Design of cropping systems and agricultural landscapes for low pesticide use

Transcription

1 Design of cropping systems and agricultural landscapes for low pesticide use Marie-Hélène JEUFFROY March 214 SMaCH Key actions 1 Design and evaluate innovative cropping systems SUCHI Sustainable use of chemicals PRESUME Sustainable resistance LOCKIN Technological lock in and transition processes 5 Initiate, stimulate, drive and support changes in farming practices SONDES Micro economics IPM Net Integrated Pest management 4 Develop databases of validated findings MODEL Modelling for crop protection CROPSYS Cropping systems 2 Improve knowledge in agro ecology, exploit natural regulation mechanisms EPIARCH Epidemiology and architecture BIODIV Biodiversity and crop protection ECOTOX Ecotoxicology DAMAGE Evaluating damage SYS3D Systematics for detection, diagnosis and identification EMERGE Emerging diseases and bioinvasions 3 Develop epidemiological surveillance and diagnostic tools 1

2 Introduction Intensive use of pesticides in France (ranked 3rd in the world) Public regulations aim at decreasing this use (e.g. Ecophyto plan) Present cropping systems first aim at maximising yield the techniques consistent with this aim favour pests and thus lead to an intensive use of pesticide!! A large diversity of pests exist in the agricultural systems: weeds, pathogens, insects their control should be managed in an integrated way Decrease pesticide use requires to re design cropping systems The main aims of redesign, besides the reduction of pesticide use, are : Optimising production Minimising environmental impacts Maximising farmers profit.3 Introduction To decrease pesticide use, the re design of cropping systems is required How Changing crop management: promote biological control, physical control, genetic control, cultural control, and use chemical control only if necessary Changing crop sequences to break the pest cycles Modify spatial organisation of cropping systems and the field environment to create landscape arrangements limiting biotic pressure Combine various drivers with partial and complementary effects on pest development.4 2

3 Introduction Landscape Climate Social, technical and environmental drivers Farmer s perception and knowledge Pests and natural enemies Soil (physical, chemical and biological components) Crop Microclimate Agroecosystem Cropping system Social, environmental and economic performances.5 Diversity of the research conducted 1= Acquire and quantify knowledge on: effects of crop management and crop sequences on pest populations (for main crops experiencing severe damage) effects of landscape characteristics on pests and natural enemy populations and pest biocontrol for all field crops 2= Identify technical drivers able to decrease pest infestations and impacts 3= Co-design prototypes of cropping systems and landscape arrangements allowing a significant reduction of pesticides use 4= Assessment of the performances of cropping systems and landscape arrangements with low pesticide input.6 3

4 Examples.7 Effects of sowing date and N fertilization on phoma stem canker 7. a a Cultivars : 6. Disease : Pollen 5. index at : Bristol 4. G2 stage b b b b severity c c 1.. N D2 normal (end august) Sowing date D1: early (beg. august) N+: 25 kgn/ha N: kgn/ha fertilization during fall Aubertot et al.,

5 Combined effects of Brassica juncea cover crop growth and incorporation of its stubble on Rhizoctonia root rot of sugar beet Brassica juncea cover crop August crushing October March Mustard crushed time Period between two crops Commercial crop Rhizoctonia solani Control Incidence Control Trial 1 Trial 2 g Control Control Severity Trial 1 Trial 2 Bare soil Mustard pulled out Mustard crushed and incorporated in soil (Motisi et al, 28).9 Plant architecture to limit pest development: example of Apple tree Concept of centrifugal management better radiation, penetration and air circulation in the middle of the tree Control Simon & Lauri, 211 Centrifugal management Lespinasse et Delort,

