HOLLAND MARSH Prepared by: Wilton Consulting Group

Transcription

1 HOLLAND MARSH 2028 Prepared by: Wilton Consulting Group

2 HOLLAND MARSH 2028 Acknowledgements Holland Marsh Growers Association Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs This project is funded the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs The Views expressed in this publication reflect conversations with the variety of stakeholders engaged including; The Holland Marsh Growers Association, the Lake Simcoe Region Conservation Authority, Economic Development offices in Bradford and King Township, among others, and do not necessarily reflect those of the Province. Team members Principal and Lead Consultant: Bronwynne Wilton Project Management: Megan Racey and Krista Kapitan Stakeholder Engagement and Technical Advisor: David Armitage Research Associate and Outreach: Melisa Luymes For more information, please contact: Bronwynne Wilton Wilton Consulting Group Prepared by: Wilton Consulting Group

3 Table of Contents Executive Summary Introduction... 2 Holland Marsh Growers Association... 2 Production... 2 Soil... 3 What is a Sustainability Strategy? Methodology The Context Agriculture and Agri-Food the Opportunities and Challenges in Ontario The Holland Marsh Muck Soil Research and Sustainability in the Holland Marsh Summary of Findings Results of Engagement Activities Sustainability Strategy Economic Environmental Social Lifespan Goal A: Ensure Long-Term Economic Vitality A1: Exploring Enhanced Marketing, Branding and Value Added Opportunities A2: Strengthen Understanding of Economic Importance of the Holland Marsh A3: Reducing/ Streamlining Regulatory Burden Goal B: Support Environmental and Land-use Management Best Practices B1: Land Use Planning Policies B2: Soil Health B3: Best Management Practices Goal C: Support Community and Organizational Change... 29

4 C1: Supporting Leadership and Organizational Capacity Within the HMGA C2: Engaging in Collaborations with Relevant Communities and Organizations Conclusions Appendix A Appendix B The Impact of Subsidence and Erosion on Muck Soils in the Holland Marsh Appendix C Appendix D Appendix E Land Use Planning, Trends, and Potential Greenbelt Expansion around the Holland Marsh Government and governance structure in the Holland Marsh Trends in the Holland Marsh region The Greenbelt Plan and the Holland Marsh Potential expansion of the Greenbelt near the Holland Marsh Appendix F Jurisdictional Scan of Other Muck Crop Regions Agricultural practices Land Use Planning Practices Appendix G Appendix H Regulatory Modernization Appendix I Top Four Priority Projects Appendix J Use of Drones for Detecting Plant Diseases in the Holland Marsh... 59

5 Executive Summary The Holland Marsh, often referred to as Ontario s salad bowl, contains some of the most productive and rich agricultural soils in all of Ontario and is home to a thriving farm community of some 125 farms. This community also faces certain sustainability challenges, some of which are unique to the Marsh given its unique soils and community, and many of which are not unlike the challenges facing other agricultural and rural communities, particularly within the Greater Golden Horseshoe (GGH). Sustainability should be considered in three pillars: Economic, Environmental, and Social. This Sustainability Strategy was developed to address these challenges and to help guide the Holland Marsh Growers Association and its members in sustainability-related decisions. It was researched and developed through consultation with stakeholders, including growers, in the Holland Marsh in The intended life span of the Strategy is ten years, with regular review recommended during that period. Background information and relevant context is presented in the Strategy before shifting into the sustainability goals, strategic priorities, and action items that were determined through the consultation process. These goals are summarized in the table below. TABLE 1. SUMMARY OF GOALS AND STRATEGIC PRIORITIES Pillar Goal Strategic Priorities A1: Exploring enhanced marketing, branding and value-added opportunities Economic Environmental Social A: Ensure Long Term Economic Vitality B: Support environmental and land-use management practices C: Support Community and Organizational Change A2: Strengthen understanding of economic importance of the Holland Marsh A3: Reducing/streamlining regulatory burden B1: Land-use planning policies B2: Soil Health B3: Best Management Practices C1: Supporting leadership and organizational capacity within the HMGA C2: Engaging in collaborations with relevant communities and organizations 1

