Chaetomium spp as Biological Fertilizer for Plant Growth

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1 Interntionl Journl of Agriculturl Technology 2017 Vol. 13(6): Aville online ISSN (Online) Chetomium spp s Biologicl Fertilizer for Plnt Growth Song, J. J. * nd Soytong, K. Deprtment of Plnt Production Technology, Fculty of Agriculturl Technology, King Monkut s Institute of Technology Ldkrng (KMITL), Bmgkok, Thilnd. Song, J. J. nd Soytong, K. (2017). Chetomium spp s iologicl fertilizer for plnt growth. Interntionl Journl of Agriculturl Technology 13(6): Astrct Chetomium spp is sprophytic Ascomycetes which could produce cellulose to degrde cellulose mterils nd decy woods. There re mny species of Chetomium hve een reported to produce ntiiotic sustnces, especilly ergostrol to increse soil fertility. Chetomium spp. hs een reported to increse plnt growth prmeters nd yields of mny kinds of plnts eg kles, tomto, chilli, corn, citrus, potto etc. The nturl products or fungl metolites relesed from Chetomium spp. lso reported to increse plnt growth, yield nd induce plnt immunity. Chetomium spp. re proved to e sfety for humn eing nd environment. It cn e developed s iofertilizer to increse in plnt growth nd yield in severl kind of economic plnts. Keywords: Chetomium spp., iofertilizer Introduction The griculturl soil tody ecomes low fertility due to hevy ppliction of only chemicl fertilizer like , , etc. leding to low ph, less orgnic mtter, d wter dringe etc. Plnts grow in this soil condition re low growth rte nd low yield. There re some reports on microil iotechnology cn enhnce the growth of plnts (Soytong et l., 2001). Chetomium spp. re isolted from Gungxi to test for plnt stimultor nd supressed some phytophtogens eg Fusrium sp., Phythophthor sp. especilly in grpe, citrus nd some vegetles. (Personl Communiction, Soytong, 2017). It found tht Chetomium cochilodes hs one of prominent species encountere (Fig. 1). There re reported tht Ch cochliodes produces isspiro-azphilones nd zphilones s n ctive metolite s reported y Phonkerd et l. (2008). Qin, Y., Mei, L. nd Soytong, K. (2003) reported to find out the resitent gene to some chemicl fungicide. The reserch finding proved tht Chetomium sp. re sfety for humn eing nd environment (Soytong et l. 2001). * Corresponding uthor: Song, J. J.; Emil: misssongjiojio@gmil.com

2 A B C D E F Figure 1. Chetomium cochliodes 10-dy-old culture on PDA, upper surfce (A) nd lower surfce (B), scomt (C), scomtl hirs (D), scus (E) nd scospores (F). Br. C = 100 m, D, E, F = 10 m. Metolites produced from Chetomium spp. for disese control Soytong (1992) nd Knokmedhkul et l. (1993) reported tht crude extrct of Chetomium cupreum KMITL-N 4320 cn increse the growth prmeters of tomto nd inhiited Fusrium oxysporum f. sp. Lycopersici cusing wilt. It is reported tht Chetomium cn produce ergosterol tht cn e promoted to incresed soil fertility nd high orgnic mtter. 942

3 Interntionl Journl of Agriculturl Technology 2017 Vol. 13(6): Chetogloocin C HO Figure 2. Ergosterol produced y Chetomium sp. Moreover, there re mny reports on ioctive compounds which extrcted from fungi such s trichotoxin A50 extrcted from Trichoderm hrzinum PC01, nd chetogloosin C extrcted from Chetomium gloosum KMITL-N0802 hve een reported to elicit the resistnt or immunity in plnts nd incresed in plnt growth nd yield (Soytong, et l., 2001). Soytong et l. (2001) reported tht chetogloosin C expressed s n lien sustnce which induce loclized nd su-systemic oxidtive urst in crrot, potto, tomto nd tocco implied plnt immunity. Soytong et l. (2001) reported tht Chetomium hs een developed from 22-strins of Chetomium gloosum nd Chetomium cupreum in the form of pellet nd powder formultion successfully pplied to infested field-soils with integrted with culturl control mesures nd orgnic mendments for the long-term protection of Durin nd Blck pepper cused y Phytophthor plmivor, Tngerine cused y P. prsitic nd Strwerry cused y P. cctorum, Wilt of Tomto cused y Fusrium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici nd Bsl rot of Corn cused y Sclerotium rolfsii. All experiments gve significntly etter plnt growth prmeters nd etter yield thn the non-treted control. 943

