Industrial sectors 3. What is farming? 5. The farming system 7. Factors affecting farming 9. Farming patterns in Europe 17

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2 Page Industrial sectors 3 What is farming? 5 The farming system 7 Factors affecting farming 9 Farming patterns in Europe 17 Changes in the farming landscape 15 Oranges and lemons 20 Chicken production 22 Glossary 25 2

3 Most people have to work to provide the things they need in life. Another word for the work they do is industry. There are many different types of work and industry. Together they are called economic activities. The work people do can be divided into three main types. These are primary, secondary and tertiary. To which sector do the following jobs belong? 3

4 Write the correct sector/s to which these companies belong. 4

5 Agriculture is the process of producing food and feed by cultivation of certain plants and the raising of domesticated animals. Agriculture is also known as farming. It includes both subsistence agriculture (which is producing enough food to meet the needs of the farmer and family, but no more) and also in most of the developed nations commercial farming (which is the production of financial income from cultivation of the land or the raising of animals). Increasingly, besides food for humans and animal feeds, agriculture produces goods such as cut flowers, ornamental and nursery plants, fertilizers, animal hides, leather, industrial chemicals (ethanol and plastics) fibers (cotton and wool), and fuels (biodiesel). Write the appropriate type of farming in their corresponding boxes : 5

6 Choose from the following list the type of farming which each picture represents: intensive, subsistence, horticulture, sustainable, extensive, arable, mixed, pastoral 6

7 A farm is a system in that it has inputs, processes and outputs. Outputs these are the products from the farm (ex. wheat, barley, cattle) Inputs these are things that go into the farm and may be split into physical inputs (ex. rain, soil) and human inputs (ex. labour, money etc.) Depending on the type of farming ex. arable, pastoral, commercial, subsistence, the type and amount of inputs, processes and outputs will vary. Processes these are things which take place on the farm in order to convert the inputs to outputs (ex. sowing, weeding, harvesting etc.) 7

8 Fill in each of the following farming system diagrams according to the type of farming : 8

9 Farmers make decisions about what to grow, what animals to keep, the level and type of inputs and the methods they will use. Their decisions are based upon a range of social, economic and environmental factors. The farmers attitudes and level of knowledge are also important. Farmers are decision makers. Their aim is to make a profit and survive on the land. The physical and human factors which affect each farm will influence the farmers actions and what he can do with his farm. 9

10 Money is vitally important when setting up a farm, or trying to run one. Subsidies and government policies have helped in some cases but they have also meant that farming is having to become more efficient and technological to survive. As prices fall for farm products, so the farmer's profits also fall, meaning he can employ less people and buy less seeds and animals for the following year. One of the most important factors in deciding what type of farming might occur in a certain area. The important considerations for farmers are the hours of sunshine, the average temperature and the amount of rainfall. Every farm needs workers, and so farms need these sources of labour. In the old days there would have been many people doing very labour intensive jobs around the farm. However, with farming becoming increasingly mechanised the numbers of people working on farms has diminished and many of those people tend to be more like farm managers rather than actually getting out and doing the dirty work. Government and International farming laws have had a huge impact on many farms around the world. EU regulations have meant that farmers are protected and that their produce will be sold. However they have also meant some farmers have had to completely change what they are growing to suit the new regulations. The shape of the land is a very important factor in determining the type of agricultural activity that can take place on it. Flat, sheltered areas are usually best for crops as it is easy to use machinery and there will be the best climatic conditions for crop growth. Steep slopes are more likely to be used for sheep and cattle farming. However in some countries steep slopes have been terraced to allow rice to grow. Thick, well-irrigated soil is usually the best for crop farming. In hilly areas the soil tends to be thinner and less fertile, meaning it is more suitable for pasture farming. The market is very important for a farmer. He must know that he is going to be able to sell his produce at a good price, in order to make a profit. Farmers increasingly have to decide exactly what they are going to grow by the price that they will get for their produce. 10