6 1.0 Introduction Holland Marsh Growers Association Holland Marsh Growers Association (HMGA) represents vegetable growers from several marshes such as the Holland Marsh, the Keswick Marsh and the King Marsh as well as nearby uplands suitable for vegetable production. The Holland Marsh is the largest of these areas, at 7,000 acres of vegetable crops, while the secondary areas together comprise another 8,000 acres of vegetable crops. In all, the HMGA represents over 100 growers. Production Over 60 vegetables are grown in the Holland Marsh. Carrots and onions are by far the dominant crops in the Marsh today, accounting for over two thirds of production area, followed by celery and mixed greens. Root vegetables do particularly well in the loose Marsh soils which allows them to grow uniformly. Growers are always seeking new markets and responding to demand. In recent years, lettuce production has been increasing again (although not to historical levels); production of Chinese vegetables is also on the rise. 1 Hoop houses are prevalent on most farms as growers start vegetable seedlings under greenhouse conditions, and more vegetables are now being produced in greenhouse conditions. Due to its highly productive soils, location in proximity to urban centres and transportation corridors, physical infrastructure (including drainage systems), and decades of expertise built up by farmers, the Holland Marsh is a unique and extremely important agricultural region of Ontario. Its revenues per acre are significantly higher than the provincial average more than double based on conservative estimates, and possibly a higher multiple and farming in the Marsh has been estimated as stimulating between $95 million and $169 million of economic activity annually in the provincial economy. A 2009 report found that, based on 2006 numbers, the Holland Marsh contains 0.08% of the farmland in Ontario, but generates 0.30% of gross farm receipts in the province. 2 1 Holland Marsh Agricultural Impact Study. 2 Holland Marsh Agricultural Impact Study. 2

7 Soil The Holland Marsh ( the Marsh ) contains some of the most productive and rich agricultural soils in all of Ontario. Characteristic of the Marsh is its unique and highly productive histosol soils (herein referred to as muck soils). Muck soils are composed of mostly organic material (20-80%) in the upper layer and often contain soils commonly referred to as bog, peatland, muskegs, and mucks. 3 Muck soil in the Marsh ranges from 40cm deep in parts, to over 180cm deep in the eastern areas of the Marsh. Approximately 60% of the marsh is in agricultural production, while the remaining 40% of land is classified as wetland. 4 The estimated average net revenue per acre of Holland Marsh soil is $318, more than double the provincial average and higher than that of both Simcoe County and York Region (see Appendix A). When production, processing, and packaging activities are combined, the Marsh has an estimated economic impact of $1 billion annually. 5 Although highly productive for agricultural purposes, muck soils are not immune to the common issues affecting other soil types in Ontario agriculture. These issues include wind and water erosion, compaction and subsidence, nutrient runoff, and pest and disease outbreaks. Various estimates exist for the life expectancy of the soil in the Marsh; anywhere from 50 years to 200 years (see Appendix B for more info on this range). 6, 7 The farm community within the Marsh faces short, medium, and long-term sustainability challenges that are not unlike the challenges facing other agricultural and rural communities, particularly within the Greater Golden Horseshoe (GGH). In addition to issues such as soil erosion, encroaching urbanization, increasing regulatory burdens, cost of energy, and labour challenges, the Marsh is also located within the Lake Simcoe watershed and as a result, sound environmental management of the farmland is critical. Nutrient losses, phosphorous in particular, are of concern to the water quality within the watershed and to Lake Simcoe. As of 2009, the phosphorous levels in Lake Simcoe had been reduced to below early-1990s levels and the health of the lake had improved. 8 A 2009 study by the Muck Crop Research Station also showed that agriculture in the Holland Marsh is only a minor contributor to phosphorous in Lake Simcoe, and that nitrate and pesticides coming from the Marsh are below drinking water standards except during certain times in spring when water levels are slightly elevated. 9 More recent data on this issue could not be located, but it should continue to be monitored in an effort to track and reduce negative environmental impacts. 3 Retrieved from: 4 Holland Marsh Agricultural Impact Study Holland Marsh Agricultural Impact Study. 7 C.Mirza and R.W. Irwin Determination of Subsidence of an Organic Soil in Southern Ontario. Canadian Journal of soil science. 44: Lake Simcoe Region Conservation Authority. Report on the Phosphorus Loads to Lake Simcoe Holland Marsh Agricultural Impact Study. 3

8 What is a Sustainability Strategy? A sustainability strategy is a roadmap for an organization to recognize challenges and changes required to remain successful over time. Sustainability should be considered in terms of the three pillars that comprise it: economic, environmental and social. By considering all three pillars within this sustainability strategy, we can develop a holistic view of the issues and opportunities facing the agricultural community within the Marsh. The goal of the Holland Marsh 2028 Project, led by the Holland Marsh Growers Association 10 (HMGA), is to develop a sustainability strategy that provides a roadmap of action items within the three pillars of economic, environmental, and social topics. The Holland Marsh 2028 sustainability strategy will establish the groundwork for the long-term sustainability of the rich soils, the water quality within the watershed, the economic viability of the production systems, and also the community of growers producing food within a rapidly urbanizing region of the Province of Ontario. With environmental stewardship at its foundation, this strategy recognizes the importance of identifying actions that support a vibrant and economically profitable agriculture sector in the Holland Marsh. This Holland Marsh 2028 report is a result of background research and a series of interviews and focus groups that aimed to understand the current and future issues and challenges facing the Holland Marsh farming community. The final report was developed in consultation with the HMGA Board of Directors. Based on the findings of this research phase, a series of recommendations with associated action items is developed as a 10-year sustainability strategy. Each action has been identified as a short, medium, or long-term action and organized according to the three pillars of sustainability. This report provides further details on the project methodology, the Holland Marsh context, the results of the stakeholder engagement, as well as a detailed sustainability strategy as described above. 10 The Holland Marsh Growers Association represents edible and non-edible horticulture growers in the Holland, Keswick and Bradford Marsh areas as well as growers in Cookstown, and Innisfil. 4