6 Plant architecture to limit pest development: example of Apple tree pests Dysaphis plantaginea Panonychus ulmi Cydia pomonella Venturia inaequalis Yr 1 after Simon et al (26) JHSB 81(4), ; Simon et al (26) Réussir Fruits & Légumes 247 (suppl.), 15-16; Simon et al (27) IOBC Bull.3(4), Centrifugal management Yr 2 Depends on cultivar Yr 3 Yr 4 decreases infestation / infection increases infestation / infection No significant effect Significant effect of centrifugal management on pests development Effects of microclimate, duration of the tree growth, easier access to resources, rate of colonization.11 Weed biomass in intercrop (t.ha 1 ) Intercrops help to decrease pest development Cereallegumes weeds Weed biomass in pure legumes (t.ha 1 ) Bedoussac & Justes, 211 Nb aphids / plant SC-N IC IC-N IC IC-N1 aphids 3/3 23/3 12/4 2/5 22/5 11/6 Date % de leaves feuilles with avec symptoms des symptômes Pure N orge Pure pure Oïdium/barley intercropped orge associée note Symptoms d'attaques on pods sur gousses 4,5 4 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1,5 Hellou et al., 23 Bedoussac & Justes, 211 Ascochytose/pea Pure pois pur intercropped pois associé.12 6

7 Pest management across time: crop diversification and soil tillage Density of Alopecurus myosuroides in cereal based rotations (long term trial) Number of weeds/m 2 Shallow soil tillage Winter crops Winter and spring crops 76 3 ploughing 11,1 (after Chauvel et al., 21) Densité (pl m -2 ) (Amossé et al., 213) Effect of a relay cover crop in organic arable systems: P = Crop 1 Weed density (pl/m 2 ).9 2 a a 175 ab 15 ab b 125 b 1 b bc bc 75 c 5 Stem Anthesis Harvest 25 elongation Montaison Floraison Récolte blé Temps depuis le semis des lég (semaine) Weeks from legume sowing Bare soil ** *** wheat Relay CC Maize Weed biomass(kg/ha) at fall end Biomasse d'adven ces (kg/ha) en fin d'automne (semaine 4) a Témoin Mine e Luzerne Trèflevi olet Trèfleblanc Control black medic alfalfa red clover white clover Black medic alfalfa Red clover White clover b b c c Alternative methods to control soil pathogens in plastic tunnels, replacing chemical disinfestation (Nematodes, Sclerotinia, Rhizoctonia) Comparison of 2 cropping systems Chemical disinfestation Chemical soil T disinfestation Solarisation Culural control Project PraBioTel, with funding of the Ministery Chambre d agriculture of Bouches du Rhône Sorghum.14 7

8 Alternative methods to control soil pathogens in plastic tunnels, replacing chemical disinfestation (Nematodes, Sclerotinia, Rhizoctonia) Comparison of 2 cropping systems Significant reduction of pests Chemical disinfestation Similar production costs and yields Culural control Lower cost of alternative methods Alternative methods being adopted by farmers in southern France Alternative methods (4563 /ha) < chemical disinfestation (54 /ha).15 Woodland and grassland near oilseed rape fields favour natural enemies of pollen beetle in oilseed rape Relative importance of landscape variables : % grassland + % woodland % ploughed OSR n 1 Location OSR(n 1) Field area + 42 fields chosen in contrasted landscapes Oilseed rape Larvae density Rusch et al., 211a et b Natural enemy Relative importance radius 15 m Pollen beetle Natural enemy: Tersilochus heterocerus.16 8

9 Woodland and grassland near oilseed rape fields favour natural enemies of pollen beetle in oilseed rape Relative importance of landscape variables : % grassland % woodland % ploughed OSR n Rusch et al., 211a et b; 212 Parasitism rate > efficient threshold Parasitism rate < efficient threshold Normandie Location OSR(n 1) Field area Larvae density Rusch et al., 211a et b Natural enemy Relative importance Google.17 Woodland and grassland near oilseed rape fields favour natural enemies of pollen beetle in oilseed rape Rusch et al., 211a et b; 212 Infestation > economical threshold Infestation < economical threshold Parasitism rate > efficient threshold Parasitism rate < efficient threshold Normandie Identification of areas where an insecticide can be avoided / must be applied! Google.18 9

