 39, >50, ,331 73, Total 154 1,689,912 10, Total 150 9,955,640 66, Includes cattle and calves 32

34 Chapter 9 Auction Markets Table 9.1 Auction market throughputs by region, GB, head England Wales Scotland GB Steers Heifers Young bulls Total prime cattle Cull cows Data relates to finished markets only Source: AHDB, LAA, IAAS Table 9.2 Auction market centres by region, GB, Number England Wales Scotland GB Data relates to finished markets only Source: LAA, IAAS Table 9.3 Auction market sales held by region, GB, Number England Wales Scotland GB ,225 1, , ,216 1, , ,145 1, , ,006 1, ,193 Data relates to finished markets only Source: LAA, IAAS 33

35 Auction Markets Table 9.4 Auction markets selling finished cattle by size, GB, 2017 Size group (head) Number of auction centres Total marketings (head) Average throughput (head) Share of throughput (%) 1 2, , ,501 5, ,132 3, ,001 7, ,716 5, ,501 10, ,290 8, ,001 12, ,115 11, >12, ,531 16, Total ,730 3, Source: AHDB, LAA, IAAS Table 9.5 Auction markets selling finished cattle by size, England, 2017 Size group (head) Number of auction centres Total marketings (head) Average throughput (head) Share of throughput (%) 1 2, , ,501 5, ,174 3, ,001 7, ,066 6, ,501 10, ,338 8, ,001 12, ,385 10, >12, ,531 16, Total ,725 4, Source: AHDB, LAA 34

36 Auction Markets Table 9.6 Auction markets selling finished cattle by size, Wales, 2017 Size group (head) Number of auction centres Total marketings (head) Average throughput (head) Share of throughput (%) 1 2, , ,501 5, ,404 4, ,001 7,500 7,501 10, ,868 9, ,001 12,500 >12,500 Total 15 21,035 1, Source: AHDB, LAA Table 9.7 Auction markets selling finished cattle by size, Scotland, 2017 Size group (head) Number of auction centres Total marketings (head) Average throughput (head) Share of throughput (%) 1 2, , ,501 5, ,554 3, ,001 7, ,650 5, ,501 10, ,084 8, ,001 12, ,730 11, >12,500 Total 12 49,970 4, Source: AHDB, IAAS 35

37 Auction Markets Table 9.8 Market share of largest auction markets selling prime cattle, GB, 2017 Head % share Top 3 42, Top 5 64, Top , Total GB throughput 190, Source: AHDB, LAA, IAAS Table 9.9 Largest auction markets selling prime cattle, GB, 2017 Ten largest auction markets a Bridgnorth Darlington Ludlow Market Drayton Mold Newark Northallerton Selby Thirsk York a = In alphabetical, not size order Source: AHDB, LAA, IAAS 36

38 Chapter 10 Carcase Classification Table 10.1 Distribution of prime beef carcases by conformation and fat class, GB, 2017 Prime cattle (%) Fat class Increasing fatness L 4H 5L 5H Total E U Conformation class Improving conformation -U R O O P P Total Please note totals may not add up due to rounding Table 10.2 Distribution of prime beef carcases, GB, % Steers Heifers Young bulls * * *Change in sampling methodology Source: AHDB, MLCSL 37

39 Carcase Classification Table 10.3 Distribution of prime beef carcases by conformation and fat class, GB, 2007 and 2017 % Fat class 1 and * % Conformation class E U R O P * *Change in sampling methodology Source: AHDB, MLCSL 38

40 Carcase Classification Figure 10.1 Prime beef carcases meeting target specification, GB, 2007 and * Too fat Lean but of poor conformation Too fat and of poor conformation Prime beef carcases meeting target specification (%) *Change in sampling methodology Source: AHDB, MLCSL Target: E R conformation and 1 4L fat Lean but of poor conformation Too fat 32 Too fat and of poor conformation Prime beef carcases meeting target specification (%) 56 Target: E R conformation and 1 4L fat 39

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