9 2.0 Methodology Holland Marsh 2028 is a comprehensive sustainability strategy that was informed by an environmental scan as well as input from a stakeholder consultation process with key informants in the Holland Marsh. The following is a summary of the project methodology: Environmental & Jurisdictional Review Review of ongoing and previous sustainability efforts and programs in the Holland Marsh Jurisdictional scan of other collaborative or farmer-led sustainability initiatives Review of literature surrounding barriers to adopting recommended best management practices Stakeholder Consultation & Engagement Facilitate discussion with growers and other stakeholders at Project Day, an event organized by the HMGA Interviews with Marsh stakeholders including government, associations, private companies, The Lake Simcoe Region Conservation Authority, growers, and researchers Develop and manage online survey that was sent to all growers in the Holland Marsh Three meetings with the HMGA board to finalize recommendations and gather further feedback Develop Recommendations & Strategy Synthesize results and complete a sustainability strategy for the Holland Marsh including a series of goals and action items within the three pillars of economic, environmental, and social 5

10 The first engagement event was a Project Day held on February 6 th and organized by the HMGA. For an Agenda of the day, see Appendix C. The event engaged over 17 growers, government, municipality, and association contacts and led participants through facilitated discussions. These discussions explored the strengths, challenges, opportunities, and threats related to the long-term sustainability of an economically viable agricultural production system and community in the Holland Marsh. Following this, an online survey was created for all producers within the Marsh to gather additional input on discussions held during the Project Day event. Participants were asked to agree or disagree with some of the points that were discussed at the Project Day, and to add any additional points that were not captured. In addition, participants shared information about their farm operation, the HMGA, common agronomic practices, the Holland Marsh Brand, and others. In total, an additional 17 growers responded to the online survey, bringing the total farmer engagement to approximately 35 individuals. Consultation and engagement continued with key informant interviews were held either by phone or in-person with various stakeholders in the Marsh. Thirty-seven individuals were contacted, and interviews were conducted with 20 key informants. This included economic development professionals, project managers, the Lake Simcoe Regional Conservation Authority, the Muck Crop Research Station, Vineland Research and Innovation Centre, Farm and Food Care, Foodland Ontario, and others. Similar to the questions asked to farmers at the Project Day event, interviewees also provided strengths, challenges, opportunities, and threats related to the long-term sustainability of the Marsh. However, their respective roles and experience provided this consultation and engagement phase with well-rounded input from stakeholders and influencers across the Marsh network with different views and opinions. These interviews, along with the grower engagement day and online survey, helped to inform the development of the key actions outlined in this report. It is important to note that the HMGA board of directors have also been engaged throughout the development of this report and have provided input to the findings and final recommendations. More detailed information on the results of this engagement process can be found in Section 4.0. For additional remarks on issues raised by the Holland Marsh Growers Association, please see Appendix D. 6

