VIETNAM S BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION, AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT AND FOOD SECURITY

Transcription

1 VIETNAM S BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION, AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT AND FOOD SECURITY Prof. Dr. Do Kim Chung & Dr. Kim Thi Dung Hanoi University of Agriculture

2 Contents 1. Introduction 2. Conservation Measures 3. Agriculture Development and Food Security 4. Challenges and Recommendations

3 Introduction 1. One of 16 countries having most biodiversity: More than 10,000 flora, 275 animal, 828 bird, 258 reptile, 82 amphibian, 3109 fish, 5500 insect species 2. Biodiversity lost: 365 fauna, 400 flora species are endangered due to: - High demand for foods, fibers and recreation - Industrialization and urbanization process 3. Arose Questions: - How to develop agricultural sector to ensure food security while conserving bio-diversity? - What measures should be taken to conserve biodiversity for a sustainable agricultural development?

4 2. Conservation Measures 1. Development of a diverse agriculture 2. Integrated Pest Management 3. System of Rice Intensification (SRI) 4. Bio-diversity Use and Conservation 5. Pesticide Risk Reduction 6. Genetic Resource Conservation

5 2.1 Development of diverse agriculture Crop and livestock: Use local, indigenous breeds / varieties to tolerate adverse conditions (drought, cold, hot, humid, pests and diseases) - all food, industrial, medical crops, annual and perennial - Low and high water demand crops Aquaculture: fresh, blackish and marine aquaculture (shrimp, catfish, tilapia), open sea cage culture, Integrated coastal aquaculture Forestry: Identifying and managing protected areas: 28 national parks,18 nature reserves, 39 protected landscapes, Afforestration (0.5 million ha (1990) to 3.1 million ha (2010). Sustaining local livelihood by wildlife rearing and conserving (50 fauna, 1000 flora species)

6 2.2 Integrated Pest Management Adapted to Vietnam since 1992 to resolve problems of pests and overuse of pesticides caused by lack of farmers knowledge on crop and ecological management National IPM program managed by Plant Protection Department (PPD) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural development (MARD) funded by various international agencies (FAO: Rice, Vegetables), (FAO-EU: Cotton), DANIDA (tea..) Cover: 63 provinces Through: Farmer field school (FFS), Farmers Group, IPM clubs

7 IPM: Farmer Field schools Objective: Provide farmers knowledge and skills to manage field ecosystems rationally Basic principles: Cultivate healthy plants Conserving natural enemies Often field care Farmer become experts Approach: Season-long, Meet weekly, Farmer fields, Farmer centered training Contents: Field ecosystem and Analysis Plant physiology at different growth stages Cultural practices Insect zoos Pest management Seed and varieties Pesticide risks

8 IPM Results (2012): FFS covered 95% of rice producing communes, 10% of total farmers trained in IPM, 70% IPM participants are women TOT: 2,691 technician- trainers, 5,855 Farmer- trainers 3,000 IPM clubs formed and operated IPM Impacts: Saved seed, pesticide and labor costs, higher profits and safer environment Follow-up activities: 1) Mass production parasitic bees, earwig (against vegetable borers) 2) seed rehabilitation, IPM Difusion: female IPM farmers promotes 5-8 others to adopte IPM, vs. 1-3 for male graduates Educating IPM in primary schools

9 Training of Trainers Crop Trainers Rice 1,661 Vegetables 570 Cotton 168 Maize 40 Sweet Potatoes 12 Tea 53 Orange, Citrus 10 Bio-diversity 120 Nutri. magment 45 EIQ 12 Total 2,691 Crop Farmers trained Rice 5,425 Vegetables 343 Cotton 42 Nutrition Management 45 Total 5,855

10 Mass production of parasitic bees Diadegma semiclausum 8-11 days 7-9 days 1-2days 7-9 days

11 Mass Production of Earwig Farmers nursing earwig to control pests in vegetables, beans, coconuts and sugarcane

12 Education of IPM at primary schools Class hours on field eco-system analysis Children drawing rice field ecosystem

13 2.3 System of Rice Intensification (SRI) Rational use of: Age of seedling Number of seedlings, Spacing of plants Water management Soil fertilization Weed and pest control

14 SRI VS. Conventional Rice Production Criteria Age of seedling Seeding rate Number of seedlings System of Rice Intensification Transplanted at 8-12 days 5-7 kg/ ha 1-2 seedlings/ hill, transplanted with shallow depth (1-2cm), not flooded Conventional Rice Production At days old kg/ha 3-4 seedlings / hill are clumped and pressed deep into flooded soil Spacing plant Wider spacing with hills apart, Close spacing with hills cm apart Water management Soil fertilization Weed and pest control Non flooded aerobic soil condition with intermittent irrigation Organic matter preferred, synthetic fertilizers Manual weeders Continuous flooding of paddy fields with 5-15 cm deep Inogranic fertlizers Flooding, herbicide application

15 SRI Results (2011) -Covered: 26/ 63 province -Areas: 85,422 ha, -Involved: 264,000 farmers -Saved cost: - Seed: 70-90% - Nitrogen Fertilizer 20-25% Water: 33% - Pesticides: 60-80% Cost: đ/kg of paddy -Increased: - Yield: 9-15% Profit: 30-40% - Capacity to resist to pests SRI Filed in HHanoi Farmer Practices - More disease - Collaped Ongoing campaign: 3 Reductions and 3 Gains : reduce seeds, fertilizers and pesticide inputs to achieve in productivity, rice quality and profitability

16 2.4 Bio-diversity Use and Conservation Asia Program (BUCAP) Objective: To conserve biodiversity while increase yield sustainable Measures Assessment of local, indigenous varieties, species Rehabilitation of varieties Conservation Hybrid Involved: Farmers / BUCAP Clubs

17 BUCAP activities and Results ACTIVITIES: BUCAP communes: 200 Provinces: 13 Farmers Involved: 3,235 TOT: 120 Seed Clubs/BUCAP 57 RESULTS: Rehabilitation: 252 varieties Selection: 321 varieties Hybrid 107 Hyb. pairs Approved: 4 vars. generated by farmers Seed Rehabilitation Farmers hybrid new varieties

18 2.5 Pesticide Risk Reduction (PRR) Objectives: reduce health and environmental risk through capacity building for the sustainable management of agricultural and industrial chemicals. Activities: 1) Advocacy; 2) Continue to adopt IPM and PRR; 3) Policy improvement Implementing agencies: FAO, Regional NGOs (PANAP, The Field Alliance, in partnership with local government)

19 Farmers study on pesticide risks reduction Women drawing their observations of spraying Farmers discussion on Pesticide exposure

20 PRR results Covered: 30/63 provinces, Better behaviors: Read label: +40%; keep safe place: %, better container management: 100%. Better knowledge: VietGAP: %, safe vegetable standard: %, container color system: %, safety symbol: %, knew label: %, Pesticide list:+49-77%, Internal regulation: %. Hazard Reduction: Pesticide types: (-35-39%), Class III and IV: +(18-22%), spray times:- ( %), Pesticide amount: -( %), wrong application reduced at 16-54%. Exposure Reduction: Always used protective equip: +(54-57%); Right PHI: +( %) Risks reduced: Farmer EIQ (14-88%), Consumer EIQ: -(24-86%), Ecology EI: - (21-74%). EIQ value reduced 20-78%

21 2.6 Genetic Resource Conservation Institutions Conservation strategies

22 2.6.1 Institutions Considered as a National task since late 1980s. Organizations involved: - Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment is mainly responsible for bio-diversity conservation work - Ministries of Agriculture and Rural Development, Science and Technology: conserving wildlife genetic resources - National network of PGR conservation with 21 member institutions to conserve plants, animals and aquatic resources - Plants Resources Center-GRC established (1996) and have had the mandate to coordinate all the activities relating to plant genetic resources (PGR) throughout the country.

23 2.6.2 Conservation strategies A strategy for bio-diversity conservation: and vision for 2030 will be approved and enacted by June 2013 Means of Conservation of genetic resources: - Ex-situ (conserve wildlife in the man-made conditions (net house, cold storage, botanic gardens) - In-situ (conserve wildlife naturally where they were born and live);

24 1) Ex-situ Conservation Genetic Surveys: 50 teams were sent to 50% communes of 63 provinces, collected 500 PGF accessions per year Collection and maintaining by national genetic bank: About 18,300 germplasm accessions (50% rice) of 150 plant species maintained in seed, field and in vitro collections Evaluation and documentation: 17,000 accessions were characterized in characters; over 7,000 accessions assessed in resistance/tolerance to more than one pests/diseases Information dissemination: A website ( PGR maps, Books Utilization: Yearly, 1,000 times of germplasm and information are provided for breeding, research, training, Some varieties selected from the collections of National plant gene bank have been released for production

25 Number of plant genetics conserved Rice: 2404 (Cold store) Maize: 616 (Cold store) Fruits: 1141 Coffee: 306 Sugarcane: 546 Flowers: 230 Tea: 179 Others: 1545

26 2) In-situ Conservation Promoting wildlife rearing instead of hunting and collecting, catching Fully fulfill CITIES commitment Recommending suitable rearing practices / standards for specific species at particular place/ region Promoting extension on wildlife conservation (seed, breed, feeds, rearing techniques) Certification of wildlife farms that meets required standards

27 In-situ Conservation.. Conservation of Wildlife in the Protected Areas: 126 national parks, 18 nature reserves (1,283,209 ha), 39 protected landscapes or seascapes (215,287 ha) Number of Fauna species reared: 12 Amphibian, 6 bird species, 18 mamals species Flora species: Non-timber products: 30 (Bamboo), 14 (rattan), 300 (Food plants- leaves, roots, flowers, seeds), 34 medical plant species On-farm/in-situ Management and Improvement of PGR: some sites have been established (Pomelo in Day River bank, Longan in Hung Yen Province, Home garden in Hoabinh, Ninhbinh and Namdinh provinces)

28 3. Agricultural Development and Food Security Agricultural growth Product value Export value Forest cover Food security Poverty

29 Roles of Agriculture (2011) 1. Provide livelihoods for 9.53 million rural households and 68.2% of total population (60. million). 2. Contributes: 22% of GDP and 23% National Export Value (16.4 Billion USD) 3. Ensures food security for 88.7 millions people 4. Creates big markets for urban and industry 5. Stabilizes: political, economic and social development

30 Agricultural Product Value by 1994 Price Total (VND billion) Agriculture Crop Livestock Service Forestry Fisheries Source: GSO. 2012

31 Agricultural Export Value: Export value (US billion) Share in Natonal Value , ,521 3,068 3,239 3,324 3, ,414 4,616 4,198 5, ,067 7, ,008 14,218 13,072 11,

32 Import Export Balance of The Economy and Agricultural Sector (USD Million) Whole economy Agriculture Source: MARD and GSO

33 Forestry Areas (Million ha) Year All Natural Forest Afforested Forest cover (%) Source: GSO Source:MARD Forest Surveilance and Planning Institute

34 Grain Outputs: All grain Rice Maize

35 Grain Output per Capita (kg) 600 ( )

36 Income Per capita (VND 000 /month) Thành thị Nông thôn Source: VLSS 2010

37 Poverty Rate in Vietnam By National Poverty Line Year Poverty Line for Urban ( 000 VND ppm) Poverty Line for Rural ( 000 VND ppm) Poverty Rate (% of poor household) Year Poverty Line ( 000 VND ppm) Poverty Rate (% of poor household) By World Bank Poverty Line

38 4. Challenges 1. High population presser, industrialization and urbanization on natural resources 2. Uneven food availability (resource poor regions) 3. Overuse of chemical inputs 4. Climatic changes: Sea water raised about 1 m, 10 provinces would be submerged with 24,7% to 50,1% total areas (or 11,475km2), cut down at least 10% of total GDP, grain outputs would reduced 12% (5 Million tons of paddy) 5. Water insecurity: Per capita water availability now is one third of what it was in 1945

39 Recommendations Continuing to disseminate field programmes to help farmers adopt IPM, SRI, BUCAP and PRR Adopting agricultural practices to respond to climate changes: 1) Diversified crop, livestock and aquaculture production systems, 2) improved varieties, breeds; 3) zero tillage farming, water saved practices, 4) agro-forestry comply with (VietGAP) Conservation: 1) Collecting comprehensively of PGR from locations where PGR are facing great risks of erosion; 2) Conservation and development of neglected and under-utilized plants; 3) Developing supportive policies related to in situ management of PGR and promoting the participation of communities; 4) Advocacy and awareness raising for all the stakeholders (policy makers. scientists. local carders. community) Improvement of research, extension on wildlife conservation, rearing and procedure of wildlife farm certification, trade control