* of corresponding author:

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1 Sustainable Yield of Pulses in Changing Climate Condition Using Short Duration Varieties Jyoti Kumari 1*, H. K. Dikshit 2, Ruchi Bansal 1, Kanchan Kumari 3 and M. Aski 2 1 National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, Division of Genetics, IARI, New Delhi, Division of Vegetable Science, IARI, New Delhi, * of corresponding author: jj.gene@gmail.com Kheti Volume -3, Issue-1 (January-March), 2015 Available online at popularkheti.info ISSN: Pulses are the important component of vegetarian diets as they provide a perfect combination of vegetarian protein component of high biological value when supplemented with cereals. Pulses have remained an integral component of sustainable crop production system since long time, especially in the dry and rainfed areas. The short duration and improved varieties of pulse crops can be a boon for farmers for growing them into climate change condition. Introduction Pulses are the important source of dietary protein in vegetarian diets as they provide a perfect combination of vegetarian protein component of high biological value when supplemented with cereals. Pulses are also an excellent feed and fodder for livestock. Endowed with the unique ability of biological nitrogen fixation, carbon sequestration, soil amelioration, low water requirement and capacity to withstand harsh climate, pulses have remained an integral component of sustainable crop production system since long time, especially in the dry and rainfed areas. Pulses are grown on marginal land with less input use. In India, major pulses like chickpea, lentil and pigeonpea account for 39, 10 and 21% of the total pulse production in the country (Anonymous 2009). During , the country produced Mt of pulses from M ha area, with an average yield of 637 kg/ha. Thus India is the largest pulses producer with about 25 and 33 percent contribution to the global production and acreage. The predicted changes in temperature and their associated impacts on rainfall and moisture availability to crops and extreme weather events are all likely to affect the pulse production. The most worrying part of the prediction is the estimated increase in winter and summer temperatures by 3.2 and 2.2 C respectively, by Such abnormal rises will surely have an adverse impact on pulse production in the form of a reduction in total crop-cycle duration. Pulses are reported to be particularly sensitive to heat stress at the bloom stage; only a few days exposure of high temperature (30-35ºC) can cause heavy yield losses through flower drop or pod damage (Siddique et al. 1999). Cool-season pulses such as chickpea, lentil and lathyrus have reasonably high tolerance to heat which enables them to set pods, but filling of pods is seriously jeopardized at high temperature leading low productivity. Most of the pulses Kheti ISSN:

2 like mungbean and urdbean are short-duration crops (65 75 days) and also in other pulse crops like pigeonpea and cool season crops, various short duration and high yielding varieties with early vigour, determinate growth habit, photo-thermo-insensitivity, early and synchronous maturity, high response to inputs, and resistance to key diseases and pests have been bred that will provide the best option for horizontal expansion by expanding area under pulses through introduction of short duration varieties to different cropping systems. It will also allow farmers to grow more than one crop in a year and earn more profit per unit land, and grow these varieties during climatic contingency. Thus, cultivation of short duration varieties of pulses is necessary for crop diversification for sustainability and food security during climate change. Short duration pulse varieties fitting in different cropping systems are elaborated here. Rice-Chickpea/Lentil Sequential Cropping Identification of chickpea varieties suitable for late planting (KPG 59, Pusa 256, PBG 1 and Pusa 372) has led to diversification of rice-wheat system in north India especially in the tail end of command area where irrigation is not enough to support good crop of wheat. Under resource constraints, rice-chickpea is more remunerative than rice-wheat. Eastern Uttar