11 The text and pictures below describe two different farms in the UK. Read the text and fill in the table comparing the two farms. Hawthorn Farm is a typical arable farm in East Anglia. The land is very flat and slopes gently eastwards towards the river. Most of the fields have deep and fertile soils. These are easy to work and are well drained, although occasional flooding restricts the use of land near to the river. East Anglia is one of the driest parts of Britain. Much of the rain falls in the growing season when it is most needed. Summers are generally warm with plenty of sunshine to ripen the crops. The cold winters have hard frosts which help to kill diseases and break up the soil, which makes ploughing easier. The main problems for farmers in the area are the occasional high winds and summer thunderstorms that can ruin the crops just before harvest time. Farmers cope with unusually dry summers by irrigating the land through a system of ditches, pipes and pumping units. Pumps are also used to move water from the fields and into the river when flooding occurs. Flooding is a problem in the area because the land is so flat and low-lying. Many farmers are concerned that floods happen more often now than they did in the past. Hawthorn Farm is large and efficient, and uses modern methods. The farm is owned by a company and run by a professional manager. The company has the money needed to invest in new farming methods. Farming like this is called agribusiness. Much use is made of machines and chemicals. Hawthorn Farm has five tractors, two combine harvesters, muck spreaders, sprayers, ploughs, seed drills and grain drier. There are six full-time labourers and several casual workers are employed at different times of the year. The farm makes its money, of course, from selling crops. Some crops, such as peas, go direct to Bird s Eye, a large food processing company. Others are kept in huge refrigirated stores and sold to wholesalers and supermarkets such as Tesco and Safeway when prices are favourable. The government of the European Union provides subsidies for arable farmers. These come in the form of loans which help farmers to invest in modern methods and grow more food. Without subsidies, large numbers of farmers would be out of business. 11

12 Beckside Farm in the English Lake District is a typically hill sheep farm. Most of the farm is made up of high fell and steep and rocky hillside. The soils are poor and will only support rough grasses and heather. The farm has only a small area of flatter, low-lying land. This has deeper soils but is often wet and difficult to cultivate. Modern machinery is little used at Beckside Farm. The valley sides are too steep and inaccessible for tractors and equipment, whilst the valley floor, with its small fields and often waterlogged land, restricts the use of heavy machinery. The climate in the area can be difficult for farming. Rainfall is heavy and low cloud and mist are common. Summers are cool and winters can be cold and windy. Snow may lie in the higher ground for several weeks. Even sunshine amounts are lower than in the rest of the country. The sheep on Beckside Farm spend most of their time on the high fells. Life here is hard and only strong, healthy sheep survive. In winter, when conditions on the mountainside are uncertain, weaker sheep are brought down to lower pastures. The small area of lowland is well used. The fields are ploughed each year and fertiliser added to improve the soil s fertility and structure. Oats, barley and turnips are grown during summer and stored in large barns. These are then given to the sheep as winter feed. Beckside Farm earns most of its money in the autumn when lambs and four-year old sheep are taken to the nearby market at Penrith. Wool is sold in summer but is no longer a source of income. Making a living on a hill sheep farm is difficult, so both the Government and the European Union provide subsidies for the farmer. These come mainly in form of loans. Even with this help, many sheep farmers still struggle to survive. 12

13 After reading the descriptions on p fill in the table below about each farm. Hawthorn Farm Beckside Farm 13

14 Look at the map below and answer the following questions: 1. What is the main type of farming in Scandinavia? 2. What crops are grown in the Mediterranean? 3. Why do you think most of Iceland has limited farming? 4. Where are forests mostly common? 5. Name four countries where cattle farming is very common. 6. Write a few sentences describing the pattern of farming in Europe. 14

15 In this activity you are going to try to map many food items in your cupboards as possible ). To do this, you are going to need to look closely at the packets and tins of food usd to prepare a meal. Make a list of the ingredients and the countries they come from. Label these countries on the map bon the next page and draw arrows linking each country to the location of the Maltese islands. Write the name or draw each food near the country which they come from. 15

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17 A lot of places round the world were once covered in forest and marshland. As farming developed the forests were cleared and marshes were drained. Later, hedges were planted and rubble walls built to make fields. This farming landscape lasted for many hundreds of years. In recent times, there have been further changes to the landscape. Hedgerows and rubble walls have been removed as field sizes have been increased and tourist development have begun to take over. 17