4 Chetomium s iofertilizer Kewchi et l (2000) reported tht fungl iofertilizers nd iofungicides hve een stimulted for griculturl use due to their ility to supress plnt diseses nd increse crop production. Fungl iofertilizers including Chetomium species hs een registered for ppliction in crop production. Severl fungl iofertilizers hve een formulted for commercil production eg Chetomium sp. ws registered s iofertilizer in Chin (1989). It is stted tht the fungl iofertilizers ply n importnt role in promoting plnt growth, productivity nd improving soil fertility. Kowprdit et l. (2007) reported tht fermented sh mixed with Chetomium lucknowense incresed in plnt height, numer of tillers, numer of grins per pnicle, numer of pnicle per tiller nd grin weight per pnicle. It ws indicted tht the io-sh with Chetomium sp. hs ffected to higher soil fertility, which incresed in plnt nutrients ville for the growth of rice vr Prthumthni 1. The io-sh with Chetomium sp. t 25, 50 nd 75 kg/ri were notsignificntly differed nd incresed the yield of 52.38, nd %, respectively. It ws significntly higher when compred to the non-treted one. It recommends tht the iologicl sh mixed to Chetomium sp. my possile to develop for using to increse yield nd to reduce the chemicl use (Tle 1). Tle 1. Growth prmeters of rice fter ppliction io-sh mixed with Chetomium sp. 944 Grin weight/pnicle (g) Grin weight/pnicle(g) green yellow Totl(g) Control sh 50 kg/ri Increse Bio-sh 25 kg/ri Bio-sh 50 kg/ri Bio-sh 75 kg/ri Men of four replictions. Mens followed y common letrer in ech column re not significnty differed y DMRT t P=0.01. The rice growing ppered significntly different in plnt height fter trnsplnting. It ws showed tht in non-treted control nd iofertilizer mixed Chetomium sp. t 45 dys, the plnt height were cm nd cm, respectively. There ws highly significnt in plnt height in io-fertilizer mized Chetomium sp. pplied t 25, 50 nd 75 kg/ri which were 35.59, nd cm, respectively (Tle 2). The numer of tillers/plnt ws not (%)

5 Interntionl Journl of Agriculturl Technology 2017 Vol. 13(6): significntly differed t erly stge of 15 d in ll tretments ut numer of tillers t 45 dys significntly differed in io-fertlizer mixed Chetomium sp. when pplied t the rte of 25 kg/ri, 50 kg/ri nd 75 kg/ri (6.49, 7.14 nd 7.05 tillers) when compred to the control (6.18 tillers) s seen in Tle 3. Tle 2. Plnt heights of rice fter ppliction of iofertilizer mixed to Chetomium sp. Tretments Plnt height (cm) 15 d 30 d 45 d Control c sh 50 kg/ri c Bio-fertilizer kg/ri Bio-fertlizer kg/ri Bio-fertilzer kg/ri 1Men of four replictions. Mens followed y common letters in ech column re not significntly different y DMRT t P=0.05. Tle 3. Numer of plnt per tiller of rice fter ppliction of iofertilizer mixed to Chetomium sp. Tretments Numer of tiller/plnts 15 d 30 d 45 d Control c sh 50 kg/ri c Bio-fertilizer kg/ri Bio-fertilizer kg/ri Bio-fertlizer kg/ri 1 Men of four replictions. Mens followed y common letters in ech column re not significntly different y DMRT t P=0.05. Biofertilizer mixed Chetoimum sp. showed significntly different in numer of grin per pnicle 45 dys. It ws shown tht in control tretment nd sh tretment t 45 dys, the totl numer of grin/pnicle were nd grins, respectively. It ws highly significnt in totl numer of grin/pnicle t 45 dys in io-fertilizer tretments pplied t 25, 50 nd 75 nkg/ri which were , nd grins, respectively (Tle 4). 945