Pradesh and Northern Bihar show more potential for this system. However, the major production constraints of the system are limited choice of improved varieties, non-availability of cold tolerant varieties, more incidences of pod borer and botrytis gray mold, besides poor soil tilth and nodulation. In lowland areas with excessive moisture, lentil is a more assured crop than chickpea. Consequently, the rice-lentil system is very popular in the lowlands of eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal. On account of development of short duration-high yielding varieties having ability to escape terminal drought such as ICCV 10 and ICCV 2, a dramatic shift in chickpea area has occurred in Central and Southern India since The area has increased from 1.3 million ha in 1975 to 3.10 million ha in The area under chickpea has considerably reduced (53.6%) in North India whereas it increased by 52.7 % in central and south India during to Similarly, on the upland of Punjab and Western Uttar Pradesh, where cotton is grown as a commercial crop, chickpea can be successfully introduced with the availability of varieties amenable to late planting. Pigeonpea-Wheat Rotation Development of short duration varieties of pigeonpea such as UPAS 120, Manak, AL 15, AL 201, Pusa 84, Pusa 991, Pusa 992 and ICPL 151, which mature in days, has enabled their introduction in the irrigated areas of Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, north-west Rajasthan and western Uttar Pradesh bringing around 0.2 m ha additional area under pigeonpea-wheat system in the recent past. This has provided sustainability to productivity of cereal based cropping systems. However, the available short duration varieties are susceptible to sterility mosaic, fusarium wilt, and Phytophthora blight and have tendency to prolong maturity with late monsoon rains. Therefore genotypes are being developed with a yield potential exceeding 2 t/ha that mature by early November, to avoid delayed sowing of winter crops. Kheti ISSN:

3 Short Duration Pigeonpea in Peninsular India Short duration varieties of pigeonpea were also found suitable in Peninsular India because of certain advantages over the prevalent medium duration cultivars such as their ability to escape drought and peaks of pod borer infestation. Attributes such as determinate growth habit, short stature and early maturity ( days) make cultivars like ICPL 87 suitable for sole cropping and multiple harvesting. Consequently, about 1.4 m ha additional area has been brought under pigeonpea in new niches like Maharashtra, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Orissa and Karnataka. Mungbean as Catch Crop in Rice-Wheat Rotation Development of short duration varieties (60-65 days) with synchronized maturity and resistance to yellow mosaic virus in mungbean (PDM 139, Pant M5, Pusa Vishal, SML 668, Meha) has paved the way for their introduction as catch crop during spring / summer season in a wide range of intensive cropping sequences. Consequently, the area under spring/summer mungbean is gaining momentum in Indo-Gangetic plains of north India particularly in Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal. Besides assured irrigation, the system requires careful selection of varieties of wheat and rice so that the field is vacated in time for mungbean sowing somewhere in the end of March or first week of April. Efforts are needed further to reduce the crop duration of mungbean varieties to days. Urdbean in Rice Fallow of Peninsular India Although urdbean had been traditionally cultivated after rice in coastal regions of Andhra Pradesh, it had been only a subsistence crop with low yields. Development of powdery mildew resistant cultivar, LBG 17, has paved the way for its expansion in rice fallows of Andhra Pradesh and contributed to area expansion and higher yields from 410 kg/ha on 0.22 m ha in 1981/82 to 576 kg/ha on 0.42 m ha at present. The other important varieties released for rice fallows are LBG 402, LBG 611 and LBG 22. About 0.5 million ha additional area has been brought under urdbean cultivation in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu since Short Duration Varieties of Different Pulse Crops Chickpea BG 372 (Pusa 372): It was released from IARI