Grew up on a 1200 acre corn and soybean farm in East Central IL that my father and brother currently operate. Married my wife Leah. June 28 th, 2014!

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1 By: Tony Stirling

2 Grew up on a 1200 acre corn and soybean farm in East Central IL that my father and brother currently operate Married my wife Leah June 28 th, 2014!

3 Graduated from Illinois State University in 2008 Double major in: Agriculture Business Ag Industry Management-Agronomy 6 years in Corn Research AgReliant Genetics 2.5 years in Lebanon, IN DuPont Pioneer 3.5 years in Princeton, IL Began MS in Agronomy in August 2011

4 Compaction is a long standing issue that continues to effect the industry Causes Wheel tracks of heavy equipment Tillage Repeated traffic passes Animals

5 Compaction occurs when soil particles are pushed together Reduces water infiltration Reduces air movement Constricts root growth Effects of compaction on pore space. Image adapted from: University of Minnesota, Extension Soil Compaction: Causes, Effects, and Control. Retrieved June 10, 2013 (

6 Proprietary root assay is used to evaluate hybrids in a controlled environment Weed pressure is hard to control with a one time pass so we needed to know if we could take a sprayer across after planting Compaction treatments occurred in extreme conditions in order to get the most compaction possible

7 Investigate the effects of compaction in a simulated root lodging experiment Determine the ability for a sprayer to run through the root assay project after planting without adversely affecting the results

8 Experiment conducted in two different years 2013 and hybrids from RM 3 susceptible to root lodging 3 above average ability to withstand root lodging 4 treatments used 2013 Control, tractor, sprayer empty, sprayer full 2014 Control, sprayer empty (dry), sprayer empty (wet), sprayer full (wet)

9 Conventional tillage Fall at 10 inches Spring at 4 inches Sable Silty Clay Loam 0-2 percent slope Pattern tile Field planted in 4 row plots 30 inch row 35,000 seeds per acre Data collected in middle two rows

10 Conducted after 1.5 inches of rain at V2 Control No additional passes after planting John Deere 6140R Tractor Widened wheel base Hagie STS10 Sprayer empty Hagie STS10 Sprayer with 1000 gal water Weights of Implements in 2013 Treatment Description Weight (lbs.) 1 Control - No Compaction 0 2 John Deere 6140R 13,580 3 Hagie STS10 empty 22,500 4 Hagie STS10 full of water 30,300

11 Control No additional equipment passes after planting Hagie STS10 sprayer empty Dry soil conditions Wet conducted after a half an inch of rain at V5 Hagie STS10 sprayer empty Wet soil conditions Hagie STS10 sprayer full 950 gallons of water driven with wet soil conditions Weights of Implements in 2014 Treatment Description Weight (lbs.) 1 Control - No Compaction 0 2 Hagie STS10 empty (dry) 22,500 3 Hagie STS10 empty (wet) 22,500 4 Hagie STS10 w/ 950 gal of water (wet) 30,100

12 Lay out lay flat around field Closed circuit Pull drip tape through field by hand Drip tape irrigation Emitters every 8 inches.67 gal/min/100 ft Push drip tape against row Start continuous watering 1 week ahead Get the field to complete saturation

13 Wind machine Modified Hagie sprayer with blowers Set desired RPM s for fan speed Based on calibration strip Meant to simulate a typical thunderstorm Can go as high as mph wind speed Field saturation

14 Wind machine blows one row of data per pass Row 2 is blown in the first wind event Row 3 is blown in the second wind event plot 1 2 row I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Early Early Late Late Early Early Late Late

15 First simulated blow was conducted in late June right before brace root development Second simulated blow was conducted shortly after pollination Fan speed/rpm s increased for second wind event of year

16 Simulated wind was not performed in 2014 Natural thunderstorm that produced high winds occurred three days before first scheduled simulated wind event Wind gusts as high as 36 mph Second simulated wind event did not occur

17 2013 Completely randomized split block design Probability level of.05 was used to determine treatment significance

