Consideration of chickpea plant ideotypes for spring and winter sowing

Transcription

1 Consideration chickpea plant ideotypes for sprg wter sowg Saccardo F., Calcagno F. Saxena M.C. (ed.), Cubero J.I. (ed.), Wery J. (ed.). Present status future prospects chickpea crop production improvement the Mediterranean countries Zaragoza : CIHEAM Options Méditerranéennes : Série A. Sémaires Méditerranéens; n pages Article available on le / Article disponible en ligne à l adresse : To cite this article / Pour citer cet article Saccardo F., Calcagno F. Consideration chickpea plant ideotypes for sprg wter sowg. In : Saxena M.C. (ed.), Cubero J.I. (ed.), Wery J. (ed.). Present status future prospects chickpea crop production improvement the Mediterranean countries. Zaragoza : CIHEAM, p (Options Méditerranéennes : Série A. Sémaires Méditerranéens; n. 9)

2 Consideration chickpeaplantideotypes for sprg wtersowg *F. SACCARDO* F. CALCAGNO** *CATTEDRA DI MIGLIORAMENTO GENETICO DELLE PIANTE AGRARIE UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI NAPOLI, PORTICI, ITALY **STAZIONE SPERIMENTALE DI GRANICOLTURA PER LA SICILIA, CALTIGIRONE, CATANIA, ITALY - as the sowg date chickpea is on to to shoa vegetative cycle, a good adaptability to both - Considérations sur les idéotypes de plantes de pois chiche pour les semis de prtemps et d hiver. Le pois chiche est traditionnellement semé au prtemps dans le bass méditerranéen. Le rendement augmente fortement qu la date de semis est déplacée vers l hiver. On a identifié deux idéotypes différents adaptés soit au semis d hiver, soit au semis de prtemps dans les conditions de Le type hiver doit être résistant d l anthracnose, tolérant au froid, il doit avoir une longue phase végétative, un port érigé et porter des goruses sur le sommet des ramifications pour faciliter la récolte mécanique. Le type prtemps est représenté par les populations locales italiennes, avec un cycle court, une bonne adaptation aux conditions d environnement du sud et du centre de une bonne productivité et des graes de qualité. A la suite d essais agronomiques, conduits en différents lieux pendant plusieurs années, on a sélectionné et proposé à l scription deux lignées pour le semis d hiver ( CalifSo et Sultano ) et deux autres pour le semis de prtemps et Calia ). Introduction Chickpea is limited the last 30 the l devoted to chickpea 110,000 ha 1950 to 11,000 ha have made social system less dependent on pulses; have b) the lack adapted to climates, by abundant autumn but sufficient c) high sensitivity to d) the susceptibity to maly Ascochyta rabieì, causg chickpeas almost exclusively cultivated as the end begng June), sce at this time the the end. The length to months the is by the the The shift the sowg date chickpea to sowg) allows the physiological June. these conditions the plant conditions, a vegetative development. Options - - n.o : L Serie A: Semaires mediterraneens

3 to assess the fluence the sowg date on the yield chickpea, the season, the the Ls na, 1980; Sgh, 1984). Saxena (1980) Sgh et al. (1984) have a yield potential the than the one. The these studies showes that (1) chickpea genotypes could conditions even when the lowest fall to -12 C; (2) when the sown was Ascochyta blight by fungicides yield up to 100% comwith the sown; (3) Ascochyta blight tant les had a mean yield twold than the mean yield the susceptible ones; (4) the mean yield the many locations was 3.0 t/ha, the highest value beg 4.2 tha. The study attempts to identify specific ideotypes chickpeas adapted to sowg sowg. Strategies for selectg chickpea ideotypes adaptable to italian conditions Genetic adopted developg chickpea les suited sowg is shown Fig. 1. is based the evaluation exotic local local l Evaluation germplasm The utilization collections is local g sce a wide physiological as well as yield components disease has been (Sgh 1984). it should be ability between cultivated chickpeas tives is limited, the availability utilizable genetic 1986). At ENEA, Stazione di la Sicilia, genetic evaluation 835 les chickpea comg collection Aleppo, has been out 1981 to All the les evaluasowg at two sites, Catania. Among these les, 21 genotypes identified to be high yieldg, cold toleto Ascochyta 5 484, 482, 515, ) have been selected physiological have been Table 1. The les have been the genetic which the new Sul- 3279) Califfo 72) have been selected et al., 1987). Selection the Italian lraces Some maly collected evaluated to select adapted to sowg conditions. Selections have been out physiological All this has shown a good adaptability sowg two them (Ecotype 1 2) have been selected as new called Calia et al., 1987). evaluation thechniques Fig. 1. i populations v 1 to Selection Serie A: Semaires mediterraneens

