Palmer Amaranth Management Systems in Herbicide Tolerant Soybeans. Aus%n Winslow March 23, 2012

Transcription

1 Palmer Amaranth Management Systems in Herbicide Tolerant Soybeans Aus%n Winslow March 23, 2012

2 Grew up in NE North Carolina, in a li=le town called Belvidere.. I was surrounded by agriculture growing up Both of my grandparents farmed, my uncle farmed and my dad owns a consul%ng/contract research company I got married this past July! She did not grow up around agriculture! Personal Introduc:on

3 Personal Introduc:on North Carolina State University: Bachelors of Science in Agronomy (concentra%on in Turf Grass Management) In 2004 and 2005 I had the opportunity to pursue an internship with Syngenta as a research technician just outside of Raleigh, NC. I began working for Monsanto in : Research Technician : Technology Development Rep Associate II : Agronomic Research Manager

4 Personal Introduc:on I really enjoy what I do! I enjoy learning, the challenge of execu%ng a trial correctly, and the sa%sfac%on of seeing a product come to the market and make a difference on a farm. Iowa State has allowed that to happen Work and school at the same %me has been HUGE

5 Introduc:on In 1996, Monsanto Company released Roundup Ready soybeans. This was a gene%cally modified soybean that had been altered to withstand applica%ons of glyphosate a`er the crop emerged. Over the last 5-10 years the effec%veness of the Roundup Ready system has been ques%oned due to the rise of glyphosate resistant weeds. In all candor, the system is s%ll very effec%ve on a majority of the United States row crop acres, however, in the southeast where Roundup Ready soybeans, co=on, and corn are grown, some weeds have become resistant over the last 5-10 years. Palmer Amaranth is one of those weeds.

6 Palmer Amaranth Amaranthus palmeri Dioecious Female Palmer amaranth plants have a long terminal inflorescence (10 to 24 inches) with flowers containing five spatulate- shaped tepals. The tepals are about twice the length of the seed, and the seed capsule (utricle) breaks into two regular sec%ons when fractured Females are prickly Waterhemp Amaranthus rudis Dioecious Flowering structures of common waterhemp are much more open and located near the top of the plant and at %ps of branches. Pis%llate (female) flowers generally have none or one tepal

7 Objec:ves The objec%ve of this study is to determine which soybean system does the best job controlling glyphosate resistant Palmer Amaranth. This will be done by comparing the Roundup Ready system, the LibertyLink system, and a conven%onal soybean herbicide system. This study will also evaluate the overall profitability of each system.

8 Materials and Methods Loca:ons: 1. Mt. Olive 2. Seven Springs 3. Falcon 4. Robersonville M S R F

9 Each trial was set up as a randomized complete block design with four replica%ons. There were 24 treatments per replica%on, and each plot was 10 ` wide by 30 ` long. Randomiza%ons were the same at each loca%on in order to make plan%ng more efficient. Ø Treatments 1-10 represented a Roundup Ready system. (AG 5605 RR/STS: MG 5.6) Ø Treatments represented a LibertyLink system. (SS 595 LL: MG 5.9) Ø Treatments represented a conven%onal system where Roundup or Ignite could not be used post- emergence. (Jake: MG 5.6) Materials and Methods

10 Materials and Methods Plan:ng Dates Mt. Olive 5/6/2010, Robersonville 5/20/2010, Falcon 5/27/2010 Seven Springs 6/9/2010. The seeding rate for all loca%ons was 100,000 seeds/ acre. Six- row John Deere planter with fi`een- inch row spacing

11 Applica:on Info: All treatments were applied using a CO 2 back- pack sprayer with a 90- inch boom consis%ng of six Tee Jet 8002 flat- fan nozzles at 18- inch spacing. The sprayer was calibrated to spray a volume of 15 gallons per acre. Pre- emerge treatments (Applica%on Code A) began at plan%ng at all loca%ons. Materials and Methods

12 Materials and Methods Roundup Ready System Treatment Pre Early Post Late Post 1 Untreatead Check 2 Roundup (RUP) RUP 3 RUP/Warrant RUP 4 RUP/Flexstar RUP 5 RUP/Flexstar/Warrant RUP 6 Boundary RUP RUP 7 Boundary RUP/Warrant RUP 8 Boundary RUP/Flexstar RUP 9 Boundary RUP/Flexstar/Warrant RUP 10 Prowl/Envive RUP/Flexstar RUP LibertyLink System Pre Early Post Late Post 11 Untreatead Check 12 Ignite (IGN) IGN 13 IGN/Warrant IGN 14 IGN/Flexstar IGN 15 IGN/Flexstar/Warrant IGN 16 Boundary IGN IGN 17 Boundary IGN/Warrant IGN 18 Boundary IGN/Flexstar IGN 19 Boundary IGN/Flexstar/Warrant IGN 20 Prowl/Envive IGN/Flexstar IGN Conven:onal System Pre Early Post Late Post 21 Untreatead Check 22 Boundary Flexstar/NIS 23 Boundary Flexstar/NIS 24 Prowl/Envive Flexstar/NIS

