Fractions of phosphorus as influenced by organic and inorganic sources of nutrients under different cropping systems in Vertisol

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1 An Asian Journal of Soil Science Volume 9 Issue 1 June, 2014 e ISSN Open Access Research Article Fractions of phosphorus as influenced by organic and inorganic sources of nutrients under different cropping systems in Vertisol N.R. MAIRAN AND A.S. DHAWAN MEMBERS OF RESEARCH FORUM : Corresponding author : N.R. MAIRAN, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, PARBHANI (M.S. INDIA nishapatil7806@gmail.com Co-authors : A.S. DHAWAN, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, PARBHANI (M.S. INDIA Received : ; Revised : ; Accepted : Summary A field experiment was conducted at Dry land Research Station, M.A.U., Parbhani. During and in vertisols with application of organics and inorganics sources of nutrients under different cropping system such as soybean-pigeonpea and sorghum-pigeonpea. After these two cycle, as regards to transformation patterns the added phosphorus was found to be converted to various phosphate fractions. Among the different fractions, maximum phosphorus was found in the form of Org-P followed by Ca-P, Rs-P, Fe-P, Al- P, Sal-P and Occl-P. With increasing phosphorus levels there was sizable build up in all phosphorus fractions. Key words : Organics P, Fractions of P, Cropping systems How to cite this article : Mairan, N.R. and Dhawan, A.S. (2014. Fractions of phosphorus as influenced by organic and inorganic sources of nutrients under different cropping systems in Vertisol. Asian J. Soil Sci., 9(1:. Introduction Phosphorus in a biological system is present in organics and inorganics form and is involved in various chemical and bio-chemical reactions. Phosphorus atom can form co-valent multiple bonds which are flexible in nature, show higher energy characteristics, form a veriety of linkages with other ions and shows intrinsic stability that facititates atom exchange in soils (Tomar, Soil inorganic phosphorus exists as salts of orthophoshoric acid such as water soluble, Al-P, Fe-P, Ca-P and occluded P. The principal organic P compounds presents in soil are inositol phosphate,phospholipids, nucleic acids and other unidentified and phosphoproteins. Sience these forms of soil P have different solubilities, the availability and uptake depends upon their amount in the soil Though all farms of P in the soil are keys to supply the nutrient to the soil solution the relative proportion of each of these fractions govens the response to applied P. Resource and Research Methods The experiment involving two cropping system were such as soybean (JS -335 pigeonpea (BSMR -853 and sorghum (CSH-9 pigeonpea (BSMR conducted at organic farming and Dry Land Agricultural Research form at Marathwada Agricultural University, Parbhani. The field experiment were conducted for successive two years from The initial soil having ph 7.80, Ec 0.3 dsm -1 organic carbon 4.2g kg -1, CaCO g kg -1 and available NPK , 14.2g, g kg -1, respectively. The treatments comprised of inorganics and organics sources such as FYM, glyricidia, vermicompost,plant and weed residues, bio-fertilizers, neem seed cake, press mud etc which were replicated thrice in a Randomized Block Design soil phosphorus fractions analyses were periodically carried out as per molybdophosphate method given by Peterson and Corey (1966. Research Findings and Discussion The data on different phosphorus fractions as influenced by various manurial practices during and are present in Table, 2, 3 4 and 5 for soybean, pigeonpea, sorghum, pigeonpea, respectively. HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE

2 N.R. MAIRAN AND A. S. DHAWAN During after harvest of soybean, the Sal-P ranged from to value of mg kg -1.The Al-P varied from to kg -1 with a mean value of mg kg - 1.As regards the Fe-P it ranged from to value of mg kg -1. The Rs-P varied from to mg kg -1 with a mean value of mg kg -1. The Occl- P, which is termed as bound P fractions varied from 7.90 to 9.49 value of 8.73 mg kg -1.The Ca-P which is dominant fraction in experimental soil ranged from to mg kg -1 with a mean value of mg kg -1. The organic-p varied from to kg -1 with a mean value of mg kg -1.The total -P content ranged from to mg kg -1 with a mean value of mg kg -1.However, after harvest of pigeonpea, the Sal-P ranged from to kg -1 with a mean value of mg kg -1. The Al-P varied from to value of mg kg -1.The Fe-P ranged from to value of mg kg -1. As regards the Rs-P, it varied from to value of mg kg -1. The Occl- P, varied from 7.52 to 9.36 kg -1 with a mean value of 8.26 mg kg -1. The Ca-P which is dominant fraction in experimental soil ranged from to value of mg kg -1. The organic P varied from to value of mg kg -1.The total P content ranged from to value of mg kg -1. During , after harvest of sorghum, the Sal-P was Table 1 : Phosphorus fractions (mg kg -1 {after harvest of soybean} as influenced by various organic and inorganic sources of nutrients ( Treatments Total-P Sal-P Al-P Fe-P Rs-P Occl-P Ca-P Org-P T T T T T T T T T T Mean SE (± C.D. (P= Initial Table 2 : Phosphorus fractions (mg kg -1 {after harvest of pigeonpea} as influenced by various organic and inorganic sources of nutrients ( Treatments Total-P Sal -P Al-P Fe-P Rs-P Occl-P Ca-P Org-P T T T T T T T T T T Mean SE (± C.D. (P= Initial HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE 12 Asian J. Soil Sci., (June, (1 :