4 Table 1. Agronomic morpho-physiological characters kabuli chickpea genotypes selected for wter sprg sowg 3 years experiments ( ) carried out 8 different locations central south- Genotypes ! Ekotype-l hotype-2 Spa sowg time seeds/ plant blight Table 2. Genetic variability for agronomic morphophysiological characters F, breedg les Cicer arietirum lj ;p8 selected Tarquia (1) Caltagirone (2) comparison to l l l l l F, lesa ecotypes a gemplasm = T = S = Susceptible. Crossbreedg program to achieve a genetic a selecwas tions ENEA. Selected F3-F7 as well as ascochyta blight cold ei A good found 84 F, les selected both localities as yield habit, cold ascochyta blight the checks (Table 2). total biomass but the Two genotypes by ( Calia ) long 3279) biological cycle (Fig. 2) have been analysed at sowg dates. Accession 3279 sowg date was advanced to the best potential sowg. Plant architecture two have been identified: tall type the one. The is adaptable to Specific plant characters needed for wter sprg sowg Crop duration A long is essential sce it allows a vegetative tive development with a consequent ity. sowg, 25 genotypes difcludg 2 ecotypes cally evaluated. genotypes with a biological cycle yielded 21% the yield sowg the was positively with the height the plant (Calcagno et al., 1987). the plant height height.~ /02 O 1 / O3 Sowg Fig. 2. (% the mean yield value) g. 3279) bilological cycle Serie A: Semaires mediterraneens

5 g. The placement the ches makes the mechanical density could be to the biological yield. conducted on plant density utilizg chickpea les by plant showed that it is possible to the density to 80 plants/m2 usg the types, a density 24 plants/m2 was optimum types (Table 3). the plants can a successfully compete, with weeds use the available efficiently. The plants with stead adaptable to sowg. Table 3. les different plant-types. (cm) (cm) ted at plant densities used the cultivation; the seed yield 9 plants tions, the the plot, ihe competitiveness is have been comthe seedyield 9 plants the plants subjected to a weak competition. seed yield plant have been found among 26 selected advanced chickpea les, to the position the plant the plot; the seed yield plant g the plants the the plot, between 22 to 31 g the The the seed yield the the plants, as estimate the,competitiveness, gedbetween % (Table 4); the was the the competition ability among chickpea genotypes have also been found sowg types showed seed yield with density upto 40 plants/m2 while the type gave the highest yield at 25 plants/m2 (Fig. 3) (Calcagno et al., 1987) Table 4. Seedyieldmeanvalueschickpeaplants from advanced breedg les grouped on the basis the competition between central external rows. Low yield, low dex low yield stability, which is a pulses, can be to Competition 1987). The effects leaf on competitiveness has been peas, the genotypes with leaf type 4 with les af, st t1 genes with the afila type, with the most leaf with the types (Leone, 1984), while its seed yield was to that the leaf type. The competition a is when light tensity the conopy, the soil biotic (pests, diseases, cold) limitg A is efficient only when the competition is such a way that only a limited plant to plant is to select chickpea genotypes, with competition, has been tes CopiCvenness Low Cold les analysed Seed yield (9) S.E. S.E. Seed yield (g) Edge SE. I i 1.08 i f i f 1.09 i i i i i i i The chickpea soutis only possible if cold available. Wd components adaptation the to to high altitudes sowg. Studies on cold chickpea (Sgh et al., 1981; Sgh et al., 1984), have shown that cold is the domat polygenes (Sgh et al., 1984). In chickpea les selected have been 1986 cold the open field, by sowg them at Lama, a locality the falls (-10 to -11 C 1 week 1986). A 0-5 scale (O = 100% plants 5 = 100% plants) was used the Serie A: Semaires mediterraneens