13 Applica:on A: At Plan:ng Materials and Methods Boundary (Ac%ve Ingredients [AI] 58.2% S- Metolachlor, 13.8% Metribuzin) Prowl (AI 38.7 % Pendimethalin) Envive (AI 29.2% Flumioxazin, 9.2% Chlorimuron ethyl, 2.9% Thifensulfuron methyl) Applica:on B: prior to 4 inch weeds (3-5 weeks a`er plan%ng) Roundup PowerMax (AI 48.7% Glyphosate) Ignite 280 SL (AI 24.5% Glufosinate) Warrant (AI 33% Acetochlor) Flexstar (AI 22.1% Fomesafen) Applica:on C: occurred when a new germina:on of weeds reached 2 4 inches (2 3 weeks a`er applica%on B) Roundup PowerMax (AI 48.7% Glyphosate) Ignite 280 SL (AI 24.5% Glufosinate)

14 Evalua:ons Prior to all post- emergence applica%ons percent weed control and crop response (injury) evalua%ons were taken from all plots. Specific evalua%on and dates are explained later in this sec%on. Evalua%ons were taken throughout the growing season, beginning prior to the first post- emergence applica%on and ending at harvest. Evalua%ons focused on weed control and crop response from the various herbicide treatments.

15 Evalua:ons Percent Control (% Control): Reflected the percentage of Palmer Amaranth controlled following an applica%on, in comparison to the non- treated checks. Ra%ng values can range from 0% to 100% with 0% represen%ng no weed control and 100% represen%ng total weed control. Percent Injury (% Injury): Reflected the amount of damage (i.e. stun%ng, leaf burn, leaf crinkling) that occurred a`er an applica%on to soybeans, in comparison to the non- treated checks. Ra%ng values can range from 0% to 100% with 0% represen%ng no crop injury and 100% represen%ng crop death. Percent Stand Reduc:on (% Stand Red.): Reflected any reduc%on in the original plant stand, in comparison to the non- treated checks. Ra%ng values can range from 0% to 100% with 0% represen%ng no stand reduc%on and 100% represen%ng complete stand reduc%on. All loca%ons were rated for percent control of Palmer Amaranth when applica%on B was made. All loca%ons were rated for percent control of Palmer Amaranth and percent injury of soybeans when applica%on C was made. All loca%ons were rated for percent control of Palmer Amaranth two weeks a`er applica%on C and again at 4-5 weeks a`er applica%on C.

16 Harvest Data Pounds/Plot (lbs/plot): The total pounds of soybeans harvested from each plot. Percent Moisture (% moisture): The amount of moisture measured in each plot (ideal moisture for soybeans is 13%). Test Weight (Test wt.): The number of pounds/bushel from each plot. Yield: The number of bushels/acre harvested from each plot. ü Harvest data of each plot were collected in the middle of October once the soybeans had dried down to ideal harvest moisture. A Wintersteiger Plot combine, Delta Model was used to harvest all of the plots. This combine harvested each plot individually.

17 Sta:s:cal Analysis Data analysis was ini%ally conducted using PROC Mixed models in SAS 9.2. Treatments were considered as the fixed effect and loca%on and rep were considered as the random effect. It was noted during this analysis that there was a treatment by loca%on interac%on. As a result, data had to be analyzed by loca%on. This was done in ARM7 using a mean comparison with a confidence interval of 0.05.

18 Results and Discussion ARM7 Data Analysis by Loca%on

19 Seven Springs, North Carolina Soil type: Kenansville Loamy Sand Previous Crop: Co=on Tillage: conven%onal Plan%ng Date: June 21, 2010 Rain: Plan%ng through August had 13 inches (adequate to ac%vate both pre and post- emergence herbicides. Palmer Amaranth: consistent stand but very li=le was resistant to glyphosate.