3 FRACTIONS OF PHOSPHORUS AS INFLUENCED BY ORGANIC & INORGANIC SOURCES OF NUTRIENTS UNDER DIFFERENT CROPPING SYSTEMS ranged from to value of mg kg -1. The Al-P varied from to mg kg -1 with a mean value of mg kg -1. As regards the Fe- P it ranged from to value of mg kg -1. The Rs-P varied from to value of mg kg -1. The Occl-P, which is termed as bound P fractions varied from 7.66 to 9.32 value of 8.38 mg kg -1. The Ca-P which is dominant fraction in experimental soil ranged from to value of mg kg -1. The organic-p varied from to value of mg kg -1. The total-p content ranged from to kg -1 with a mean value of mg kg -1. However, after harvest of pigeonpea, the Sal-P ranged from to kg -1 with a mean value of mg kg -1. The Al-P varied from to value of mg kg -1. The Fe-P was ranged from to kg - 1 with a mean value of 34.81mg kg -1.As regards the Rs-P it varied from to value of mg kg -1. The Occluded P, which is termed as bound P fraction varied from 7.68 to 9.25 value of 8.31 mg kg -1. The Ca-P which is dominant fraction in experimental soil ranged from to kg -1 with a mean value of mg kg -1. The organic P varied from to value of mg kg -1.The total P content ranged from to value of mg kg -1. Phosphorus is very fascinating nutrient due to its complicated nature and chemistry and has continued to be enigma to soil scientist (Tandon, Phosphorus exists in soil in organic and inorganic forms. Application of water Table 3 : Phosphorus fractions (mg kg -1 {after harvest of sorghum} as influenced by various organic and inorganic sources of nutrients ( Treatments Total-P Sal -P Al-P Fe-P Rs-P Occl-P Ca-P Org-P T T T T T T T T T T Mean SE (± C.D. (P= Initial Table 4 : Phosphorus fractions (mg kg -1 {after harvest of pigeonpea} as influenced by various organi and inorganic sources of nutrients ( Treatments Total-P Sal-P Al-P Fe-P Rs-P Occl-P Ca-P Org-P T T T T T T T T T T Mean SE (± C.D. (P= HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE 13 Asian J. Soil Sci., (June, (1 :

4 N.R. MAIRAN AND A. S. DHAWAN soluble phosphatic fertilizer to the soils quickly get converted into partially soluble or insoluble forms resulting into low concentrations of P in soil solution thereby decreasing its availability to crop plant. Among the inorganic P fractions, the presence of Ca-P is the most dominant fraction obviously because of highly calcareous nature of experimental soil. Pundarikakishudu (1989 also reported that in Vertisols of Maharashtra, the Ca- P constitutes more than 50 per cent of the total P and is a major contributor for labile P pool in soil. The second most abundant fraction of phosphorus is organic-p which is calculated by subtraction of sum of all other inorganic P fractions from total phosphorus as mentioned in methodology. In the present investigation, it is observed that at harvest stage during both the years of experimentation in soybean, sorghum as well as pigeonpea, increasing levels of phosphorus increased content of all the phosphate fractions over control. Patel et al. (1992 observed that P application in graded levels significantly improved content of all fractions of phosphorus in soil. The Sal-P is loosely bounded phosphorus and can be easily be brought into soil solution and made available to the plant. This forms a very small fraction of total phosphorus present in soil. This is in close agreement of soil of the fact that out of total P only a small fraction is available at any given point of time. Similar facts were also corroborated by Dikshit et al. (1994 in Chromustert of Jabalpur and Patgundi et al. (1996 in twelve Vertisols profiles from command area of Tungabhadra. The values of different P fractions under treatments indicate that organic P and Ca-P are the major P fractions. Whereas, Rs-P, Al-P, and Fe-P constitute the next to those of the Ca-P and Organic P. The predominance of Ca-P fraction could be attributed to calcareous nature of the soils in which calcium being dominant cation in the soil. These finding are in agreement with that of earlier workers. Santhy et al. (1998 confirmed that in calcareous soils, the major fraction of P was bound with calcium. Similar results are in confirmity with the results of Pundarikakshudu (1989. The overall trend of P transformations within the inorganic fractions was in the order of Ca-P > Rs-P > Fe-P >Al-P > Sal-P > Occl-P. Similar trend in black calcareous soils of Gujarat was noticed by Patel et al. (1992. The relative abundance of organic P could be attributed to the fact that soil sampling was done immediately after the harvest of the crops. The residues of which and root biomass might have contributed to organic P fractions. These phosphorus fractions contribute to phosphorus pool towards available P and, hence towards phosphorus nutrition of crop under consideration. The contributions of different P fractions could be predicted with the help of both by simple correlation and multiple regressions worked out between different P fractions as independent variable and available P as a dependent variable. The results pertaining to correlation co-efficients (r between available P and various P fractions for all crops during the years and are reported in Table 5. From the Table 5, it can be informed that all fractions of Table 5 : Simple correlations between available P and different P fractions in soil ( and P Fractions At harvest of soybean At harvest of pigeonpea At harvest of sorghum At harvest of pigeonpea Sal-P 0.510** 0.483** 0.800** 0.781** Al-P 0.466** 0.420* 0.865** 0.784** Fe-P 0.465** 0.414* 0.906** 0.786** Rs-P 0.529** 0.412* 0.815** 0.790** Occl-P 0.478** 0.541** 0.974** 0.979** Cal-P 0.441* 0.363* 0.953** 0.930** Org-p 0.499** 0.444* 0.853** 0.821** * and ** indicate significance of values at P=0.05 and 0.01, respectively Table 6 : Multiple regression equation between available P and P fractions ( and Sr. No. Multiple regression equations between available P and P fractions 1. After harvest of soybean (Sal-P 4.346(Al-P (Fe-P (Rs-P (Occl-P (Ca-P (Org-P(R 2 = After harvest of pigeonpea (Sal-P 0.666(Al-P (Fe-P (Rs-P (Occl-P (Ca-P (Org-P(R 2 = After harvest of sorghum (Sal-P (Al-P (Fe-P (Rs-P (Occl-P (Ca-P (Org-P(R 2 = After harvest of pigeonpea (Sal-P 0.223(Al-P (Fe-P (Rs-P (Occl-P (Ca-P (Org-P (R 2 = HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE 14 Asian J. Soil Sci., (June, (1 :