10 Designing method: practical guide STEPHY Action on inoculum Rotation x soil tillage Stubble crushing Volonteers management Biocontrol Seed quality Inoculum Contamination Infection Pest cycle Avoidance Sowing date Crop status Alleviation during crop cycle N management, water management, Sowing date and density intercropping, variety mixtures Resistant varieties Multiplication Observed attacks Harvest loss Remedial solution Chemical control External inoculum Landscape arrangement Outside fields Attoumani Ronceux et al., Designing method: methodological resources Models (Loyce et al, 22; Colbach et al, 27; Lô Pelzer et al, 29; Aubertot et Robin, 213) simulate the combined effects of agricultural practices and spatial arrangments influenced by soil and climate on one (or several) pests System experiments (Meynard et al., 1996; Debaeke et al., 29) experiments on medium long term effects of crop diversification experimental test of cropping system prototypes, assessment of their performance share knowledge on complex systems with stakeholders Design workshops (Vereijken et al., 1997; Reau et Landé, 27; Lançon et al., 28) involve the concerned actors to the cropping system design combine scientific and expert knowledge adapt possible solutions to the local conditions (technical, socio economical).2 1

11 Networks of system experiments to reduce pesticide use Respest: No pesticide systems From 212 (28 for Grignon) Low pesticide systems Crop livestock mixed farming systems Southern arable crop system Northern East arable crop system Integrated production in arable systems Integrated production in mixed systems Systems with high energetic performances * Water quality.21 Designing method : methodological resources Guide STEPHY (Attoumani Ronceux et al., 21) A version for arable crops, vineyard, vegetables, tropical crops Tools for multi criteria assessment MASC (Sadok et al, 29; Craheix et al, 212) CRITER (Fortino et al, 21; Reau et al, 213) DEXiPM (Vasileiadis et al., 211; Pelzer et al., 212) Web platform AgroPEPS (Ballot et al, 212; Soulignac, 212) Space for knowledge Space for exchanges Description of alternative techniques for cropping system design Proposition of innovations Share experiences.22 11

12 Roles and actions of SMaCH Funding of PhD students : 2 in 211, 2 in 212, 1 in 213, 2 in 214 Funding of interdisciplinary or methodological projects : 7 in 213 Organisation of collective scientific animations: workshops, international congress, school for researchers, Funding of databases : models and formalisms, traits of pests and natural enemies, national and international system experiments for a low use of pesticide, national database on pest level each year, alternative techniques for cultural control.23 Links with other SMaCH Keyactions 1 Design and evaluate innovative cropping systems SUCHI Sustainable use of chemicals PRESUME Sustainable resistance LOCKIN Technological lock in and transition processes 5 Initiate, stimulate, drive and support changes in farming practices SONDES Micro economics IPM Net Integrated Pest management 4 Develop databases of validated findings MODEL Modelling for crop protection CROPSYS Cropping systems 2 Improve knowledge in agro ecology, exploit natural regulation mechanisms EPIARCH Epidemiology and architecture BIODIV Biodiversity and crop protection ECOTOX Ecotoxicology DAMAGE Evaluating damage SYS3D Systematics for detection, diagnosis and identification EMERGE Emerging diseases and bioinvasions 3 Develop epidemiological surveillance and diagnostic tools 12

13 International specific actions on IPM: A network of programme funders across Europe to coordinate National IPMrelated programmes SMaCH A consortium of European R&D organisations which aims at integrating their strategies Collaborative research projects under EU funded programmes.25 Pesticide Use and Risk reduction in Europe 13

14 Perspectives: Support studies aiming at the combined management of multiple pests (most studies concern 1 crop pest) this requires a deep change in approach! Every management strategy proposed must take into account the capacity of adaptation of populations The spatial and time scales of the research studies must be larger. Develop these integrated crop management in farmers fields, the sociotechnological system must often be changed (collective organisation, advisors, assessment references, ) we must promote inter disciplinary research works and multi actors partnerships.27 14