20 Seven Springs, North Carolina Palmer Control

21 Seven Springs, North Carolina Palmer Control

22 Seven Springs, North Carolina Palmer Control The Seven Springs loca%on represents a lot of soybean acres in the south in that it represents a field that might not have resistance yet but where resistance could easily occur. In these types of loca%ons it is not only important to focus on control of Palmer Amaranth but also important to consider resistance management over the long term.

23 Seven Springs, North Carolina Crop Injury Crop injury was an issue in Seven Springs where significant crop injury occurred in the Flexstar treatments (4, 5, 14, and 15). This crop injury was most likely due to adequate rainfall and the post- emergence ac%vity that Flexstar has on soybeans. It should also be noted that all of the LibertyLink treatments showed some crop injury even later in the season (15 days a`er C applica%on). This could in part be due to sensi%vity of this par%cular variety to Ignite. It should also be noted that there may have been some sensi%vity to Boundary (ac%ve ingredient Metribuzin) (Treatments 16-19) in the LibertyLink variety. I was not aware of this varietal sensi:vity to Metribuzin when the variety was selected for the experiment. Although the crop injury did not appear to be significant, it was consistent across all loca:ons. The LibertyLink variety used was SS 595 LL.

24 Seven Springs, North Carolina Crop Injury

25 Seven Springs, North Carolina Crop Injury Significant crop injury occurred in the Flexstar treatments (4, 5, 14, and 15), most likely due to adequate rainfall and the post- emergence ac%vity that Flexstar has on soybeans.

26 Seven Springs, North Carolina Crop Injury

27 Seven Springs, North Carolina Crop Injury All of the LibertyLink treatments showed some crop injury even later in the season (15 days a`er C applica%on). This could in part be due to sensi%vity of this par%cular variety to Ignite. There may have been some sensi%vity to Boundary (ac%ve ingredient Metribuzin) (Treatments 16-19) in the LibertyLink variety.

28 Seven Springs, North Carolina Yield

29 Seven Springs, North Carolina Yield

30 Mount Olive, North Carolina Soil type: Wagram s Loamy Sand Previous Crop: Co=on Tillage: conven%onal Plan%ng Date: June 21, 2010 Rain: Plan%ng through August had 18 (adequate to ac%vate both pre and post- emergence herbicides. Palmer Amaranth: consistent stand that was resistant to glyphosate.

31 Mount Olive, North Carolina Palmer Control

32 Mount Olive, North Carolina Palmer Control

33 Mount Olive, North Carolina Palmer Control The majority of the Roundup Ready treatments were close to 80% control or less. The only treatments in the Roundup Ready system that were adequate were treatments 8, 9, and 10. All three of these treatments consisted of a pre- emergence product (Boundary or Prowl/Envive) and at least one or both residual products (Warrant/Flexstar).

34 Mount Olive, North Carolina Palmer Control In the LibertyLink system, Treatments 12 (two post applica%ons of Ignite) and 13 (Ignite/Warrant early post- emergence followed by Ignite late post- emergence) were not adequate. However, incorpora%ng Flexstar (14, 15, and 18-20) or a pre- emergence product (16-20) appeared to make a big difference in weed control.

35 Mount Olive, North Carolina Palmer Control The majority of the Roundup Ready treatments were close to 80% control or less. The only treatments in the Roundup Ready system that were adequate were treatments 8, 9, and 10. All three of these treatments consisted of a pre- emergence product (Boundary or Prowl/Envive) and at least one or both residual products (Warrant/Flexstar). In the LibertyLink system, Treatments 12 (two post applica%ons of Ignite) and 3 (Ignite/Warrant early post- emergence followed by Ignite late post- emergence) were not adequate. However, incorpora%ng Flexstar or a pre- emergence product appeared to make a big difference in weed control. The conven%onal treatments which did not use Roundup or Ignite post- emergence were less than adequate in Palmer Amaranth control.

36 Mount Olive, North Carolina Crop Injury Mount Olive showed the highest levels of crop injury compared to Seven Springs and Falcon. This can be abributed to an earlier plan:ng date and more rainfall. Crop injury in Mount Olive was not significant long term. Most of the varie%es were able to grow out of any injury that did occur earlier in the season. Similar to Seven Springs, Flexstar appears to play a significant role in crop injury. Any injury caused by Boundary (Treatments 6 9, 16 19, 22 and 23) at Mount Olive appears to be overshadowed by the presence of Flexstar (Treatments 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 14, 15, 18, 19, 20 and 22-24).