11 3.0 The Context 3.1 Agriculture and Agri-Food the Opportunities and Challenges in Ontario A report released by the federal Advisory Council on Economic Growth suggests that Canada s agri-food sector is positioned for significant growth. 11 The sector already employs 2.1 million Canadians and accounts for 6.7 percent of GDP. However, Canada ranks 5 th in agriculture exports and 11 th in agri-food exports behind smaller countries like Holland and behind less economically advanced countries like Brazil. There is significant room to grow the agri-food sector in Canada, and Ontario is poised to help. Canada is already globally recognized for food safety and has high resource availability, arable land, and strong research clusters such as the University of Guelph. Vegetables are an important part of a healthy, Canadian diet and have been linked to a decreased risk of heart disease and some cancers. 12 Currently, Canadians consume only 4.7 servings of fruits and vegetables a day, 13 which is still below the recommended 7-10 servings (depending on age and gender). 14 With the changes in Health Canada s Food Guide, vegetables will have an increased focus as the new food guide promotes plant-based diets that are higher in fruits and vegetables than the previous version. 15 Farmers and growers will need to support this increased focus on vegetables through their production and meeting high demand varieties. There are also growing global trends that are also echoed within Canada and Ontario. Many middle-class consumers want proof that their food has been produced in a safe and environmentally sustainable way. Sustainability it not only a trend but is also crucial for the future of agriculture as it is forecasted that there will be over two billion more mouths to feed over the next generation. 16 Global populations will need to produce as much food in the next 45 years as in the previous 10,000 years. 17 There is also an increasing market for higher-value food (e.g. specialty crops, 11 Advisory Council on Economic Growth, (2017). Unleashing the Growth Potential of Key Sectors. 12 Statistics Canada. Fruit and Vegetable Consumption Statistics Canada. Trends and correlates of frequency of fruit and vegetable consumption, 2007 to x/ /article/54901-eng.htm 14 Statistics Canada. Eating well with Canada s Food Guide html 15 Canada s Food Guide Consultation Phase Fraser, E. & R. McAlpine, (2017). The time is now to position Canada as a global leader in Agri-Food. 17 Advisory Council on Economic Growth, (2017). Unleashing the Growth Potential of Key Sectors. 7

12 proteins, functional foods), local food, and a growing ethnic food market, otherwise known as world crops. As Ontario becomes an increasingly diverse cultural and ethnic environment, demand grows for more locally sourced ethnic foods, particularly vegetables. York Region, home to the majority of the Holland Marsh, has been identified as one of Canada s fastest growing communities, and a significant portion of this growth is international immigration, particularly from Asian countries. While urban development in the immediate vicinity of the Marsh does bring certain coexistence challenges (discussed in Appendix E), this also presents a unique opportunity to capitalize on the growing trends of local and ethnic vegetables. Holland Marsh growers are already expanding into this market with the increased production of certain crops such as Chinese greens. 18 The Niagara Region has also started to grow some of these ethnic vegetables with the help of the Vineland Research and Innovation Centre and there is an opportunity to collaborate on research and production practices. World crops gaining momentum due to consumer demand are okra, Indian/Chinese eggplants, Indian red carrots, Asian greens, sweet potatoes, and Asian yard long beans. Land degradation, water scarcity, urban sprawl, climate change, and political and social instability could make it harder for many countries to produce the food they need and are likely to place a premium on agricultural products from regions where environmental and labour conditions are considered good. On all these counts, Canada has a strong position, and the Holland Marsh in particular is an incredibly rich resource. Given the economic, environmental, and social value of this resource, it is important to manage it well to keep producing high-quality vegetables into the future. To realize the potential of the Canadian agri-food sector, the Advisory Council on Economic Growth s report suggests an approach that uses carefully selected policy actions to remove obstacles, such as policy barriers/excessive regulations, interprovincial trade barriers and inefficient forms of subsidies, as well as inadequate physical infrastructure and shortages in skilled labour. 19 These trends are further highlighted in In 2004, the Holland Marsh was designated a Specialty Crop Area in Ontario s Greenbelt Plan for its widely recognized abundance of productive soils growing carrots, onions, lettuce, cabbage, flowers, potatoes, parsnips, and other high value vegetable crops. 18 Holland Marsh Agricultural Impact Study Advisory Council on Economic Growth, (2017). Unleashing the Growth Potential of Key Sectors. 8

13 an article by Evan Fraser (The Arrell Food Institute at the University of Guelph) and Rory McAlpine (Senior Vice President, Maple Leaf Foods) The Holland Marsh The Holland Marsh is a unique swath of marsh land located inside the Greenbelt. It is located within the upper tier municipalities of Simcoe County and the Region of York, and within the lower-tier municipalities of Bradford West Gwillimbury (in Simcoe), and East Gwillimbury, King, and Georgina (in York). It is an area of prime agricultural land reclaimed from wetland and natural wetlands that span approximately 7,400 hectares. It is located at the south end of Lake Simcoe and serves as a flood plain for the Holland River flowing northward through the Holland Marsh. Approximately 60% of the marsh is in agricultural production, while the remaining 40% of land is classified as wetland. 21 Further information about the governance and land use planning of the Holland Marsh can be found in Appendix E. Prior to its drainage, in the early 1900 s the Marsh was harvested for grasses for stuffing mattresses and peat to be burned as a heat source. Following its drainage in 1925, William Day, a Professor at the Ontario Agricultural College led the soil analyses and successful growing tests, proving the value of the area. Farming in the Marsh began when 18 Dutch families arrived in the early 1930 s, followed by an influx of immigrants after World War II. Since then, the Holland Marsh has remained a tight knit community. So much so, that traditional farming practices, like placing fences between properties or buffers between separately owned lands, are absent due to the value attached to the Marsh s prime agricultural land. Today, the Marsh is comprised of some of the richest farm land in Ontario; it is designated as one of only two specialty crop growing regions in the province, along with the Niagara Peninsula. In the Holland Marsh, the primary grown crops are onions and carrots (each representing approximately 1/3 of cultivated area), but other crops include celery, lettuce, potatoes, parsnips, cabbage, cauliflower, beets, tomatoes, cucumbers, commercial flowers and a variety of herbs. The annual value of carrots and onions alone are estimated at $130 million and $160 million, respectively. 22 Drainage takes two forms in the area. Individual landowners are responsible for field tiles. Landowners in the Holland Marsh are also assessed a drainage fee to manage the shared canal system. Holland Marsh drainage and water level management decisions are made through the Holland Marsh Drainage System Joint Municipal Services Board. The Art Janse Pumphouse is the main station that moves water into the Holland River 20 Fraser, E. & R. McAlpine, (2017). The time is now to position Canada as a global leader in Agri-Food. 21 Holland Marsh Agricultural Impact Study

