THE INFLUENCE OF ORGANIC AND MINERAL FERTILIZATION ON YIELD OF THE WHEAT GROWN ON REDDISH PRELUVOSOIL

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1 Abstrct AgroLife Scientific Journl - Volume 5, Number 2, 2016 ISSN ; ISSN CD-ROM ; ISSN ONLINE ; ISSN-L THE INFLUENCE OF ORGANIC AND MINERAL FERTILIZATION ON YIELD OF THE WHEAT GROWN ON REDDISH PRELUVOSOIL Theodor BORUGĂ, Costică CIONTU, Iulin BORUGĂ, Dumitru-Ilie SĂNDOIU University of Agronomic Sciences nd Veterinry Medicine of Buchrest, 59 Mărăști Blvd., District 1, Buchrest, Romni Corresponding uthor emil: theodor.borug@yhoo.com The purpose of this pper is to present the results obtined on the reddish preluvosoil of the Mor Domnescă experimentl field belonging to the Deprtment of Soil Sciences from Fculty of Agriculture, University of Agronomic Sciences nd Veterinry Medicine of Buchrest, in the griculturl yer Whet crop ws prt of whetbrley-sugr beet crop rottion. The experiment ws two-fctor concept bsed on the split plot method, orgnised in three replictions, with fctor A - orgnic fertiliztion nd fctor B - minerl fertiliztion. Plnt residues nd mnure were used s nturl orgnic fertilizers. The vrints of fctor B were different rtes of minerl nitrogen. Obtined results showed tht orgnic nd minerl fertiliztion incresed whet yield. Vrint 3 ws the best for orgnic fertiliztion - 40 t/h leves nd epicotyls of sugr beet+n 50, while the optimum solution for minerl fertiliztion ws b 4 - N 150. For the orgniclly unfertilized vrints, the highest yield resulted from minerl fertilizer with N 200 (b 5 ), but N 100 (b 2 ) ws the best economic solution becuse of the number of fll plnts. Key words: whet, orgnic fertiliztion, minerl fertiliztion, nitrogen. INTRODUCTION Whet is multi-purposes cerel, which is rich in nutrients necessry for humn consumption (crbohydrtes, proteins, lipids), but which is lso used for feeding niml. Whet strw cn be used in niml nutrition nd bedding, nd not lest s fertilizer. Whet stubble incorported under the furrow increses orgnic mtter in the soil (Săndoiu et l., 2012; Ștefnic et l., 2015). To obtin high yield of whet, it is recommended to include it in rtionl rottion (Ciontu et l., 2010; Săndoiu et l., 2007). Whet monoculture should be voided s it leds to the expnsion of whet-specific diseses, pests nd weed ppernce, which results in the grdul reduction in the obtined yields (Săndoiu et l., 2008, 2012). As bsic element in plnt nutrition, nitrogen is the min ingredient of whet proteins nd dditionl ppliction helps increse its protein content (Borln nd Her, 1994; Criste, 2012) In their nutrition, plnts ccumulte nitrogen from the soil in mmoni nd nitric form, nd convert it through mintion nd trnsmintion rections in protein substnces (Borln nd Her, 1994). To optimize the ppliction of minerl nitrogen, whet requirements must be tken 19 into considertion, together with the conditions provided by the soil (Dincă et l., 2010; Gîde et l., 2015). The exclusive use of chemicl fertilizers does not reduce the importnce of mnure. The lrgest gins t hrvest re obtined from the combined ction of chemicl fertilizers with mnure (Obrișcă et l., 2010; Criste, 2012). MATERIALS AND METHODS Reserch on orgnic nd minerl fertiliztion for growing winter whet on reddish preluvosoil begn in 1991, in the experimentl field belonging to the Deprtment of Soil Sciences from Fculty of Agriculture, University of Agronomic Sciences nd Veterinry Medicine of Buchrest, which is locted t Mor Domnescă Frm (Ilfov County from South Romni). The present pper presents the results obtined in Whet crop ws prt of whet-brleysugr beet rottion. The two fctors experience ws orgnised by the split plot method, in three replictions with fctor A - orgnic fertiliztion nd B - minerl fertiliztion. Fctor A - orgnic fertiliztion included three experimentl grdutions: 1 - unfertilized; 2 -