37 Mount Olive, North Carolina Crop Injury Treatment 16: plot 114 Liberty Link Soybean: SS 595 LL Pre- emergence: Boundary Early post- emergence: Ignite Late post- emergence: Ignite

38 Mount Olive, North Carolina Crop Injury

39 Mount Olive, North Carolina Crop Injury Flexstar appears to play a significant role in crop injury. Any injury caused by Boundary (Treatments 6 9, 16 19, 22, and 23) at Mount Olive appears to be overshadowed by the presence of Flexstar (Treatments 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 14, 15, 18, 19, 20, and 22-24).

40 Mount Olive, North Carolina Crop Injury

41 Mount Olive, North Carolina Crop Injury Crop injury in Mount Olive was not significant long term. Most of the varie%es were able to grow out of any injury that did occur earlier in the season.

42 Mount Olive, North Carolina Yield Mount Olive did not do well in terms of yield (bushels/a). The highest yielding treatments were treatments 10, 20 and 14 (Figure 12). Treatments 10 and 20 were iden%cal (Prowl/Envive pre- emergence and Flexstar/Warrant post- emergence) except treatment 10 used Roundup post- emergence and treatment 20 used Ignite post- emergence. Treatment 14 yielded just over 17 bushels/a. It consisted of Ignite/ Flexstar early post- emergence followed by a later post applica%on of Ignite alone.

43 Mount Olive, North Carolina Yield

44 Mount Olive, North Carolina Yield The highest yielding treatments were treatments 10, 20, and 14. Treatments 10 and 20 were iden%cal (Prowl/Envive pre- emergence and Flexstar/Warrant post- emergence) except treatment 10 used Roundup post- emergence and treatment 20 used Ignite post- emergence. Treatment 14 consisted of Ignite/Flexstar early post- emergence followed by a later post applica%on of Ignite alone.

45 Falcon, North Carolina Soil type: Autryville Loamy Sand Previous Crop: Co=on Tillage: Conven%onal Plan%ng Date: May 27, 2010 Rain: Plan%ng through August received 7 inches (NOT adequate to ac%vate both pre and post- emergence herbicides. Palmer Amaranth: consistent stand that was resistant to glyphosate.

46 Falcon, North Carolina Palmer Control This loca%on was unique because not only did it receive very li=le rain but it also had a very consistent stand of glyphosate resistant Palmer Amaranth. This resulted in a worst case scenario in terms of weed control where Roundup and Ignite alone were not enough to control Palmer Amaranth at this loca%on. The only treatments that were adequate in controlling Palmer Amaranth were ones containing pre- emergence herbicides and at least one residual. However, it is evident that at no point during the season there was 100% control of Palmer Amaranth.

47 Falcon, North Carolina Palmer Control

48 Falcon, North Carolina Palmer Control Treatments 10, 19, 20, and 24 were the only treatments that appeared to have adequate levels of Palmer Amaranth control. Treatment 19 was Boundary pre- emergence followed by Ignite/Flexstar early post- emergence and Ignite alone late post- emergence. Treatments 10, 20, and 24 were similar in that Prowl/Envive was used pre- emergence and Flexstar/Warrant was used post- emergence. Treatment 10 also used Roundup post- emergence and treatment 20 used Ignite post- emergence.

49 Falcon, North Carolina Palmer Control Treatment 24: plot 122 Conven%onal Soybean (Jake) Pre- emergence: Prowl H20/Envive Early Post- emergence: Flexstar

50 Treatment 10: Plot 117 Roundup Ready: AG 5605 Pre- emergence: Prowl H20/Envive Early post- emergence: Roundup/Flexstar Late post- emergence: Roundup Falcon, North Carolina Palmer Control

51 Treatment 20: Plot 111 Liberty Link: SS 595 LL Pre- emergence: Prowl H20/Envive Early Post- emergence: Ignite/Flexstar Late Post- emergence: Ignite Falcon, North Carolina Palmer Control

52 Treatment 19: Plot 113 Liberty Link: SS 595 LL Pre- emergence: Boundary Early Post- emergence: Ignite/Warrant/Flexstar Late Post- emergence: Ignite Falcon, North Carolina Palmer Control

53 Treatment 17: Plot 126 LibertyLink: SS 595 LL Pre- emergence: Boundary Early post emergence: Ignite/ Warrant Late post- emergence: Ignite Falcon, North Carolina Palmer Control

54 Falcon, North Carolina Palmer Control

55 Falcon, North Carolina Crop Injury Crop Injury was not significant in Falcon. This again was due to the lack of rainfall that occurred a`er plan%ng. This is evident by looking at the treatments with Flexstar (Figures 15 and 16). At the other loca%ons those treatments showed tremendous injury, however, when adequate rainfall does not fall to ac%vate Flexstar very li=le injury occurred. The only crop injury that did occur in Falcon were the LibertyLink treatments that received Boundary. This loca%on truly shows the suscep%bility of SS 595 LL to metribuzin as Treatments all show significant crop injury early.