6 q/ha 40 I Drought tolerance Chickpeas sown have tion due to high the od the high solation fillg time. These conditions fluence consequently the yield capacity. it is possible to select genotypes adaptable to sce genetic physiological to ecotypes have been selected, the plant a good quality. at the basal Disease resistance Fig. 3. Yield by plant population. by as affected 27 les identified as cold givg an acceptable yield (1.93 t/ha) with a plant vival (50-70%) which was than that the ecotypes (Table 5). A new technique has been set up to collection. at leaves stage have been exposed to cycles 4 C to -5 C) 72 The obtaed susceptible les, have been consistent with the data obtaed the open field. Ascochyta blight the most disease affectg chickpea especially West Asia The pathogen can be conby fungicide but because expenses toxicity fungicides, plant should be conone the best disease genetic have been known fifty by this meetg. out Sicily among 25 genotypes comg tested open field five sistant to susceptible (Table 6). The 5 les selected open field 484, 3279, 72, ) has been by oculations with isolates A. rabiei et al., 1987). wilt, which is disease chickpea Spa could also be a limitg the Table 5. Evaluation for cold tolerance chickpea germplasm tested at wter Genotype I advanced selectionsa "/ F,-F, to to Proposed ideotypes the last 5 has helped identification as Fig. 4 des Table 7. The types have been well Selection is to obta a plant than the type with few apical pod position to meet the ideotype This ideotype plants density ment the biological yield unit The ' ideotypes may need a population density plants/m2 as agast 80 2'. The yield expectation , 2.4- Serie A: Semaires mediterraneens

7 Table 6. Evaluation Ascochyta rabiei resistance 25 chickpea genotypes wter sowg, Caltagirone, Genotype 484, 3279, 12, asccchyta blight n xochyta field asccchyta fected field by ascochyta blight (%) - Yield loss % - O Table 7. Wter sprg chickpea ideotypes for 1 type 2 height Lodgg cm cm cm Calia , 1934, FUP , JLC 1932, 112, , FLIP 80-5, 1922, 263, S 1.68' to competition g g g Low FLIP 81-54, 81.32, >50 - Ascochyta blight Cold Not = S = Suceptible * ' T Fig. 4. conditions Serie A: Semaires mediterraneens

8 t/ha, the ideotypes. as the ideoty devoted to chickpea if adopted. Two ties, Sultano Califfo, adapted sowg have than 2.5 t/ha which is a good yield level to the yield 1.0 t/ha the some localities, sowg will contue to possibility, this the Calia, to ideotype, have been selected. The good quality these makes suitable human consumption whecould be animal feedg as an to soyabean the Studies, needed to develop a knowledge the values chickpea as well as to develop new food application aptechnology. W. Junk LEONE,A. (1984): Competitiveeffectsamongisogenicles peas. 16: cool on Genetic F. G. (1985): chickpea les Ascochytu mbiei. 12: F., SAXENA, (1980): Feb-2 cece F. on Chickpea h The References CALCAGNO, F., GALLO,G., G.E. genotipi di cece (Cicer urietirzum L.). e Sole: F. 3: W., WAGE, S. (1981): W. Junk SAXENA, Chickpeas (Saxena, Sgh, W. Junk Serie A: Semaires mediterraneens