14 and is supported by secondary stations. Outside the Holland Marsh, individual growers are responsible for berms and dykes on their land to protect fields from flooding. Apart from the Marsh and its surrounding areas, other smaller pockets of muck soils in Ontario include the Keswick Marsh, and land near Alliston and King in the immediate area. Throughout the province other marshes exist such as the Thedford-Grand Bend Marshes, the Blenheim Marsh, the Pelee Marsh, and the Leamington Marsh. 23 Across Ontario, muck soils are mainly used for carrot and onion production, followed by Chinese cabbage, red beets, celery, green onions, lettuce, radishes, leeks, and other Asian vegetables (over 30 different crops). These areas may be facing similar threats and issues to the Marsh, however that investigation is beyond the scope of this project. 3.3 Muck Soil Research and Sustainability in the Holland Marsh The Holland Marsh is a unique resource with significant economic and environmental benefits to the region and the province, and because of this it is important to understand all aspects of it. Despite this importance, there has been somewhat limited research on the Marsh. A 2009 report funded by the Greenbelt Foundation made headway in understanding the economic impact of the Holland Marsh (although this is difficult because Statistics Canada s census regions do not coincide with Marsh boundaries). 24 Environmental benefits and impacts, particularly of farming activities, are also important. Best management practices (BMPs) are a common way that research into improving environmental benefits and reducing negative environmental impacts is translated to actionable practices that farmers can use. Alongside researchers, farmers, extension staff, and agribusiness professionals, the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (OMAFRA) and the Ontario Federation of Agriculture (OFA) have partnered since the early 1990 s to develop 29 best management practices (BMPs) publications on a multitude of issue specific topics. 25 These publications have spread awareness of affordable, effective means by which environmental concerns associated with farm practices can be mitigated. However, these BMPs do not always specifically address muck soil Holland Marsh Agricultural Impact Study Ontario Ministry of Agriculture Food and Rural Affairs. Best Management Practices Series. Retrieved from: 10

15 agriculture, which, as discussed earlier, differs in some ways from the far more common mineral soil agriculture. Some American universities do have research and extension groups which conduct research and develop BMPs specific to muck soils, including Ohio State University, the University of Florida, Michigan State University, and Cornell University. More information on muck soil and muck soil agriculture research, extension services, and best management practices, largely based on information available from these and other American universities, can be found in Appendix F. While the Muck Crop Research Station conducts valuable research in the Holland Marsh, most of it is focused specifically on integrated pest management. At present there is only one BMP document available on the MCRS website (on controlling herbicide resistant weeds in carrots). More diversified research into muck soil BMPs would be of benefit to Holland Marsh and other muck soil growers in Ontario, particularly when it comes to the cost-share programs available to farmers to implement established BMPs. (A list of such programs available from the Lake Simcoe Soil Health Improvement Project (from OSCIA) and the Landowner Environmental Assistance Program (from LSRCA) are available in Appendix G). Projects to improve sustainability efforts in the Marsh have taken place in recent years. The Holland Marsh Drainage System Canal Improvement Project was completed under the Drainage Act to improve flood safety and reduce the risk of flooding in the Holland Marsh. 26 Despite the success of the Canal Improvement Project, the 2016 crop year was still a particularly trying season for farmers in the Holland Marsh as they experienced periods of flooding, drought, and even hail. 27 In the summer of 2017, Holland Marsh farmers again experienced flooding conditions when the area experienced a particularly rainy spring, followed by a storm that released 36.2 mm of rain in the region in one afternoon, resulting in flash flooding. 28 Water management has been an issue in the Marsh since it was first converted into agricultural land and remains an issue, even after significant capital improvements stemming from the Canal Improvement Project. 26 RiverStone Environmental Solutions Inc Retrieved from: 27 CTV News Barrie Crops in the Holland Marsh shredded, destroyed by Friday s hail storm. Retrieved from: 28 CBC News After heavy rains damage crops, Holland Marsh farmers hope for clear skies. Retrieved from: 11