in 1993 and suitable for late sown conditions of Northern India. The variety is semi-spreading type with moderate resistance to wilt, blight and dry root rot. Seeds are medium bold (14 g/100 seeds). Seed yield is q/ha in NWPZ, 14 q/ha in NEPZ and q/ha in CZ. It can be sown up to first week of December. KPG 59 (Udai): This variety is suitable for late sown conditions for North East and North West Plains. It matures in days in North West Plains. It is small seeded, semi-erect and medium tall variety with tolerance to root rot, wilt and pod borer. Seed yield is q/ha. It can be sown up to first week of December. Pant G 186: It is state released variety from GBPUA&T, Pantnagar. The seed size is small and the variety is suitable for cultivation in late sown conditions of Uttar Pradesh. Seed yield is q/ha. Kheti ISSN:

4 KAK 2: Identified in 1999 for cultivation in Central India and notified for Maharashtra in The variety is bushy, semi-spreading in nature and medium tall with white and bold seeds (38 g/100 seed wt.). The maturity duration is days and seed yield is q/ha in CZ. JGK 1: Released in 2002 by JNKVV, Jabalpur. The variety is bold seeded kabuli, wilt resistant, semi-spreading and early flowering. The maturity duration is days and seed yield is q/ha. JG 11: Developed through hybridization in 1999 jointly by ICRISAT, Akola and Sehore. It is semi-spreading in nature with bold seeds (22 g/100 seed wt). It matures in days and suitable for irrigated and rainfed areas of south zone. It is resistant to wilt and moderately resistant to root rot. Seed yield is q/ha. ICCV10 (Bharti): Developed through hybridization in 1992 at ICRISAT, Patencheru for South Zone. The variety is semi-erect, early maturing ( days) and resistant to fusarium wilt and dry root rot. Seed yield is q/ha. Pigeonpea UPAS 120: It was released in 1976 for cultivation in North West Plain Zone and North East Plain Zone. It has wider adaptability, semi spreading plant type, synchronous maturity and tolerance to pod borer. It matures in days. Its 100 seed weight is 7.5 g and yield is q/ha. Manak: This variety was released in 1983 from HAU, Hisar for cultivation in North West Plain Zone. It is extra short duration variety and matures in days. Its 100 seed weight is 6.5 g and yield is q/ha. Vishakha 1: This variety was released in 1983 from BARC, Trombay for cultivation in Central Zone and South Zone. It is erect and compact with medium bold seeds. It matures in days. Its 100 seed weight is 9.3 g and yield is q/ha. AL 15: This variety is suitable for growing in Punjab for multiple cropping. It has determinate plant type and small seed. It matures in days. Its 100 seed weight is 6.5 g and yield is q/ha. Pusa 84: This variety was released in 1985 for cultivation in North West Plain Zone. It matures in days. Its 100 seed weight is 7.5 g and yield is q/ha. Pragati (ICPL87): It matures in 110days and suitable for cultivation in South and Central zone. Gujarat Tur 100: This variety was released in 1992 for cultivation in Gujrat. It matures in days. The average yield is q/ha. It is tolerant to pod border and pod fly. The seeds are white and bold. Vamban 1: It matures in 95 days and suitable for cultivation in southern zone, specifically Tamil Nadu. The average yield is 8-10 q/ha. It is Suitable for inter cropping with peanut. Durga (ICPL 84031): It matures in days and suitable for cultivation in Southern Zone. The average yield is 8-10 q/ha Jagriti (ICPL 151): It matures in days and suitable for cultivation in south and central zone. Kheti ISSN:

5 Sarita (ICPL85010): It matures in days and suitable for cultivation in plains of H.P. and A.P. The average yield is q/ha. It is determinate type. Paras (H82-1): It matures in days and suitable for cultivation in Haryana. The average yield is q/ha. It has indeterminate growth habit. Pusa 992: It was released in 2002 for NWPZ. It has indeterminate growth habit and is high yielding. Mungbean Samrat (PDM139): It was released in 2001 for cultivation in UP during summer season. It matures in days. It is erect, dwarf with long pod and shining green bold seeds. Multiple disease resistant to MYMV, PM and anthracnose, tolerant to bruchid, root knot and cyst nematode. Its yield potential is q/ha. Pusa Vishal: It