18 Treatment Key Yellow Control Blue Tractor Red Hagie Empty Green Hagie Full

19 2014 Randomized complete block design with nesting groups Probability level of.05 was used to determine treatment significance

20 Treatment Key Blue Empty (dry) Green Control Orange Empty (wet) Red Full (wet)

21 Stand counts Plot scores Subjective score that is given to determine the quality of the plots Plots scored poor 4-6 average 7-9 excellent

22 Plant height (2013) Plant height taken before simulated wind event for both events Average of the plot from the upper extension of leaf for first event Average of the plot from the tip of the tassel for second event

23 Root lodging counts Crew counted number of plants that are lodged after the wind event Lodged plants are 30 degrees past vertical Counts are then calculated as a percent not lodged based off of original stand counts

24 Proc mixed type 3 ANOVA procedure used in SAS LS mean was analyzed and then converted to letter groupings using PDmix800 (Saxton, 1998) Fixed effects: Treatment, Hybrid, Hybrid x Treatment interaction Random effects: Rep (2014) Saxton, A.M. (1998). A macro for converting mean separation output to letter groupings in Proc Mixed. Proc. 23rd SAS Users Group Intl., SAS Institute, Cary, NC, pp

25 Early root lodging & 2014 Early plant height Late root lodging Late plant height- 2013

26 Early simulated root lodging Treatment and hybrid terms both statistically significant Type 3 Analysis of Variance Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square F Value Pr > F treatment hybrid <.0001 treatment*hybrid residual

27 Early simulated root lodging LS Means Tractor pass and full sprayer pass statistically different from empty sprayer Effect=Treatment Method=LSD(P<.01) Treatment Estimate Standard Error Letter Group Empty Sprayer A Control AB Tractor B Full Sprayer B

28 Early plant height Treatment and hybrid are statistically significant Type 3 Analysis of Variance Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square F Value Pr > F treatment <.0001 hybrid <.0001 treatment*hybrid residual

29 Early plant height LS Means Control and full sprayer statistically different from tractor and empty sprayer Effect=Treatment Method=LSD(P<.01) Treatment Estimate Standard Error Letter Group Control A Full Sprayer A Tractor B Empty Sprayer B

30 Late simulated root lodging Treatments, hybrids, and hybrid by treatment interaction statistically significant Type 3 Analysis of Variance Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square F Value Pr > F treatment <.0001 hybrid <.0001 treatment*hybrid residual

31 Late simulated root lodging LS Means All three treatments are statistically different from control Effect=Treatment Method=LSD(P<.01) Treatment Estimate Standard Error Letter Group Empty Sprayer Full Sprayer A A Tractor A Control B

32 Late Plant Height Hybrid is the only term that is statistically significant Type 3 Analysis of Variance Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square F Value Pr > F treatment hybrid <.0001 treatment*hybrid residual

33 Natural early root lodging Treatment, hybrid, and rep are all statistically significant Type 3 Analysis of Variance Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square F Value Pr > F treatment hybrid <.0001 treatment*hybrid rep residual

34 Natural early root lodging LS Means Hagie STS10 in dry conditions was statistically different from the control Effect=Treatment Method=LSD(P<.01) Treatment Estimate Standard Error Letter Group Empty Sprayer (Dry) Empty Sprayer (Wet) Full Sprayer (Wet) A AB AB Control B

35 Running equipment through the field after planting has an effect on the root assay project Experimental design could have played a factor in results Treatment and column effect are confounded Decided to run the experiment again with different experimental design

36 Better experimental design allows for differentiation of treatments Treatment applications of both dry and wet helped get a full perspective of how the compaction affected the roots Natural winds were collected instead of simulated winds so that could have played a factor in the results

37 Running equipment through the root assay does have significant impact on the data Post-planting equipment passes will not be recommended for future experiments

38 Dr. Cruse Pioneer Staff Andy Dye Isaac Vohland Eric Speakes Aaron Moodie Jeff Johnson Deanne Wright-stats My wife Leah

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