16 To assist farmers and other community members in the Holland Marsh in improving sustainability, a number of cost-share programs exist that focus on implementing BMPS, community initiatives, and other special projects. For farmers in particular, cost share programs can range anywhere from 35% - 90% of project costs (see Appendix G). There is a concern however, that despite some of the highest cost shares offered in the province, programs are undersubscribed. 29 An exploration of barriers to participation in these cost share programs would be beneficial, to determine any reasons to this undersubscription which might be addressed. The Holland Marsh is in a unique position in the Ontario agricultural landscape. The Marsh faces many of the similar challenges shared by its non-specialty crop counterparts. It is different, however, in that it is largely a soil type that is rare in the province, straddles multiple lower and upper tier municipalities, lies within the Greenbelt, and has a large canal and dyke system surrounding it. There is a need to develop a regionally specific sustainability strategy that incorporates the work done to date, supports the Marsh economy, and capitalizes on existing and emerging opportunities. 29 Interview with LSRCA 12

17 4.0 Summary of Findings 4.1 Results of Engagement Activities As previously described in the methodology, this study consisted of an environmental scan combined with a stakeholder engagement process. One of the core activities of the engagement process was the HMGA Project Day in early February, This event was followed up by an online survey that was made available to all producers within the region, key informant interviews, and a facilitated discussion with the HMGA board of directors. The table below provides a high-level summary of what was heard during this engagement process. STRENGTHS What attributes and resources support the Marsh? - The Marsh proximity to the GTA provides easy access to local markets - The Holland Marsh Gold' brand is strong and relatively well recognized - Farmers are able to access research funding through collaborations with U of Guelph - IPM and cultivar trial research is easily accessible through the Muck Crop Research Station - Seasonal worker program brings in reliable workers - Safe and reliable production systems - There are good cost share funding programs from Lake Simcoe Region Conservation Authority (LSRCA) - The muck soil in the Marsh is extremely fertile and water is easily accessible - There is a strong sense of community CHALLENGES What are the daily struggles as a producer in the Marsh? - It is difficult to compete with other markets, both foreign and domestic - Development of year-round supply chains, including processing of cull vegetables - Over regulation and onerous proof of food safety compliance is a key challenge (see Appendix H) - It is difficult to source and afford reliable domestic and/or foreign labour - There has been increasing urban encroachment from surrounding communities - Farmers are seeing increasing non-farm uses of land within the Marsh - Best management practices are difficult to implement because there is a lack of research in muck soils and specialty crop production systems - Managing crop nutrients, phosphorous in particular, is an ongoing challenge - In general, there seems to be a negative public perception of agriculture 13

18 OPPORTUNITIES What external factors can be used to support the Marsh? - There is an opportunity to fund more research on automation, artificial intelligence and production practices - The HMGA could increase capacity to improve the Holland Marsh Gold brand - There could be an opportunity to enter untapped markets such as processing and value-added products - There are opportunities to support agri-tourism and better agrieducation in the Marsh - Enhanced collaboration between HMGA and other organizations such as York Region Agricultural Advisory Liaison Group (YRAALG), Simcoe Agricultural Liaison Committee, OFVGA, Vineland Research and Innovation Centre, and the Golden Horseshoe Food and Farming Alliance THREATS What external factors impact the Holland Marsh? - Multi-national companies changing the supply chain relationship - Steadily increasing production costs including minimum wage hikes, hydro pricing and other key inputs contrasted with a stagnant price for product threatens the financial stability of most if not all, farms in the Marsh - Limited utilities infrastructure (i.e. natural gas, broadband internet) - Increased flooding and drought due to a changing climate The survey was sent to Marsh farmers via the HMGA s monthly newsletter. There were 17 respondents in total. The majority of farmers surveyed ranged from years old. Roughly 60% of respondents have been farming in the Marsh for more than 25 years. The top strength reaffirmed through this survey was access to water. Of the challenges facing the marsh, farmers equally rated three as most important: over-regulation and onerous proof of food safety compliance measures; access to domestic labour; and competition with other markets. Additional challenges identified include public trust, educating surrounding communities on primary agriculture and land use that potentially does not comply with farm land bylaws. FIGURE 1. AGE DISTRIBUTION OF SURVEY RESPONDENTS The top two opportunities were more research on production practices, including cover crops and new crop varieties, and more collaboration (with OMAFRA, the Conservation Authority, etc.). Farmers identified the 14