was released in 2000 for cultivation in NWPZ during summer-spring season. This variety is erect with medium height plant and green shining bold seed. It matures in days. The average yield is q/ha. Meha ( IPM ): It was released in 2004 for cultivation in NEPZ during spring season. The variety evolved from interspecific cross Pant Mung 2 x AMP 36. This variety is MYMV tolerant. It matures in 66 days and average yield is 9.8 q/ha. SML668: A summer mungbean cultivar recommended for general cultivation in irrigated areas of Punjab. This early maturing cultivar flowers in 34 days and matures in 60 days. Seeds are bold with 100-seed weight of 5.7 g and devoid of hard seeds. It exhibits a high yield potential, and is resistant to mungbean yellow mosaic virus, root knot nematodes and thrips. Urdbean Pant U 19: It was released in 1982 for cultivation in NEPZ. It matures in days. The average yield is 8-9 q/ha. It had erect plant type, black-brown and medium bold seeds. PDU 1: This variety was released in 1991 from IIPR, Kanpur as a selection from IC8219 for cultivation in NWPZ, NEPZ, CZ in spring season. It matures in days. The average yield is q/ha. It had erect plant type and bold seeds (4.8 gm/100 seeds). Sarla (B-12-4): The variety was released in 1985 from OUAT, Bhuneshwar for cultivation in Orissa. It has brownish black seed. It matures in days and its seed yield is 9 q/ha. Vamban 2: It was released in 1997 for cultivation in Tamil Nadu. It has glabrous pods and tolerance to drought. It matures in 70days and its seed yield is 8 q/ha. Narendra Urd 1: This variety was released in 1993 from NDUA&T, Faizabad for cultivation in Uttar Pradesh. It has black and bold seeds (4.1 g/100). It matures in days and its seed yield is 10 q/ha. Jawahar Urd 2: This variety was released in 1987 from JNKVV, Jabalpur for cultivation in Madhya Pradesh. It matures in days and its seed yield is 13 q/ha. KU 300: This variety was released in 2001 for cultivation in Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, West UP and North Rajasthan. It matures in 70 days and its seed yield is q/ha. It is resistant to YMV. Kheti ISSN:

6 Lentil Asha (B77): This variety was released in 1980 as selection from Jorhat local for cultivation in West Bengal. It has spreading plant type and small seeds (1.5 g/100 seeds), average yield 1850 kg/ha. It matures in days. Ranjan: Mutant of B 77 ( Asha ), notified in 1984 for West Bengal. It has spreading plant type, white flowers, mottled and small seeds (1.8 g/100 seeds) and average yield is 12 q/ha. WBL 58 (Subrata): Developed from cross JLS 2 x T 36, released in 1998 for West Bengal. It is semi-spreading and rust tolerant. It matures in days and its average yield is q/ha. Noori: Developed from cross K 75 x PL 639, released by IIPR, Kanpur in 2000 for Central Zone. It is semi-spreading with green foliage, rust and wilt tolerant. Maturity period is days. Seeds are grey mottled and bold (2.7 g/100 seeds) with average yield 12.5 q/ha. JL 1 (Jawahar Masoor 1): A selection from local germplasm of M.P., released in 1991 for CZ. It matures in days. Seeds are medium bold (2.5 g/100 seeds) and average yield is q/ha. JL 3 ( Jawahar Masoor 3 ): A selection from local germplasm of M.P., released in 1999 for CZ, erect plant type, dull green foliage tolerant to wilt disease, matures in days, seeds grey mottled and bold (3.0 g/100 seeds), average yield q/ha. NDL 1 (Narendra Masoor 1): This variety was the first variety which involved an exotic parent, Precoz as one of the parent. It was released in 1997 for the cultivation in Uttar Pradesh. It matures in days. Seeds are medium bold (2.6 g/100 seeds) and average yield is 21 q/ha. It is resistant to rust diseases. KLS 218: This variety was released in 2005 by CSAU, Kanpur for NEPZ region. It is small seeded and rust resistant. It matures in days and seed yield is 13.8 q/ha. HUL 57: This variety was released in 2005 by BHU, Varanasi for NEPZ region. It is small seeded and rust resistant. It matures in days and seed yield is 14 q/ha. Conclusion Cultivation of improved and short duration varieties for specific situation under climate change condition will improve the production and productivity of pulse crops ensuring higher returns to the farmers. Kheti ISSN: