M. E. A. Pramanik 1*, S. Mondal 1, K. K. Roy 1, M.M.I. Chowdhury 1 and A. H. Md. Amir Faisal 2

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1 KHON แก นเกษตร KAEN 42 AGR. ฉบ บพ เศษ J. 42 SUPPL. 1 : (2557). 1 : (2014). KHON KAEN AGR. J. 42 SUPPL. 1 : (2014). 403 Effect of sowing dates and tillage options on chickpea (Cicer arietinum) grown after transplanted aman rice using residual soil moisture at high barind tract (Hbt) in Bangladesh M. E. A. Pramanik 1*, S. Mondal 1, K. K. Roy 1, M.M.I. Chowdhury 1 and A. H. Md. Amir Faisal 2 ABSTRACT: The experiment was conducted in split plot design with six dispersed replications at the farmer s field at Godagari, Rajshahi, north-western part of Bangladesh during with an objective to evaluate the effect of sowing dates and tillage options on chickpea using residual soil moisture after harvest of Transplanted aman rice (Var. BINA Dhan-7). The treatments comprised two different tillage options viz., T 1 : Minimum tillage (one ploughing followed by laddering with country plough) and T 2 : Conventional tillage (two ploughings followed by laddering with power tiller) and four different sowing times viz., s 1 : sowing at just after harvest of T. aman rice, s 2 : sowing at 3 days after harvest of T. aman rice, s 3 : sowing at 6 days after harvest of T. aman rice and s 4 : sowing at 9 days after harvest of T. aman rice. Tillage treatments were placed in the main plots and sowing time treatments were in the subplots. It was observed that minimum tillage and sowing of chickpea at just after harvest of T. aman rice conserved more residual soil moisture than other tillage methods and sowing dates. Tillage practice significantly influenced the yield and yield components of chickpea. Minimum tillage gave consistently higher seed yield (1.33 t ha -1 ) than conventional tillage. Sowing date also resulted in better crop growth and increased yield. Maximum seed yield (1.66 t ha -1 ) of chickpea was obtained from the plot that was sown at just after harvest of T. aman rice while minimum seed yield (0.82 t ha -1 ) was obtained from late sowing treatment (sowing after 9 days). The maximum seed yield was recorded from the treatment combination of minimum tillage with sowing at just after harvest (1.74 t ha -1 ) followed by minimum tillage with sowing at 3 days after harvest of T. aman rice (1.62 t ha -1 ). The economic analysis of the experiment exhibited that minimum tillage with sowing at just after harvest of T.aman rice produced the maximum gross return ( $), gross margin ( $), net return (1, $) and benefit cost ratio (4.37) per hectare over all other treatments. Results revealed that sowing at just after harvest of T. aman rice accompanied by minimum tillage is presently the most satisfactory and economically profitable method for chickpea cultivation under rainfed condition in High Barind Tract of Bangladesh. Keywords: Chickpea, transplant aman rice, sowing dates, tillage options, soil moisture INTRODUCTION Rainfed agriculture in the High Barind Tract (HBT) of Bangladesh is extremely difficult. The main constraint to crop production is drought due to erratic and low rainfall in October. Drought has been identified as the most important abiotic stress to chickpea (Toker et al., 2007) as it occurs in most chickpea-growing regions (Berger and Turner, 2007). Soil moisture depletion in HBT starts from October and in December, whereas no residual moisture is available for crop emergence and this situation continues up to April (Idris and Huq, 1987). Moisture holding capacity of HBT s soil is poor due to critical organic matter contents and low infiltration of water (Ali, 2000). In that situation if soil is opened by ploughing with furrowing and exposed to sun drying for long time 1 Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, On-Farm Research Division, Barind Station, Rajshahi Program on System Approaches in Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand * Corresponding author: enayetpramanik@yahoo.com