56 Falcon, North Carolina Crop Injury

57 Falcon, North Carolina Crop Injury The only crop injury that did occur in Falcon were the LibertyLink treatments that received Boundary. This loca%on truly shows the suscep%bility of SS 595 LL to metribuzin as Treatments all show significant crop injury early.

58 Falcon, North Carolina Crop Injury Long term, crop Injury was not significant in Falcon. This again was due to the lack of rainfall that occurred a`er plan%ng. This is evident by looking at the treatments with Flexstar (Figures 15 and 16). At the other loca%ons those treatments showed tremendous injury, however, when adequate rainfall does not fall to ac%vate Flexstar, very li=le injury occurred.

59 Falcon, North Carolina Yield Falcon was not harvested due to the amount of Palmer Amaranth in the plots. The loca%on was destroyed prior to harvest.

60 Robersonville, North Carolina The Robersonville loca%on was cancelled during this trial and was not analyzed. There was a lack of weed pressure at this loca%on and although it was sprayed with applica%on A, no other treatments were made nor evalua%ons observed.

61 Results and Discussion SAS 9.2 Data (treatments fixed loca:on/rep random)

62 Summary of all Loca:ons Percent Control of Palmer Amaranth LSD: Percent Control With a PRE 3 with a Pre 3 with a Pre 4 with a Pre 4 with a Pre with a Pre 3 with a Pre 3 with a Pre 4 with a Pre 4 with a Pre 2 with a Pre 2 with a Pre 3 with a Pre Roundup Ready (Red) LibertyLink Blue Conven%onal (Purple) Treatments As the number of MOA s increase in the field so does Palmer control. When Pre s are used Palmer control increases. Prowl and Envive treatment looks be=er than Boundary. Flexstar treatments look be=er than Warrant. Ignite alone looks about 20% be=er on Palmer control than Roundup.

63 Summary of Treatments As the number of MOA s increases in the field so does Palmer control When Pre s are used Palmer control increases Prowl and Envive treatment looks be=er than Boundary Flexstar treatments look be=er than Warrant Ignite alone looks about 20% be=er on Palmer control than Roundup

64 Average percent Palmer Amaranth control across loca:ons and all Evalua:on Dates. Treatment 7-13 DAB DAC DAC Average

65 Cost Analysis Trt. Seed Cost/A Herbicide Cost/A % Control Combined Cost Yield/A $/A Profit/A ($11.00/bu) 1 $45.00 $ $ $ $ $45.00 $ $ $77.33 $ $45.00 $ $ $71.70 $ $45.00 $ $ $ $ $45.00 $ $ $ $ $45.00 $ $ $ $ $45.00 $ $ $94.87 $ $45.00 $ $ $ $ $45.00 $ $ $ $ $45.00 $ $ $ $ $48.00 $ $ $ $ $48.00 $ $ $ $ $48.00 $ $ $ $ $48.00 $ $ $ $ $48.00 $ $ $ $ $48.00 $ $ $ $ $48.00 $ $ $ $ $48.00 $ $ $ $ $48.00 $ $ $ $ $48.00 $ $ $ $ $25.00 $ $ $ $ $25.00 $ $ $ $ $25.00 $ $ $ $ $25.00 $ $ $ $113.33

66 Conclusion There was a treatment by loca%on response in this experiment Seven Springs: adequate rainfall and glyphosate suscep%ble Palmer resulted in <80% control from almost all treatments. Roundup Ready, LibertyLink, and conven%onal treatments all look good.

67 Conclusion Mount Olive: adequate rainfall and glyphosate resistant Palmer Amaranth had a nega%ve impact on the Roundup Ready treatments. Thus allowing the LibertyLink and conven%onal treatments to really stand out The value of Flexstar was highlighted Falcon: less than adequate rainfall and glyphosate resistant Palmer Amaranth had a nega%ve impact on all treatments The only treatments that did succeed here were the ones that used a pre and had Flexstar as a post- emergence herbicide.

68 Conclusion Overall when the loca%ons were analyzed together, the more herbicide modes of ac%on added to an herbicide program the be=er the level of Palmer Amaranth control. This experiment made it evident that mul%ple modes of ac%on should be used and that residual herbicides and pre- emergence herbicides are necessary not only for control of Palmer Amaranth, but also for resistance management.