2 30 t/h of mnure pplied t (whet benefited of the residul effect of the mnure pplied t the, which ws sugr beet); 3-40 t/h leves nd epicotyls of sugr beet + N 50 (50 kg/h of nitrogen pplied in utumn). Fctor B - minerl fertiliztion included five grdutions: b 1 - unfertilized; b 2 - N 60 ; b 3 - N 100 ; b 4 - N 150 ; b 5 - N 200. A minerl bckground of 70 kg.h -1 of phosphorous ws provided for ll experimentl plots. In the field experiment, it ws used Glos whet cultivr. Ech vrint of orgnic nd minerl fertiliztion ws plced in three replictions for better ccurcy of the results. So, the field experiment hd in totl 45 experimentl vrints. The determintions crried out in the experimentl vrints were imed t mesuring the yield, the hectoliter mss nd the thousnd grins weight (TGW). The results were clculted nd sttisticlly interpreted by method of vrince nlysis. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The influence of orgnic fertiliztion on the winter whet yield is presented in Tble 1. Tble 1. Influence of orgnic fertiliztion on winter whet yield Experimentl vrint Yield Difference q/h % q/h % 1 - unfertilized orgniclly Control t/h of mnure pplied to the * 3-40 t/h of leves nd epicotyls of sugr beet + N *** LSD 5% = q/h; LSD 1% = q/h; LSD 0.1% = q/h The nlysis of the dt presented in Tble 1 shows the following outcome: the yield of winter whet ws influenced by orgnic fertiliztion, so it incresed from q/h for 1 - unfertilized orgniclly vrint, to q/h in 2-30 t/h of mnure pplied to the, reching g/h in 3-40 t/h of leves nd epicotyls of sugr beet + N 50. The 30 t/h of mnure pplied to the preceding crop cused n increse in yield by 3.43 q/h, which represented n increse of 6.67%. The ppliction of 40 t/h leves nd epicotyls of sugr beet + N 50 resulted in n incresed whet yield by q/h, which represented 44.43% growth in yield. In terms of orgnic fertiliztion, optiml vrint is the vrint 3, which ensures the highest yield increse. Tble 2 shows the influence of minerl nitrogen fertiliztion in the bsence of orgnic fertiliztion on whet yield. Tble 2. Influence of minerl nitrogen fertiliztion in the bsence of orgnic fertiliztion on yield of winter whet Experimentl vrint Yield Difference q/h % q/h % b 1 N Control - b 2 N *** b 3 N *** b 4 N *** b 5 N *** LSD 5% = q/h; LSD 1% = q/h; LSD 0.1% = q/h Winter whet yield incresed proportionlly with the mount of pplied minerl nitrogen, s follows: for the unfertilized vrint q/h, for N q/h, for N q/h, for N q/h, nd for N q/h. Compred to the control vrint (unfertilized), the rte of N 60 resulted in yield increse by q/h, mening growth of 34.33%. The ppliction of rte of N 100 generted n incresed yield, compred to the control vrint of q/h, representing 57.16%. The rte of N 150 led to n increse in yield by 31.8 q/h, representing 60.95%. Incresing the rte of nitrogen to N 200 generted yield growth of q/h, compred to the control vrint by 82.69% N 200 vrint ws not recommended for mechnized hrvesting since the degree of fll plnts ws 42% on verge, which would decrese the hrvested yield. Vrint b 4 - fertiliztion N 150, ws lso not recommended from n economic point of view becuse, compred with the N 100 vrint, it led to n increse of yield of only 1.98 q/h. The dded yield vlue ws 99 lei/h while the 20