2 404 แก นเกษตร 42 ฉบ บพ เศษ 1 : (2557). then soil moisture goes out quickly resulting in poor germination of seed. This is why this region has traditionally remained fallow land after rice cultivation. Farmers normally grow only one crop of T. aman rice under rainfed condition in each year. Information on effect of sowing times and tillage options on chickpea s responses grown under this condition may be useful for introduction of this new cropping system to farmers. Therefore, the present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of sowing dates and tillage options on growth, yield component, yield and economic returns of chickpea grown after T.aman rice using residual soil moisture. MATERIALS AND METHODS A field trial was conducted at the farmer s field at Godagari, Rajshahi, Bangladesh during to evaluate the effect of sowing dates and tillage options of chickpea using residual soil moisture after harvest of T. aman rice under rainfed condition. The treatments comprised two different tillage options viz., T 1 : Minimum tillage (one ploughing followed by laddering with country plough) and T 2 : Conventional tillage (two ploughings followed by laddering with power tiller) and four different sowing times viz., s 1 : sowing at just after harvest of T. aman rice, s 2 : sowing at 3 days after harvest of T. aman rice, s 3 : sowing at 6 days after harvest of T. aman rice and s 4 : sowing at 9 days after harvest of T. aman rice. The trial was laid out in split plot design with six dispersed replications. The dimensions of individual plots were 3.9 m 5m. Tillage treatments were placed in the main plots and sowing time treatments were in the sub-plots. Chickpea variety, BARI Chola-9 (Bangladeshi Variety) was used as a test crop in the study. The land was fertilized with N-P-K kg ha -1 (BARC, 2011) in the form of urea, triple super phosphate and muriate of potash, respectively. All fertilizers were applied as basal doses according to individual plot and mixed with soil at the time of final land preparation. Seeds of chickpea were sown in line maintaining a spacing of 30 cm 10 cm on November, Intercultural operations viz. weeding and pesticide spray were done in order to support normal plant growth. Soil moisture regimes of the experimental plots were recorded at a depth of 0-15cm at 15day intervals. The Soil moisture content is measured by gravimetric method using the following formula (Black, 1965): (wt. of wet soil + tare) (wt. of dry soil + tare) θd = (wt. of dry soil + tare) ( tare) Data on yield components were collected from randomly selected 10 plants from each unit plot. The crops Data on yield components were collected from randomly selected 10 plants from each unit plot. The crops were harvested on March, 2013 and the recorded yield data was converted to ton per hectare. All the data were statistically analyzed by using ANOVA (Mstate C) method (Factorial) and the mean comparisons were made by DMRT (Duncan Multiple Range Test) at 5% level (Gomez and Gomez, 1984). The economic analysis was done for gross return, gross margin and marginal benefit cost ratio over control of different sowing dates following the method suggested (Perrin et al., 1979).

3 KHON KAEN AGR. J. 42 SUPPL. 1 : (2014). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Soil moisture regime: Soil moisture percentage of the trial varied between the tillage methods and sowing dates. Soil moisture in the minimum tilled plots with sowing of chickpea just after harvest of T. aman rice decreased at slower rates followed by conventional tilled plots with sowing of chickpea after harvest of T. aman rice (Table 1). On the other hand, soil moisture in conventional tilled plots with sowing of chickpea at 9 days after harvest of T. aman rice decreased at higher rates. Early sowing and minimum tillage helped 405 keep the surface evaporation minimal. The rate of soil drying from 2007 to 2009 seasons was less than these predicted in previous reports which had concluded that a dry soil surface was the major impediment to chickpea crop establishment (Musa et al., 2001). Such understanding has guided the development of minimum tillage and mechanized sowing techniques for the hardsetting soils of the HBT and similar soils (Haque et al., 2010). Soil evaporation is decreased with high crop biomass and less exposure of the surface soil to direct solar radiation (Yunusa et al., 1993; Zhang et al., 2000). Table 1 Changes in soil moisture (%) of chickpea field as influenced by various treatments combination at different days after sowing at Godagari, Rajshahi during Treatment Days after sowing of soil moisture(%) in Chickpea field * * T 1 S T 1 S T 1 S T 1 S T 2 S T 2 S T 2 S T 2 S SEM (±) N.B * : Due to rainfall 30 & 75 DAS, soil moisture (%) is increased Effect of tillage options: Yield and yield components of chickpea responded significantly to different tillage options (Table 2). The higher number of plant m -2 (28.03), pods plant -1 (67.22), seeds pod -1 (1.45), hundred seed weight (12.36 g) and stover yield (1.73 t ha -1 ) were obtained from plot from minimum tillage than conventional tillage. Between the tillage practices, the higher seed yield (1.33 t ha -1 ) was obtained from minimum tillage than from conventional tillage (1.21t ha -1 ). Minimum tillage has led to more moisture conservation and increased water and nutrient uptake by the plant and consequently resulting higher seed yield. Such understanding has guided the development of minimum tillage and mechanized sowing techniques for the hard-

4 406 แก นเกษตร 42 ฉบ บพ เศษ 1 : (2557). setting soils of the HBT and similar soils (Haque et al., 2010). Tillage practices play a vital role in conservation of residual soil moisture in rainfed cultivation. The main advantages of minimum tillage practices include: soil water conservation, targeted placement of seed and fertilizer, lower rates of fertilizer and seed, less labor and fuel required, and less time required to sow a crop (Baker and Saxton, 2007; Haque et al., 2010). Table 2 Yield and yield contributing characters of chickpea as influenced by tillage options at Godagari, Rajshahi during Treatment Plant height (cm) No. of plant m -2 No. of pods plant -1 No. of seeds pod seed weight (g) Seed yield Stover yield Minimum tillage (T 1 ) 45.95a 28.03a 67.22a 1.45a 12.36a 1.33a 1.73a Conventional tillage (T 2 ) 42.81b 26.37b 61.39b 1.35b 12.14b 1.21b 1.65b SEM (±) F-test * * * * * * * CV (%) * indicates significantly different at P<0.05 and ns= not significantly different Means followed by the different letters in the column are significantly different at P<0.05 Effect of sowing time: Yield and yield components of chickpea responded significantly to different sowing date after harvest of T. aman rice (Table 3). The maximum plant height (50.71 cm) was found in chickpea plot sown at just after harvest of T.aman rice and the minimum (31.83 cm) was observed in plot sown at 9 days after harvest of T.aman rice. The maximum number of plant m -2 (35.5) was found in plot sown at just after harvest of T.aman rice followed by the plot sown at 3 days after harvest of T.aman rice. The minimum number of plant m -2 (20.00) was found in plot sown at 9 days after harvest of T.aman rice. The reason for maximum number of plant m -2 in early sowing plots might be due to the fact that early sowing helped keep the seed emergence and optimum plant establishment due to availability of residual soil moisture in the plot. The maximum number of pods plant -1 (90.00), seeds pods - 1 (1.67), hundred seed weight (18.83 g) and stover yield (2.22 tha -1 ) were obtained from early sowing treatment (sowing at just after harvest of T. aman rice) followed by 3 days after harvest of T.aman rice treatments. The maximum seed yield (1.66 t ha -1 ) was obtained from the plot sown at just after harvest of T. aman rice and followed by that sowing 3 days after harvest of T. aman rice (1.46 t ha -1 ) and the minimum (0.82 t ha -1 ) was found in late sowing treatment (sowing at 9 days after harvest of T. aman rice). The reason for high yield in plot sown at just after harvest and 3 days after harvest of T. aman rice treatments might be due

5 KHON KAEN AGR. J. 42 SUPPL. 1 : (2014). to conservation and availability of soil moisture for plant during the growth period. Optimum sowing dates are those that match the crop s growth requirements for water, temperature and day length 407 against important crop requirements for germination, vegetative and reproductive growth (Saxena, 1987). Table 3 Yield and yield contributing character of chickpea as influenced by different sowing time at Godagari, Rajshahi during Treatment Plant height (cm) No. of plant m -2 No. of pods plant -1 No. of seeds pod seed weight (g) Seed yield Stover yield 0 DAH of T.Aman (S 1 ) 50.71a 35.5a 90.0a 1.67a 18.83a 1.66a 2.22a 3 DAH of 48.10ab 31.62ab 72.0bc 1.51abc 18.55abc 1.46abc 1.97ab T.Aman(S 2 ) 6 DAH of T.Aman(S 3 ) 46.22abc 27.00bcd 57.0de 1.30bc 18.28bcd 1.24bcd 1.72bc 9 DAH of 31.83cde 20.00de 35.0ef 1.13cd 17.50de 0.82de 1.20cd T.Aman(S 4 ) SEM (±) F-test * * * * * * * CV (%) * indicates significantly different at P<0.05 and ns= not significantly different Means followed by the different letters in the column are significantly different at P<0.05 DAH=Days after Harvest Combined effect of tillage options and different sowing dates: Combined effect of tillage options and different sowing dates showed significant different on the various characters of chickpea under the study (Table 4). The maximum seed yield was recorded from the treatment combination of minimum tillage with sowing at just after harvest of T.aman rice (1.74 t ha -1 ) followed by minimum tillage with sowing at 3 days after harvest of T. aman rice (1.62 t ha -1 ) and conventional tillage with sowing at just after harvest of T. aman rice (1.58 t ha -1 ). The reason for maximum seed yield in minimum tilled and sowing at just after harvest of T. aman rice might be due to more efficient conservation of residual soil moisture which favoured growth and development of chickpea during the growing period. The lowest yield was recorded in 9 days after harvest of T. aman rice irrespective of tillage options.