6 Tle 4. Numer of grin per pnicle of rice from the experimentl plots. Tretments No of grin/pnicles green yellow Totl Control sh 50 kg/ri Bio-fertilizer kg/ri Bio-fertilizer kg/ri Bio-fertlizer kg/ri 1 Men of four replictions. Mens followed y common letters in ech column re not significntly different y DMRT t P=0.05. The rice growing reveled significntly different in totl grin weight/pnicle t 45 dys fter trnsplnting. It ws shown tht in control tretment nd sh tretment t 45 dys, the totl numer of grin weight/pnicle were nd g, respectively. It ws highly significnt differed in totl numer of totl grin weight/pnicle t 45 dys in io-fertilizer tretments t 25, 50 nd 75 kg/ri (313.57, nd g, respectively) s seen in Tle 5. Soytong nd Quimio (1989) stted tht Chetomium gloosom could give the etter plnt strnds of rice vr IR44 in the Philippines. Tnn, et l. (2011, 2012) stted tht the evlution of orgnic rice cultuvtuon in Cmodi ws pplied ioproducts s griculturl inputs especilly Chetomiumioproduct tht gve the etter yield thn the non-treted control. Soytong (2014) reported tht io-formultion of Chetomium cochliodes pplied to rice cultivtion gve etter plnt strnd thn the non-treted control for controlling rown. Tle 5. Grin weight per pnicle of rice from the experimentl plots Tretments pnicle (g) green (g) yellow(g) Totl Increse (%) Control sh 50 kg/ri Bio-fertilizer kg/ri Bio-fertilizer kg/ri Bio-fertlizer kg/ri 1Men of four replictions. Mens followed y common letters in ech column re not significntly different y DMRT t P=

7 Interntionl Journl of Agriculturl Technology 2017 Vol. 13(6): Soytong nd Quyet (2013) stted tht the orgnic compost mixed with Chetomium sp. ws nlyzed to get ph 7.79, EC us/cm, orgnic mtter 45 %, P 3,008 ppm, K 14,195 ppm, C 5860 ppm, Mg 2834 ppm, Fe ppm, Mn ppm, Zn 53 ppm. The orgnic compost mixed Chetomium sp. ws tested nd resulted to promote the growth of kngkong in the field t 23 dys. The totl yield showed tht orgnic compost mixed Chetomum sp. in formul 1 gve significntly highest yield of kg nd followed y F2, F3, F4, F5 nd F6 in different ppliction rtes which were 8.87, 8.80, 7.53, 9.57 nd 9.17 kg, respectively when compred to non-treted, the yield ws only 6.40 kg. It is concluded tht the orgnic compost mixed Chetomium in using in formul F1, F2, F3, F4, F5 nd F6 incresed in yield of 38.63, 27.84, 25.58, 15.00, nd %, respectively (Tle 6). Tle 6. Yields of kngkong fter ppliction of io-fertilizer F1-F6 mixed with Chetomium spp. Tretments Yield(g) Incresed yield Totl yield of 4 Totl incresed (%) squre meter yield (%) (kg) F F F F c F F Control 3.43 c C.V.(%) Potto growing res were cultivted y pplying io-technique 1, 2 nd 3 tretments which mixed different concentrtion of Chetomium sp. gve tuer potto yields of 12, 12.5 nd tuers, respectively which the tuer weighed were 1,718.75, 1, nd 1,450 g, respectively. It ws significntly differed t P = 0.01 when compred to non-treted control which yielded 9.63 tuers nd g. The chemicl method produced tuers (1, g) nd not significntly differed when compred to io-techniques (Tle 7). Potto yields were rndomly collected from meter plots (18 m 2 ). 947