3 mount of fertilizer pplied in ddition to the N 100 cost bout 181 lei/h. Therefore, from the economic point of view, the optiml vrint ws b 3 - N 100. The nlysis of the dt presented in Tble 3 shows the following results: minerl nitrogen fertiliztion, without ny orgnic fertiliztion, hd the gretest influence on ll experimentl vrints; the mximum increse in yield ws q/h t b 5 - N 200. nitrogen ppliction rtes on bckground of 30 t/h of mnure pplied to the resulted in progressive yield increse; however, the increse rtes were much lower, compred with the vrint unfertilized orgniclly. In vrint 2-30 t/h of mnure pplied to the, the optiml economic choice ws N 150. The influence of minerl nitrogen fertiliztion on bckground of 40 t/h of leves nd epicotyls of sugr beet + N 50 hs much lower effect, of only q/h, lthough it obtined the highest yield of winter whet. Vrint b 5 -N 200 cused decrese in yield with 1.08 q/h, compred to version b 4 - N 150, plus high degree of fll plnts; therefore, the optiml vrint ws b 4 - N 150. Tble 3. Influence of orgnic nd minerl fertiliztion on the yield of winter whet 1 - unfertilized orgniclly 2-30 t/h of mnure pplied to the 3-40 t/h of leves nd epicotyls of sugr beet + N 50 fertiliztion Yield Difference Yield Difference Yield Difference (q/h) (q/h) (q/h) (q/h) (q/h) (q/h) b 1 - N Control Control Control b 2 - N *** *** *** b 3 - N *** *** *** b 4 - N *** *** *** b 5 - N *** *** *** LSD 5% = q/h; LSD 1% = q/h; LSD 0.1% = q/h The nlysis of the dt presented in Tble 4 shows the following: orgnic nitrogen fertiliztion recorded in 40 t/h of leves nd epicotyls of sugr beet + N 50, determined the most significnt yield increse. Tble 4. Influence of orgnic fertiliztion on the yield of winter whet t the sme levels of minerl fertiliztion Comprison between orgnic fertiliztion vrints Differencrencrence Diffe- Diffe- fertiliztion Signi- Significncficnce Signi- ficnce (q/h) (q/h) (q/h) b 1 - N * *** *** b 2 - N *** *** *** b 3 - N ** *** *** b 4 - N * *** *** b 5 - N ** *** LSD 5% = q/h; LSD 1% = q/h; LSD 0. 1% =4.752 q/h Orgnic fertiliztion on minerl bckground of N 200 cused lower yield thn minerl fertiliztion on N 150 bckground, therefore is not justified economiclly nd the optiml vrint for minerl fertilizer must be lower thn N 150. As we cn see, the yield ws lower thn the control vrint with 6.08 q/h. The best option ws orgnic fertiliztion vrint of 3-40 t/h leves nd epicotyls of sugr beet + N 50, with minerl fertiliztion bckground b 4 - N 150. The influence of 40 t/h leves nd epicotyls of sugr beet + N 50 is visible for ll vrints of minerl fertilizer. In the nlysis of the dt presented in Tble 5, there is shows tht hectoliter mss ws influenced by the increse of orgnic fertiliztion. The highest hectoliter mss ws obtined in vrint 3-40 t/h leves nd epicotyls of sugr beet + N 50, generting vrition (1.76%) between 2-30 t/h of mnure pplied to the. Tble 5. Influence of orgnic nitrogen fertiliztion on hectoliter mss for winter whet Experimentl Hectoliter mss Difference vrint kg/hl % kg/hl % 1 - unfertilized orgniclly Mt t/h of mnure pplied to the t/h of leves *** nd epicotyls of sugr beet + N 50 LSD 5% = 0.52 kg/hl; LSD 1% = 0.86 kg/hl; LSD 0.1% = 1.60 kg/hl 21

