Impact of Sowing Time on Yield Parameters of Selected Wheat Cultivars under Rice-Wheat Cropping System of District Sheikhupura, Punjab

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1 BIOLOGIA (PAKISTAN) 2014, 60 (1), PKISSN (Print) ISSN X (On-Line) Impact of Sowing Time on Yield Parameters of Selected Wheat Cultivars under Rice-Wheat Cropping System of District Sheikhupura, Punjab AZHAR MAHMOOD 1, ANWAR JAVAID WAHLA 1, RASHID MAHMOOD 2*, LIAQAT ALI 1 AND MUHAMMAD NAWAZ 1 1 Adaptive Research Farm, Sarwar Shaheed Road, Sheikhupura 2 Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, ABSTRACT A field study was carried out during to find appropriate sowing time for different wheat cultivars under rice-wheat cropping system of district Sheikhupura, Punjab, Pakistan. The experiment included six sowing dates starting from 1 st November to 20 th December and five wheat cultivars viz., Seher-2006, Fareed-2006, Lasani-, Faisalabad- and Uqab Sowing time and cultivar significantly (P 0.05) affected number of fertile tillers, 1000-grains weight and grain yield of wheat. However, in case of grain yield the interaction of both the factors was non-significant. In case of each cultivar number of tillers was found maximum when sowing was done at or before 20 th, particularly at 10 th November, In the same way, regarding 1000-grains weight, cultivars performance was the best at sowing dates of 1 st and 10 th November. Among all the cultivars, maximum grain yield (2957 kg ha -1 ) was noted when Lasani- was sown at 10 th November followed by Seher All other cultivars also performed the best with sowing dates of 10 th and 20 th November, Keywords: Wheat cultivars, Sowing time, Grain yield, Fertile tillers, 1000-grains weight INTRODUCTION Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an important crop cultivated for food and feed under a wide range of agro-climatic conditions. In Pakistan, it is grown on an area of 9132 thousand hectares with an annual production of thousand tons and average yield of 2553 kg per hectare (Anonymous, 2009). Owing to number of manageable problems, per hectare yield is far below than the inherent potential of wheat varieties sown in Pakistan. Among the constraints, sowing of the crop at sub-optimal time is of great importance because it does not ensure favorable environmental conditions and proper duration for each growth stage (Iqbal et al., 2001). Sowing at improper time not only affects wheat germination and growth but also disturbs grain development (Haq & Khan, 2002). Late sowing and sub-optimum temperature at sowing affects uniform stand establishment of wheat crop which results in yield reduction (Farooq et al., ). A serious decline in grain yield of wheat due to delay in sowing is reported by a number of researchers (Kumar et al., 2000; Subhan et al., 2004; Sial et al., 2005). The optimum time of sowing of wheat varies with agro-ecological location. For instance, it was noted that grain yield of three long duration wheat varieties was improved when sowing date was advanced from November 15 to October 25 (Randhawa et al., 1981). Whereas, in another area wheat sown between November gave more grain yield (Akhtar et al., 2002; Ali et al., 2004; Tanweer et al., 2009; Khokhar et al., 2010). Inamullah et al., (2007) concluded in a field study that grain yield of different wheat varieties was decreased from 45.2% (PR-83) to 59% (PR-86) when sowing was delayed from November 25 th to December 5 th. Likewise, Ali et al. (2010) revealed that significantly higher wheat grain yield was obtained by sowing at November 10 followed by same variety sown on November 20. As planting time is a crucial factor for obtaining desirable wheat yield from some specific agro-ecological zone. Therefore, a need was felt to study growth and yield behaviour of five wheat varieties at six sowing dates under irrigated conditions of Sheikhupura in rice-wheat cropping system. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was carried out during to evaluate the impact of sowing date on yield parameters of five wheat varieties under agroclimatic conditions of Sheikhupura, Punjab, Pakistan (31 42 N; E; m high above sea level). Wheat varieties selected for study were Seher-2006, Fareed-2006, Lasani-, Faisalabad- and Uqab These varieties were sown at November 1, 10, 20 and 30, and December 10 and 20, The trial was laid out according to split plot design with three replications; *Corresponding author: rashid.iags@pu.edu.pk

2 32 A. MEHMOOD ET AL BIOLOGIA (PAKISTAN) by allotting sowing date to main plot and varieties to sub-plot. Plot size was set at 9.5 m x 3.2 m. Recommended dose of NPK ( kg ha -1 ) was applied through urea, di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) and sulfate of potash (SOP). All P and K, and half N were applied at sowing time and remaining half N with first irrigation. The first irrigation was given 18 days after emergence and subsequent irrigations were applied according to the need of the crop. At maturity an area of 1 m 2 was randomly selected at three places in each plot, tillers with spikes were counted and averages were used in statistical analysis. All the plots were harvested at April 21, 2011 and wheat plants from each plot were tied into bundles and left for sun drying. The bundles were weighed and threshed separately. Grains from each plot were weighed and weights were converted to grain yield in kg ha -1. For grains weight, one thousand grains were randomly taken up from the grains of each plot and weights were recorded in gram on electrical balance. Data were analyzed for analysis of variance by using the Statistex 6.1 software. Treatment means were compared by using HSD test at p Effect of sowing time on number of fertile tillers of selected wheat cultivars Number of fertile tillers of wheat was affected by time of sowing and genotype (cultivar), and interaction of both the factors was also found significant at P 0.05 (Table 1). In Seher-2006, maximum number of tillers was noted when the cultivar was sown at 10 th or 20 th November 2010, whereas tillering was reduced significantly at early or late sowing of the crop from the Nov. 10 th or 20 th, respectively (Table 2). Tillering in Fareed-2006 wheat cultivar was reduced significantly when sown at or after 20 th of November and decline was even more with sowing at 10 th or 20 th of December. Similar response of fertile tillers was noted in Lasani- and Faisalabad-, where number was also found maximum with sowing at 1 st and 10 th November (Table 2). Maximum number of tillers was noted when Uqab-2000 was sown in November, however, tillering was significantly reduced in December sowing of the cultivar (Table 2). Among the five wheat cultivars, tillering in Seher and Fareed-2006 was least affected by time of sowing. On average, wheat cultivars produced maximum number of fertile tillers when sown at 10 th of November, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 1: Analysis of variance for some yield parameters of five wheat cultivars sown at six sowing times. Source of Variation d.f. Mean square value No. of tillers 1000-grains wt. Grain yield Replication (R) Sowing time (ST) ** 644** ** Error (R x ST) Wheat Cultivar (WC) 4 135** 103** ** ST x WC ** 42** ns Error Table 2: Effect of sowing time on number of fertile tillers (m -2 ) of different wheat cultivars under agroclimatic conditions of district Sheikhupura, Punjab, Pakaistan. Sowing Wheat Cultivars Time (2010) Lasani- Faisalabad- Seher-2006 Fareed-2006 Uqab-2000 Mean Nov b* a ab a a B Nov a a a a a A Nov a a bc b ab C Nov b b cd b bc D Dec b b d b c E Dec b b d b c E Mean A A B B B *Means sharing common letter(s) in a column or last row do not differ significantly at p 0.05

3 VOL. 60 (1) IMPACT OF SOWING TIME ON YIELD PARAMETERS OF WHEAT CULTIVARS 33 The number of fertile tillers in wheat obviously depends upon germination count, tillering and booting stages of the crop. These stages are sensitive to temperature and water availability (Shah & Akmal, 2002). A rapid decrease in maximum and minimum temperature from Nov. to Dec., 2010 may make the temperature conditions sub-optimal for the germination of wheat seeds (Figure 1a). At the mid of January, 2011, when the crop, that was sown after 20 th of Nov., 2010, was at tillering stage the minimum temperature was as low as 2 C. These temperature conditions may result in less number of tillers in late sown cultivars. Other researchers also reported a negative impact of late sowing of wheat on tillering (Aslam et al., 2003; Nazir et al., 2004; Shah et al., 2006; Inamullah et al., 2007; Qasim et al., ). Effect of sowing time on 1000-grains weight of selected wheat cultivars In case of cultivars Fareed-2006, Lasani- and Faisalabad-, thousand grains weight was found maximum when crop was sown at Nov. 1 or 10, After that thousand grains weight was gradually decreased with late sowing of the cultivars. Seher-2006 wheat cultivar produced grains with maximum weight when it was sown at 10 th of November. Early and late sowing than November 10, significantly reduced 1000-grains weight and minimum was noted in 20 th December sowed Seher cultivar (Table 3). In case of Uqab thousand grains weight was decreased with delay in sowing time and compared to other sowing dates; it was significantly minimum and maximum in those treatments where the cultivar was sown at Nov. 1 and Dec. 30, respectively. Irrespective of sowing date, compared to others wheat cultivars, Lasani- produced grains with maximum 1000 grains weight. Regarding 1000-grains weight, Nov. 1 and 10 were found the best dates of sowing wheat cultivars (Table 3). Table 3: Effect of sowing time on 1000-grains weight (g) of different wheat cultivars under agroclimatic conditions of district Sheikhupura, Punjab, Pakaistan. Sowing Time (2010) Seher-2006 Fareed-2006 Wheat Cultivars Lasani- Faisalabad- Uqab-2000 Nov b a a a a A Nov a a a a b B Nov c b c b bc C Nov c b c b c C Dec c c bc c d D Dec d c c c e E Mean B D A C C *Means sharing common letter(s) in a column or last row do not differ significantly at p 0.05 Mean It can be seen from the meteorological data that the atmospheric temperature increased from the mid of January to onward (Figure 1a). It is thus obvious that the late sown wheat has to face comparatively high temperature at grain filling than that sown earlier. Grain filling, particularly pre and post anthesis stages are thought to be very sensitive to high temperature (Ortiz-Monasterio et al., 1994). A heat stress at post anthesis stage may result in loss of grain weight of wheat (Wardlaw, 1990). Differences in 1000-grains weight of wheat cultivars seem to be due to their genotypic variations (French et al., 2005). These results are coinciding with those of other trials conducted on wheat in various parts of the country (Shahzad et al., 2002; Said et al., 2012). Effect of sowing time on grain yield of selected wheat cultivars Grain yield of wheat was significantly (P 0.05) influenced by the sowing time and genotype. However, the interaction of these factors did not affect the grain yield (Table 1). Wheat cultivars produced statistically similar grain yield when sown in November and yield was significantly decreased with late sowing in December (Table 4). Except Seher-2006, all the wheat cultivars produced maximum grain yield when sown at 20 th of November. However, Seher-2006 gave maximum

4 34 A. MEHMOOD ET AL BIOLOGIA (PAKISTAN) yield when sown at November 10, Irrespective of the date of sowing, more and statistically similar grain yield was noted in Seher, Lasani and Faisalabad than Fareed and Uqab wheat cultivars (Table 4). Table 4: Effect of sowing time on grain yield (kg ha -1 ) of different wheat cultivars under agro-climatic conditions of district Sheikhupura, Punjab, Pakaistan. Sowing Time (2010) Seher-2006 Fareed-2006 Wheat Cultivars Lasani- Faisalabad- Uqab-2000 Mean Nov ab 2420 ab 2667 ab 2567 ab 2383 ab 2530 B Nov a 2663 a 2957 a 2817 a 2610 a 2791 A Nov ab 2687 a 2763 a 2827 a 2683 a 2744 A Nov b 2167 bc 2300 bc 2220 bc 2113 b 2244 C Dec c 2007 cd 1967 c 1947 c 1913 c 1951 D Dec c 1733 d 1933 c 1920 c 1853 c 1882 D Mean 2432 A 2280 BC 2431 A 2383 AB 2259 C *Means sharing common letter(s) in a column or last row do not differ significantly at p 0.05 Grain yield is an accumulative effect of germination count, tillering, booting, grain fell and grains weight. Early or late sowing from optimum time affects more or less all the yield contributing parameter of wheat. Late-sown crop takes less number of Growing Degree Days (GDD) due to which yield components decrease and hence the economic yield of the crop suffers negatively (Lone et al., 1999). Results showed that, in rice-wheat cropping system of district Sheikhupura, Punjab, wheat cultivars express maximum yield potential when sown at 10 th or 20 th November. These results are in line with the findings of a number of other researchers ( Spink et al., 2000; Aslam et al., 2003; Qasim et al., ; Tanweer et al., 2009; Khokhar et al., 2010; Refay, 2011; Lak et al., 2013; Yajam & Madani, 2013). CONCLUSION It is concluded from the results that, under agroclimatic conditions of district Sheikhupura, maximum yield potential of wheat cultivars Seher-2006, Fareed-2006, Lasani-, Faisalabad- and Uqab-2000 may be obtained if sown from 10 to 20 November. Fig., 1: Meteorological information of the research area; minimum and maximum temperature (a) relative humidity and rainfall (b) during the growth period of the wheat crop.

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