5 FRACTIONS OF PHOSPHORUS AS INFLUENCED BY ORGANIC & INORGANIC SOURCES OF NUTRIENTS UNDER DIFFERENT CROPPING SYSTEMS phosphorus were positively correlated with available P. The r values were in the range of to and was exhibiting significant positive correlation with P fractions during both years of experimentation. Highly positive simple correlation co-efficients between individual P fraction and available P indicated significant contribution of these fractions towards available P pool. However, it dose not give the holistic picture under field conditions when all these P fractions are simultaneously involved in transformations under the dynamic equilibrium between and among the different P fractions as well as available P pool (Tandon, Therefore, besides simple correlation, the multiple regression equations were also computed to find out the relationship of these fractions in presence of other fractions with that of available P for both the crops grown during years and and are presented in Table 6. From the Table 6, it can be noticed that R 2 values obtained for predication of relationships between available P with various P fractions were highly significant and varied in the range of to indicating 30 to 98 per cent variations in different P fractions due to other contributing P fractions. This however, shows the inter dependency of various P fractions among themselves. The very high R 2 values of multiple regression equation indicate the predictivity of available P under the influence of various P fraction Thus, it can be concluded from these research findings that application of conjunctive either soil test based fertilizer dose alone or its use any organic sources such as FYM, glyricidia, vermin -compost, plant and weed residues, biofertilizers, neem seed cake, press mud etc., As regards to transformation patterns, the added phosphorus was found to be converted to various phosphate factions. Among the different fractions, maximum phosphorus was found in the 9 form of org-p followed by Ca-P, Rs-P, Fe-P, Al-P, Sal-P and Occl-P. With increasing phosphorus levels, there was sizable build up in all phosphorus fractions. The total P recorded was maximum in RDF for the crops in sequence. The treatment which was receiving 50 % of RDF supplemented by FYM was found to be on par with RDF.The org-p and Ca-P were the most dominant inorganic phosphate forms present in the soil followed by Rs-P, Fe-P, Al-P and Sal-P. Literature Cited t h Year of Excellence Dikshit, P.R., Gautam, S.K., Khatik, S.K. and Turkar, O.R. (1994. Inorganic P fractions in chromeusterts soil as influenced by long term fertilizer application to soybean-wheat- maize fodder sequence cropping. J. Soils & Crops, 4(2 : Patel, S.R., Naik, M.L. and Chandravashi, B.R. (1992. Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus in some vertisol of soybean. J. Oilseeds Res., 9(2 : Patangudi, M.S., Channal, H.T. and Satyanarayana, T. (1996. Distribution pattern and availability of phosphorus in some vertisol of Tungabhadra command, Karnataka. J. Agric Sci., 9(1 : Peterson, G.W. and Correy, R.B. (1966. A modified change and Jackson procedure. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Pro., 30 : Pundarikakshudu, R. (1989. Studies on phosphate dynamics in vertisols in relation to yield and nutrient uptake of rainfed cotton. Exp. Agric., 25 (1 : Santhy, P., JayasreeSankar, S., Muthuvel, P. and Selvi, D. (1998. Long term fertilizer experiment status of N, P, and K fraction in soil. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci., 46 : Tandon, H.L.S. (1987. Phosphorus research and agricultural production in India, FDCO, NEW DELHI (INDIA. Tomar, N.K. (2000. Dynamics of phosphorus in soils. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci., 48(4: HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE 15 Asian J. Soil Sci., (June, (1 :