MARKET POTENTIAL FOR GENE EDITING

Transcription

1 Swine Summit 2018 MARKET POTENTIAL FOR GENE EDITING Dr. Roger Johnson RCJ Consulting Denison, Iowa

2 Presentation Overview The Challenges We Face Global Local The Opportunities That Lay Ahead Global Local Genetic Improvement Overview Traditional Strategies New Generation Strategies Genetic Engineering Cloning Gene Editing 2

3 THE CHALLENGES WE FACE 3

4 Global Challenges World Population 34% Urbanization from 54% to 66% Middle Class from 50% to 70% Source: 2014 GAP Report 4

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6 Average Calorie Consumption Source: ccafs.cigar.org/bigfacts 6

7 Global Agricultural Output Protein Revolution by x livestock, poultry & fish 70% in Developing Countries Grains & oilseeds demand Protein Revolution 2013 to 2030 Poultry & Eggs 63% Milk 55% Ruminant Meat 44% Protein Revolution 2013 to 2023 Fish consumption 9% Source: 2014 GAP Report 7

8 Source: biotech-now.org 8

9 Productivity GAP Source: 2014 GAP Report 9

10 Grains & Oilseeds Demands & Supply by 2050 Current Growth Target 60% by 2050 Corn 67% Rice 42% Wheat 38% Soybean 55% Source: ccafs.cigar.org/bigfacts 10

11 Focus on United States of America 11

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14 No Shortage of Ag and Food Issues Animal Welfare Sow Housing, Rearing Practices Antibiotic usage/resistance Traceability Export Barriers (Russia, China, EU) Food Safety, Product Recalls, Imported Items Local, Organic, Slow Food Movement Immigration Environment/Carbon Footprint Food for Fuel-Ethanol Sustainability Nutritional Components of Food-Fat, Sodium, Gluten 14

15 Meat Industry Buzz Words Local Factory Farms Group Housed Free Range Made in Rural America GMO vs non-gmo Natural Organic ABF Never Ever Never Ever 3 Sustainability Global Market or Consumers Meat of Choice HSUS & PETA Food Fusion Slow Food vs Fast Food Animal Care Legislation Superbugs Nightmare Bacteria Trans Fatty Acid Gluten Free Third Party Inspections Carbon footprint 15

16 Changing Perception of Responsibility 16

17 Market Share of Major Exporters 5-year Average Others Argentina Australia Canada EU Former USSR United States Source: USDA, Foreign Agricultural Service, Production Supply and Distribution (PS&D) Database 17

18 OR THE OPPORTUNITIES THAT LAY AHEAD 18

19 Source: 19

20 Arable Land Needed to Produce Fixed Quantity of Crop Products 68% Land Requirement in 50 years Source: FAO 20

21 USA Corn Yield Trends Source: USDA-NASS (as of Jan 2017) 21

22 Adoption of GE Corn in USA Source: USDA, Economic Research Service using data from USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service, June Agricultural Survey. 22

23 Adoption of GE Soybeans in USA

24 GENETIC IMPROVEMENT STRATEGIES 24

25 Traditional Strategies Selective Breeding vs Natural Selection Within Line Selection Crossbreeding Inbreeding Outbreeding Rotational Terminal 25

26 New Generation Strategies Genetic Engineering Alteration & recombination of genetic material under laboratory conditions Transgenics GMO Cloning Process of producing similar populations of genetically identical individuals Gene Editing Insertion, deletion or replacement of DNA at a specific site in the genome 26

27 Conventional Breeding vs Genetic Engineering Result GMO Grains 27

28 First Successful Clone: Dolly 28

29 Cloning Summary PROS 1. Produce the best animal population. 2. Reproduce endangered or even extinct species. 3. Way to quickly create more sources of food, especially meat. 4. Good for genetic testing and drug research. 5. Bring back lost pets. CONS 1. Cannot bring back a beloved pet s personality. 2. Can be seen as animal cruelty. 3. Is expensive. 4. Reduces genetic diversity. 5. Human cloning? 29

30 Market Acceptability of Cloned Animals FDA's Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM) asked livestock producers to voluntarily keep food from clones and their offspring out of the food chain until CVM could further evaluate the issue. Iowa State Fair Champion Steer 2010 Champion was a clone of 2008 Champion As a pre-caution, the meat did not enter the public food chain Post-2008 FDA CVM concluded: Cloning poses no unique risks to animal health Composition of clone food products no different from conventional food products Therefore, no additional risks to people eating food from clones or clone offspring 30

31 Gene Editing Insertion, deletion or replacement of DNA at a specific site in the genome Techniques CRISPR TALENs ZFNs ODM 31

32 First GE Approval: Salmon AquaBounty Technologies (early 1990 s) Chinook Salmon can not mate with Atlantic Salmon Genetic Editing Growth hormone gene from Chinook Salmon Atlantic Salmon GH regulator gene from Ocean Pout Atlantic Salmon Results 2x Faster Growth 36 mon 18 mon Improved FE USA Approved (11/2015) but Not Available Canada Approved (4/2016) Available (8/2017) 32

33 Food Animal GE Applications Species Target Targeted Trait/Goal Cattle Intraspecies POLLED allele substitution Myostatin (gene knockout) Beta-lactoglobulin (gene knockout) Insertion of lysostaphin transgene Insertion of lysozyme transgene Insertion of SP110 transgene Knockout = inactivation of gene function No horns Increased muscle yield Elimination of milk allergen Disease resistance Disease resistance Resistance to tuberculosis 33

34 Food Animal GE Applications Species Target Targeted Trait/Goal Pig CD163 (gene knockout) Interspecies RELA allele substitution Myostatin (gene knockout) Puberty gene Knockout = inactivation of gene function PRRS Virus Resistance African Swine Fever Resistance Increased muscle yield Eliminate Physical Castration Source: Tousignant,

35 Food Animal GE Applications Species Target Targeted Trait/Goal Chicken Goat Ovalbumin (gene knockout) Insertion of Immunoglobulin heavy chain locus Myostatin (gene knockout) Prion protein gene knockout Beta-lactoglobulin gene knockout Elimination of ovalbumin in egg Germline gene editing Increased muscle growth Elimination of prion protein Elimination of milk allergen Sheep Myostatin (gene knockout) Increased muscle yield Knockout = inactivation of gene function 35

36 Gene Editing Summary PROS 1. Goodbye to inherent diseases 2. Longer and healthier lifespan 3. Solving problems one at a time, thus making the future better 4. What s wrong with looking good? CONS 1. Not meant to be flawless 2. Too early to know 3. Playing God? 4. Designer babies? 36

37 Gene Editing Status January 2017 Draft FDA regulation View Animals whose genomes have been altered intentionally as drugs. #187 37

38 Development & Adoption of New Technology Misinformation Creates Fear Therefore, it is essential to tell THE Story rather than A Story 38