8 Tle 7. Appliction of io-techniques mixed with Chetomium sp. for potto cultivtion Tretments ig tuer (g) smll size Plnt numer Tuer numer medium tuer(g) tuer (g) Control Bio-technique Bio-technique Bio-technique C.V.(%) Averge of four replictions. Mens followed y common letter were not significntly different y DMRT. Soytong nd Rtncherdchi (2005) reported tht the potto tuers plnted with iotechnique 1,2,3 mixed Chetomium sp. produced lrger tuers of 8.1, 7.4 nd 7.5 kg, respectively tht significntly higher thn the non-treted control (5.9 kg). The chemicl method gve yield of 13.9 kg which ws not significntly differed when compred to ll io-techniques including Chetomium sp. (Tle 8). The io-techniques mixed Chetomium sp. gve high yield qulity verging 18.7% strch cn control lte light. Tle 8. Potto yield Tretments Big size (kg) Smll size (kg) Totl yield (kg) Control Pesticides Bio-technique Bio-technique Bio-technique C.V.(%) NS 1 Averge of four replictions. Mens followed y common letters were significntly different y DMRT. Chetomium s io-gent formultion tested in tomto resulted in incresed in yields s seen in Tle 9 (Chroenporn et.l, 2010) nd Soytong, K. nd Yng Qin (2000) lso reported to test Chetomium spp. in tomto cultivtion tht gve etter plnt prmeter thn the non-treted control. Soytong, et l (1999) reported tht the evlution of Chetomium spp. in tomtoes in P.R. Chin tht gve etter tomto plnts stnd thn the non-treted control nd lso suppressed for iologicl Fusrium wilt of tomto. Moreover, Siounnvong, et l (2011) tested fungl metolite from Chetomium treted 948

9 Interntionl Journl of Agriculturl Technology 2017 Vol. 13(6): to tomto plnts resuted to increse in yield. Siounnvong, et l (2012) reported tht the efficcy test for orgnic tomtoes tht ws done using ioproducts, especilly Chetomium-ioproduct lso incresed in tomto yield when compred to the non-treted control. However, Soytong, et l (2013) stted tht ppliction of microil elicitors produced from Chetomium sp. could increse in tomto yield nd induced immunity for tomto. Soytong (2014) stted tht Chetomium spp. s iformultions cn e given the etter plnt strnd thn the non-treted control in rice cultivtion. It is reported ioproducts produced from Chetomium cochliodes tested for rice production gve etter plnt height, numer of tillers, fresh weight of plnts thn the nontreted control s seen in Tle 10. Siounnvong, et. l. (2006) reported tht the ppliction of iologicl products including Chetomium product for orgnic crop production of kngkong (Ipomoe qutic) tht cn e incresed in yield. Tle 9. Testing io-gent formultions to control Fusrium wilt of tomto in vivo for 60 dys. Tretments 1 DSI DR 3 (%) Plnt height(cm) Plnt fresh weight (g) Plnt dry weight (g) Yield/plnt (g) Increse in yield4 (%) N CLT PC prochorz c 32.5c c Fol c 22.20c c - No-Fol 1.00c N0802 = C. gloosum N0802, CLT = Chetomium lucknowense CLT, PC01 = Trichoderm hrzinum PC01, Fol = inoculted with Fusrium oxysporum f sp lycopersici only, No-Fol= non-inoculted with pthogen nd non-treted io-gent formultion. 2Averge of four replictions (5 plnts/rep.). Mens with the sme common letters in ech column re not significntly different ccording to Duncn s multiple rnge test t P = % disese reduction (DR) = disese severity index (DSI) of control disese severity index of tretment/ disese severity index of control x % increse in yield = Yield per plnt of tretment Yield per plnt of control/ Yield per plnt of tretment x

10 Tle 10. Plnt height of rice vr Pitsnulok 2 fter pplying io-formultion of Chetomium cochliodes Tretment 40 d / Inoculted Control Non- Inoculted Control Spore suspention, Ch. cochliodes Biopowder Ch. cochliodes Crude extrct ofch.cochl iodes Incres ed (%)2/ 55 dys 8.00c c Incres ed (%)2/ 70 dys Incres ed (%)2/ 85 dys Incres ed (%)2/ 100 dys e d c Benlte c C.V. (%) 9.40% 4.93% % % % - References Incre sed (%)2/ Chroenporn, C., Knokmedhkul, S., Lin, F. C., Poeim, S. nd Soytong, K. (2010). Evlution of Bio-gent formultions to control Fusrium wilt of tomto. Africn Journl of Microiology Reserch 9: Kewchi, S., Soytong, K. nd Hyde, K. D. (2009). Mycofungicides nd fungl iofertilizers. Fungl Diversity 38: Knokmedhkul, S. K., Nsomji, P., Loungsysouphnh, S., Soytong, K., Isoe, M., Kongseree, K., Prpi, S. nd Suksmrn, A. (2006). Antifungl Azphilones from the fungus, Chetomium cupreum CC3003. Journl Nturl Products 69: Phonkerd, N., Knokmedhkul, S., Knokmedhkul, K., Soytong, K., Prpi, S. nd Kongseree, P. (2008). Bis-spiro-Azphilones nd Azphilones from the fungi Chetomium cochliodes VTh01 nd C. cochliodes CTh05. Tetrhedron 64: Qin, Y., Mei, L. nd Soytong, K. (2003). Methods of trnsforming resistnce gene to enzimidzole fungicides into Trichoderm hrzinum nd Chetomium gloosum. Proceedings of Biologicl Control nd Biotechnology. pp Siounnvong, P., Knokmedhkul, S. nd Soytong, K. (2011). Antifungl metolites from ntgonistic fungi used to control tomto wilt fungus Fusrium oxysporum f sp lycopersici. Africn Journl of Biotechnology 10:

11 Interntionl Journl of Agriculturl Technology 2017 Vol. 13(6): Siounnvong, P., Sysouphn, P., Xy, L., Phoutsy, P., Soytong, K., Promrin, K., Pongnk, W. nd Soytong, K. (2006). Appliction of iologicl products for orgnic crop production of kngkong (Ipomoe qutic). An Interntionl Journl of Agriculturl Technology 2: Siounnvong, P. S., Utthjdee, A., Mkhonps, C. nd Soytong, K. (2012). Efficcy test for good griculturl prctice, pesticide-free production nd orgnic griculture in tomto. Journl of Agriculturl Technology 8: Soytong, K., Chroenporn, C. nd Knokmedhkul, S. (2013). Evlution of microil elicitors to induce plnt immunity for tomto wilt. Africn Journl of Microiology Reserch 7: Soytong, K. (2014). Bio-formultion of Chetomium cochliodes for controlling rown lef spot of rice. Journl of Agriculturl Technology 10: Soytong, K. nd Quyet, N. T. (2013) Production of orgnic compost from mushroom producing sustnces wste nd tested for Kngkong orgnic cultivtion. Journl of Agriculturl Technology 9: Soytong, K. (1992). Antgonism of Chetomium cupreum to Pyriculri oryze. Journl of Plnt Protection in the Tropics 9: Soytong, K. nd Rtncherdchi, K. (2005). Appliction of mycofungicide to control lte light of potto. Journl of Agriculturl Technology 1: Soytong, K. nd Quimio, T. H. (1989). Antgonism of Chetomium gloosum to the rice lst pthogen, Pyriculri oryze. Ksetsrt Journl (Nturl Science) 23: Soytong, K. nd Qin, Y. (2000). Evlution of Chetomium for iologicl control of Fusrium wilt of tomto in P. R. Chin. In Qin, Y. (Ed.), Advnced Study on Plnt Pest Biologicl Control. Interntionl Symposium on Plnt Pest Biologicl Control. Hrin Institute of Technology. Hrin. P. R. Chin: Heilongjing Science nd Technology Press. pp Soytong, K., Jindwong, N. nd Yng Qin (1999). Evlution of Chetomium for iologicl control of Fusrium wilt of tomto in P. R. Chin. Proceedings of the 5th Interntionl Conference on Plnt Protection in the Tropics, Mlysi. pp Soytong, K., Knokmedhkul, S., Kukongviriyp, V. nd Isoe, M. (2001). Appliction of Chetomium species (Ketomium ) s new rod spectrum iologicl fungicide for plnt disese control: A review rticle. Fungl Diversity 7:1-15. Soytong, K. nd Quyet, N. T. (2013) Production of orgnic compost from mushroom producing sustnces wste nd tested for Kngkong orgnic cultivtion. Journl of Agriculturl Technology 9: Tnn, H., Mkhonps, C., Utthjdee, A. nd Soytong, K. (2012). Effect of good griculturl prctice nd orgnic methods on rice cultivtion under the system of rice intensifiction in Cmodi. Journl of Agriculturl Technology 8: Tnn, H., Soytong, K., Mkhonps, C. nd Adthjdee, A. (2011). Comprison etween orgnic, GAP nd chemicl methods for cultivtion of rice vrieties in Cmodi. Journl of Agriculturl Technology 7: (Received: 15 Septemer 2017, ccepted: 30 Octoer 2017) 951