19 largest threat to the sustainability of the Holland Marsh to be minimum wage increases. Other additional threats identified by respondents included input prices, rising land prices, urban sprawl and an aging farming demographic. Interviewees were asked similar questions to those of the farmers at the Project Day. Interviewees were able to provide their perspective on challenges and opportunities facing the Marsh from the perspective of their respective role in the community. Importantly, some of the challenges and opportunities brought forward at the Project Day were discussed in these interviews to set the stage for the potential for collaboration between Marsh famers, the HMGA and the interviewed associations and groups. Interviewees included: The Muck Crop Research Station and Vineland Research and Innovation Centre Project Managers working in the Marsh Regional OMAFRA staff The Lake Simcoe Regional Conservation Authority Agronomy Research Firms (e.g. Soil Resources Group) Economic development officers (Bradford West Gwillimbury, King Township and Simcoe County) Ontario Fruit and Vegetable Growers Association Foodland Ontario In general, interviewees expressed a keen interest to work with the HMGA, and Marsh farmers at large, to see some of the recommendations from this report implemented. Some of the topics reaffirmed through interviews as priorities included more environmental sustainability and marketing research through the Muck Crops Research Station, the need for the HMGA to improve its capacity and leadership potential, and collaboration with Research on production practices and collaboration were identified as key elements to support sustainability in the Holland Marsh. regional resources. Other themes that emerged during these interviews included increasing the capacity of the HMGA, exploring value-added processing opportunities in the Marsh, increasing understanding of the economic importance of the Marsh, reviewing planning policies around the Greenbelt and edge planning and participating in community improvement projects, to name a few. 15

20 5.0 Sustainability Strategy Sustainability is defined as the ability to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, 30 and encompasses three pillars; Economic, Environmental, and Social. In order to achieve truly sustainable outcomes, a sustainability strategy must incorporate actions from all three of these pillars. Economic Economic factors of sustainability include economic outcomes such as financial viability of agricultural businesses, market access and infrastructure and efficiency. Environmental The Environmental factors include environmental outcomes such as air quality, soil health, plant health, water quality and climate change mitigation. Social Social factors include social outcomes such as labour standards, community resiliency and safety, social license, agrieducation and health. 30 Brundtland Commission,

21 5.1 Lifespan The Holland Marsh is subject to several layers of land use policy and regulation. At the provincial level, the Provincial Policy Statement, the Greenbelt Plan, and the Guidelines on Permitted Uses in Ontario s Prime Agricultural Areas are of particular relevance in the Holland Marsh. These documents were updated (or in the case of the Guidelines, created) in 2014, 2017, and 2016 respectively. Between York Region, Simcoe County, and the four lower-tier municipalities that govern the Holland Marsh (Bradford West Gwillimbury, King, Georgina, and East Gwillimbury), there are six Official Plans and four Zoning By-laws that affect land use. The majority of these have not yet been updated to reflect the recent changes in the aforementioned provincial documents (although the municipalities are required to comply with all relevant provincial documents in their decisions and approvals, whether local plans have been updated or not), and some are in the middle of reviews and updates as this strategy is published. This ever-evolving policy and planning landscape makes regular reviews and updates of this sustainability strategy important, both for maintaining alignment with the current planning framework and for staying informed about and, where appropriate, participating in the planning framework as it evolves. This sustainability strategy is meant to stay relevant for the Holland Marsh until the year 2028, however, regular review of this document yearly and a thorough review of the document in 2023 will ensure the strategy remains aligned with any regional planning documents or decisions affecting land use and farm management in the Holland Marsh. 17

22 Sustainability Strategy 18

23 The Holland Marsh 2028 Sustainability Strategy The Holland Marsh 2028 Sustainability Strategy is presented as a menu of action items which fall within the three categories listed below. ECONOMIC Ensure Long-Term Economic Vitality - Exploring enhanced marketing, branding and value-added opportunities - Strengthen understanding of economic importance of the Holland Marsh - Reducing / streamlining regulatory burden ENVIRONMENTAL Support Environmental and Land Use Management Best Practices - Land Use Planning Policies - Soil Health - Best Management Practices SOCIAL Support Community and Organizational Change - Supporting leadership and organizational capacity within HMGA - Engaging in collaborations with relevant committees and organizations 19