6 408 แก นเกษตร 42 ฉบ บพ เศษ 1 : (2557). Table 4 Yield and yield contributing characters of chickpea as influenced by tillage options and different sowing time at Godagari, Rajshahi during Treatment Plant height (cm) No. of plant m -2 No. of pods plant -1 No. of seeds pod seed weight (g) Seed yield Stover yield T 1 S a 36.00a 95.00a 1.80a 18.88a 1.74a 2.28a T 1 S abc 33.23bcd 76.00bcd 1.62abc 18.58bcd 1.62ab 2.08bc T 1 S bcd 29.00def 58.00de 1.40cde 18.50cd 1.30bc 1.72cd T 1 S fg 20.00h 38.00f 1.27def 17.48ef 0.89d 1.21de T 2 S abc 35.00abc 83.00abc 1.53bcd 18.78abc 1.58ab 2.15ab T 2 S cde 30.00cde 68.00cde 1.40cde 18.52cd 1.30bc 1.85cd T 2 S def 25.00gh 56.00def 1.20g 18.05de 1.18cd 1.72cd T 2 S gh 20.00h 32.00g 1.00h 17.52ef 0.75de 1.18de SEM (±) F-test * * * * * * * CV (%) * indicates significantly different at P<0.05 and ns= not significantly different Means followed by the different letters in the column are significantly different at P<0.05 Economics: Gross return, gross margin, total cost and benefit-cost ratio of different treatment combinations have been shown in Table 5. The economic analysis of the experiment exhibited that minimum tillage with sowing at just after harvest of T.aman rice produced the maximum gross return ( $), gross margin ( $), net return (1, $) and benefit cost ratio (4.37) per hectare over all other treatments. The minimum gross return ( $), gross margin (336.25$), net return ( $) and benefit cost ratio (1.72) were obtained from conventional tillage with 9 days after harvest of T. aman rice. This variation occurred due to the variation of total yield and total cost of cultivation. On the other hand, the maximum BCR (4.37) was obtained from minimum tillage with sowing at just after harvest of T. aman rice that was closely followed by minimum tillage with 3 days after harvest of T. aman rice (4.06) and conventional tillage with sowing at just after harvest of T. aman rice (3.63). Considering BCR, minimum tillage with sowing at just after harvest was found economically profitable and viable among the treatments for cultivation of chickpea in the High Barind Tract s soil.

7 KHON KAEN AGR. J. 42 SUPPL. 1 : (2014). 409 Table 5 Cost and return analysis for chickpea as influenced by sowing dates and tillage options during Treatments Gross return(usd ha -1 ) Gross margin(usd ha -1 ) Net return(usd ha -1 ) BCR T 1 S , T 1 S 2 1, T 1 S 3 1, T 1 S T 2 S 1 1, T 2 S 2 1, T 2 S T 2 S SEM (±) CONCLUSIONS The study revealed that minimum tillage with sowing at just after harvest of T. aman rice during dry season favoured potential yield attributes which eventually resulted in maximum seed yield of chickpea. It was economically profitable and viable technology for cultivation of chickpea in the High Barind Tract s soil. REFERENCES Ali, M.Y Influence of phosphorus fertilizer and soil moisture regimes on root system development, growth dynamics and yield of chickpea. PhD Thesis, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Salna, Gazipur, Bangladesh. Baker, C.J. and K.E. Saxton The what and why of no-tillage farming. In No-tillage seeding in conservation agriculture. 2nd edn. (Eds CJ Baker, KE Saxton, WR Ritchie, WCT Chamen, DC 262 Reicosky, MFS Ribeiro, SE Justice and PR Hobbs) pp (FAO and CAB International: Rome, Italy). BARC Databases & Statistics. Climatic and hydrological information. Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council. Available: bd/data_stat.php. Berger, J.D., and Turner, N.C. (2007). The ecology of chickpea. In Chickpea breeding and management. (Eds SS Yadav, RJ Redden, W Chen and B Sharma) pp (CABI:Wallingford, UK). Black C.A Methods of Soil Analysis: Part I Physical and mineralogical properties.american Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. Gomez, K. A. & A. A. Gomez Statistical procedures for agricultural research (2nd Edition). An International Rice Research Institute Book. John Wiley and Sons, New York, USA.680 p. Haque, M.E., R.J. Esdaile, E. Kabir, W. Vance, R.W. Bell, A.M. Musa, A.K.M. Shahidullah, M.M. Nur Nobi, M. Maruffuzaman, and C. Johansen Minimumtillage, mechanized sowing of pulses with two-wheel tractors. In 19th World Congress of Soil Science, Soil Solutions for a Changing World, 1-6 August 2010, Brisbane, Australia. pp Available: html. Idris, K.M. and H.M. Munirul Soil moisture status of Barind Tract. Soil Resources Development Institute, Rajshahi Regional Office, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of Bangladesh. Musa, A.M., D. Harris, C. Johansen, and J. Kumar Short duration chickpea to replace fallow after aman rice: The role of on-farm seed priming in the High Barind Tract of Bangladesh. J. of Expt. Agric. 37:

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