4 The hectoliter mss nlysis is widely used in griculture nd cerel processing industry. Hectoliter mss is minly used in determining the degree of extrction of flour nd determining storge spce. The nlysis of the dt in Tble 6 shows tht hectoliter mss incresed with the mount of totl nitrogen nd vrint 3 b 5 ensured the highest hectoliter mss (82 kg/hl). For some orgnic fertiliztion vrints, using b 5 - N 200 ws not the best option s the hectoliter mss decresed once the rte of minerl nitrogen ws higher. For the vrint 1 - unfertilized orgniclly, we cn observe tht the hectolitre mss increses until certin dose of minerl nitrogen (b 4 - N 150 ), fter tht it declines. For orgnic vrint 2-30 t/h of mnure pplied to the, the mximum hectolitre mss is reched for minerl dose of b 3 - N 100, fter which the decline strts. Nevertheless, nlysing the vlues below we cn see tht the best results were obtined in the orgnic vrint 3-40 t/h leves nd epicotyls of sugr beet + N 50, regrdless of the minerl nitrogen used. The vrition between the nitrogen rtes used for vrint 3 ws not significnt, mening tht for the hectoliter mss the plnt residue worked very well in combintion with minerl nitrogen. Tble 6. Influence of minerl nd orgnic fertiliztion on winter whet hectoliter mss 1 - unfertilized orgniclly 2-30 t/h of mnure pplied to the 3-40 t/h of leves nd epicotyls of sugr beet + N 50 fertiliztion H.M. Difference H.M. Difference H.M. Difference (kg/hl) (kg/hl) (kg/hl) (kg/hl) (kg/hl) (kg/hl) b 1 - N Control 80.1 Control 81.5 Control b 2 - N ** b 3 - N ** *** b 4 - N *** ** b 5 - N ** * LSD 5% = 0.86 kg/hl; LSD 1% = 1.17 kg/hl; LSD 0.1% = 1.56 kg/hl Thousnd grins weight (TGW) is lso n importnt indictor in evluting cerel yield. TGW is the mss of thousnd seeds, with the humidity t time of mesurement nd it is expressed in grms with two decimls. TGW is good indictor in determining the protein content. In this respect, it ws found tht thousnd grins weight is directly proportionl to the protein content in cerels. The dt presented in Tble 7 revel generl trend of decresing, with incresing the mount of totl nitrogen (minerl nd orgnic) for thousnd grins weight. As we cn see below, for vrint 1 - unfertilized orgniclly nd 2-30 t/h of mnure pplied to the preceding crop, the thousnd grins weight reches it s mximum vlue, for minerl vrint b 3 - N 100, fter tht it begins to decline. For 3-40 t/h leves nd epicotyls of sugr beet + N 50, the mximum thousnd grins weight it is found for vrint b 2, nd dose of only N 60. Tble 7. Influence of minerl nd orgnic fertiliztion on TGW in winter whet 1 - unfertilized orgniclly 2-30 t/h of mnure pplied to the 3-40 t/h leves nd epicotyls of sugr beet + N 50 fertiliztion TKW Difference TKW Difference TKW Difference Significtion Significtion (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) Significtion b 1 - N Control Control Control b 2 - N b 3 - N b 4 - N b 5 - N o LSD 5% = 2.65 g; LSD 1% = 3.60 g; LSD 0.1% = 4.82 g CONCLUSIONS Orgnic nd minerl fertiliztion resulted in the incresed winter whet yield. The best option for orgnic fertiliztion ws considered to be vrint 3-40 t/h of leves nd epicotyls of sugr beet. 22