18 Look at the drawings on the next page and work out the following questions : 1. Find at least ten differences between the landscape in the 1940s and the same area in the 2000s. 2. Match the features below with the correct grid squares. 3. Complete these sentences to show how farming has changed the landscape : A2 is F10 is F4 is B5 is D2 is A3 is a) Small fields (E3) made into large fields (E8). b) Farmland (F5) changed to (F10). c) Marshland (B5) changed to (B10). d) Hedges (C4) replaced by (C9). e) Woodland (F3) cleared for (F8). 4. How do you think our local countryside is being changed? 18

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20 When did you last eat an orange or drink some orange juice? Oranges are one of the most common and useful types of fruit available to us. Apart from fresh fruit and juice oranges can be used to make jams and marmalade. The white orange blossom can be dried and used to make tea, and bees feeding on the blossom make particularly delicious orange-flavoured honey. Orange peel can be crushed to produce oil used in perfumes and for aromatherapy. Peel can also be used in the garden as slug repellent! Oranges are, of course, extremely good for us, as they contain Vitamin C. Oranges grow on trees usually grouped together to form orchards or groves. They grow throughout the world in warm and sunny climates. In Europe, oranges are grown in countries bordering the Mediterranean (such as Spain, France, Italy and Greece). One of the main orange-growing areas in Europe is Valencia in Spain. Some people call this region the Orchard of Spain. Valencia is well suited to growing oranges. The high temperatures and long hours of sunshine help the oranges to grow and ripen, and there is enough moisture during the year to enable them to form juicy fruit. The mild winters mean that damaging frosts are rare too. The oranges in this region are a variety called Valencia oranges. They are late fruiting (May to July) oranges and particularly sweet. Most of the oranges are used to make orange juice before being exported across Europe and the world. 20

21 How are orange trees well-adapted to the hot and dry Mediterranean climate? Use the data on the previous page to plot the graph below 21

22 Did you know that around 855 million chicken are reared for their meat in the UK every year? This is equivalent to 14 chicken for every single person living in the UK! About 95% of these chickens are kept indoors, packed densely into vast sheds. With less space than an A4 sheet of paper each and fed high-protein food, some chickens live only 40 days before ending up on the supermarket shelf selling at just many chickens simply collapse onto the ground, as their thin legs are unable to support their huge over-fed bodies. So why is this happening? On of the reasons is the power of supermarkets in driving down prices for farmed produce. In order to be cost-effective, chicken farmers have responded by producing more and more chickens. This means cramming them into sheds and fattening them up as quickly as possible. Inevitably, this has led to concerns over the welfare of the birds. Kept in the open and allowed to rage freely chickens like to forage on the ground for food. They are inquisitive and respond to their surroundings. These freedoms do not exist for millions of bids reared intensively in dark and overcrowded sheds, unable to flap their wings or move around. In 2008, the RSPCA (Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals) in the UK launched a campaign calling on supermarkets to stop selling mass-produced standard chickens. People were urged to buy free-range or organic chickens. 22

23 Read p and answer the questions on a separate paper. 1. How many chickens are reared every year in the UK? 2. How are most of the chickens kept? 3. Why do chickens sometimes collapse? 4. Why do farmers have to produce as much chicken as they can? 5. What are free-range chicken? 6. How did the Potters start their business? 7. Where do the Potters keep the hens? 8. What are pop holes? 9. How are eggs tracked? 23

24 Use the clues below to help you name the correct farm animal. 24

25 the science, art, and business of cultivating soil, producing crops, and raising livestock farming. the production of crops. to fit together the parts for a final product. the flowers of the orange tree. wealth, especially in the form of financial or valuable possesions. a large-scale production of crops for sale. a method of farming where the animals can roam freely for food, rather than being confined in an enclosure. a hedge of shrubs or low trees bordering a field or lane. the art or science of cultivating gardens. economic activity concerned with manufacture, extraction and processing of raw materials,or construction. something put into a system to achieve output or a result. a group of workers engaged in an industry. to make or process (a raw material) into a finished product. vegetable and livestock production using natural sources of nutrients (such as compost) instead of using chemicals. something produced by a person, machine, or industry. the keeping or grazing of sheep or cattle. a law or principle of action adopted or proposed by an organization or individual. the basic material from which a product is made. the shape of the land. Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. the practice of growing crops and raising livestock sufficient only for one's own use. the proper treatment of animals. 25