5 The vrints of minerl fertiliztion depended on orgnic fertiliztion. Winter whet yield incresed proportionlly with the mount of pplied minerl nitrogen. For the orgniclly unfertilized vrint, the highest yield ws obtined with minerl fertiliztion of N 200 (b 5 ); however, economiclly, the optimum solution ws N 100 (b 2 ) becuse of the number of fll plnts. For the orgniclly fertilized vrint 2-30 t/h of mnure pplied to the, the best minerl fertilizer vrint ws N 150 (b 4 ), which lso represented the best economic choice. For the orgniclly fertilized vrint 3-40 t leves nd epicotyls of sugr beet + N 50, the optimum solution for minerl fertilizer, in terms of yield, ws N b 4, but vrint b 3 with N 100 ws the most suitble economiclly. nitrogen ppliction rtes on bckground of 30 t/h mnure pplied to the resulted in progressive yield increse; however, the increse rtes were much lower, compred with the vrint unfertilized orgniclly. The vrition between the nitrogen rtes used for vrint 3 ws not significnt, mening tht for the hectoliter mss the plnt residue worked very well in combintion with minerl nitrogen. REFERENCES Borln Z., Her C., Fertilitte si fertilizre solurilor (compediu de grochimie). Ed. Ceres, Bucureşti. Ciontu C., Săndoiu D.I., Penescu A., Gâde M., Obrişcă M., Reserch concerning influence of crop rottion to winter whet on the reddish preluvosoil from Mor Domnescă. Lucrări Ştiinţifice USAMV Bucureşti, Seri A, LIII, p Criste D., Fertilizre cu gunoi de grjd şi efectele utilizării lui. Dincă L., Săndoiu D.I., Obrişcă M., Răducioiu G.A., Influence of orgnic nd minerl nitrogen fertiliztion on whet yield on the reddish preluvosoil in Dnube Plin. Lucrări Ştiinţifice USAMV Bucureşti, Seri A, LIII, p Gîde M., Ciontu C., Săndoiu D.I., Penescu A., The role of Rottion nd Nitrogen Fertiliztion Level upon the Economic Indictors t Whet nd Crops in Condition of Long Term Experience. Journl of Agriculture nd Agriculturl Science- Procedi, Elsevier, Vol. 6, p Obrişcă M., Săndoiu D.I., Ştefnic Gh., Studies nd methodicl pplictions for estimting the fertility stte of soils. Lucrări Ştiinţifice UŞAMV Bucureşti, Seri A, LIII, p Săndoiu D.I., Boguslwski E., Săndoiu I.F., Effect des engris zotée et orgniques sur le rendement du blé, dns des différentes conditions de milieu. In vol. Proceeding of the interntionl Scientific Conference Buchrest, 7-12 Oct., The effect of Cropping systems on yield, frm, produce qulity, profitbility nd environment protection in the min crop nd psture lnds. Săndoiu D.I., Dumitrescu N.C., Ştefnic Gh., Obrişcă M., Gheorghiţă N., Ciontu C., Săndoiu I.F., Influenţ rotţiei culturilor şi fertilizării cu zot supr producţiilor de grâu de tomnă şi porumb bobe şi fertilităţii solului brun-roşct. In vol. Ameliorre, conservre şi vlorificre solurilor degrdte prin intervenţii ntropice, Ed. Ion Ionescu de l Brd Işi, p Săndoiu D.I., Gheorghiţă N., Obrişcă M., Dumitrescu N., Săndoiu I.F., Tehnici neconvenţionle în grotehnic diferenţită zonei preluvosolului roşct din Câmpi Română - implicţii în fertilitte solului şi creştere producţiei. Revist de scientometrie CNCSIS, Brşov. Săndoiu D.I, Dincă L., Ştefnic Gh., Ciontu C., Penescu A., Effects of orgnic nd minerl mnuring on microbil processes of reddish preluvosoil in Romnin Field fter 19 yers of experimenttion. Agriculture Reserch, Proceeding of Romnin Acdemy, Series B, 14(3), p Ștefnic Gh., Săndoiu D.I., Opre G., Necessity to meliorte the soils with compost for simultneous increse of fertility nd productivity. Soil Science No. 1, Vol. XLIX, p