24 The strategy is set up as a series of goals. Each goal is accompanied by a number of priority areas, which are in turn accompanied by a number of actions for various partners to consider. In the action plan tables below, leads and potential collaborators are identified for each item, however, as action items are implemented, the project leadership should endeavor to be as inclusive as possible when identifying potential collaborators and organizational roles to be successful. As well, it is important to note that some of these activities are underway in the Marsh but are still included in this plan as identified action items that should be continued or could be enhanced. A list of four priority action items is provided at the end of this document (Appendix I). The table below outlines how to read the Sustainability Strategy. Action Number Action Item Description Lead Responsibility and potential collaborators Reference Number Recommended action or A brief description of the Defines the recommended activity to address the recommended action or leader and collaborators to strategic priority. activity. achieve the action or activity described. Term (S/M/L) Short = 1-2 years Medium = 3-6 years Long = 7-10 years 20

25 Goal A: Ensure Long-Term Economic Vitality Throughout consultation, the long term economic vitality of farming in the Marsh remained a concern. In order to work towards achieving this goal, three main priority areas are recommended. Supporting marketing and branding activities to increase access to local markets, understanding the barriers and opportunities for exploring new value added markets and reducing/ streamlining the regulatory burden are discussed further below. A1: Exploring Enhanced Marketing, Branding and Value Added Opportunities The Vineland Research and Innovation Centre has existing capacity to collaborate to conduct market research at the Muck Crops Research Station. Indeed, market research at Vineland already includes a program dedicated to Bringing World Crops to Market, an identified opportunity for Marsh farmers to leverage more, considering the Marsh s close proximity to some of the most ethnically diverse regions in Canada. To ensure the longevity and relevance of research being done at the Muck Crops Research station, the University of Guelph and OMAFRA should consider: Increasing resources and capacity at the station Collaborating with the College of Business and Economics and Ontario Agricultural College and the Vineland Resource Innovation Centre A succession plan for the Research Station Research in consumer preference and marketing, similar to work done at the Vineland Research Station would highly benefit the Marsh Brand Focus should include access to new markets including value added products, processing and organics for example It would be beneficial to explore the barriers and opportunities for value added processing and products in the Marsh. There is a gap in knowledge of agricultural waste produced in the Marsh every year. Producers expressed frustration over the inability to market and sell cull vegetables. An economic analysis is needed to determine the market potential for such value added activities in order to create an opportunity for Marsh farmers to diversify their income, thus working towards the goal of ensuring long term economic vitality. A2: Strengthen Understanding of Economic Importance of the Holland Marsh In order to maintain significance in the Ontario agricultural landscape, the Marsh must strengthen its understanding of its economic contributions and importance. A number of actions are suggested in order to achieve this. Undertaking an economic impact assessment, development of an on-farm efficiency audit and supporting and expanding capacity of young farmers in the Marsh are a few of these proposed key actions. By improving understanding of its economic importance, the Marsh can strategically position itself for future growth opportunities. 21

26 A3: Reducing/ Streamlining Regulatory Burden Farmers, as many other professions, are required to meet a number of regulations in order to operate in Ontario. Producers emphasized the difficulty of proof of compliance of these regulations, to the extent of having to hire third party help. In order to reduce the costs and stress related to these activities, it is a key recommendation of this strategy to streamline this regulatory burden. Goal A: Ensure Long-Term Economic Vitality Strategic Priority A1: Exploring Enhanced Marketing, Branding and Value Added Opportunities Action Number A1.1 A1.2 A1.3 Action Conduct consumerfacing innovation and economic development research at the Muck Crops Research Station Conduct a Gap analysis of infrastructure needs of the Holland Marsh Investigate potential for value added processing in the Holland Marsh Description Expand the research focus of the Muck Crop research station to include consumer-facing innovation and economic development topics. *Note: this was noted during engagement as a high priority item Sub-Action A: Gap analysis of access to broadband, high speed internet and three-phase electricity Sub-Action Item B: Inventory of road improvements needed, including ease of access between Keswick and Holland Marsh and food terminal Sub-Action Item C: Economic Analysis of wash water systems including the identification of inefficiencies in wastewater disposal in the Marsh. Including the exploration of opportunities to expand drainage system beyond the Marsh. Barriers and opportunities for value added processing in the marsh should be explored. These may include: Regulatory barriers Marketing potential Economic potential Lead Responsibility and Potential Collaborators The University of Guelph Muck Crops Research Station, in collaboration with OMAFRA. Vineland could be a key collaborating partner as they have capacity to conduct market research in collaboration with the Muck Crops station. The OFA to potentially lead this gap analysis as there are benefits to the broader farm population. The HMGA should work collaboratively with Bradford West Gwillimbury and King Township economic development offices. OMAFRA to lead research on this topic. The new marketing and economic capacity at either the Muck Crop Research Station (see B1.1) or the HMGA (see C1.1) to collaborate with the OFVGA, OPMA and Foodland Term (S/M/L) M S-M S S M-L 22

27 Warehousing and storage capacity, with potential to grow off-season vegetables Examine future of organic markets and develop regional organic strategy Ontario. Could explore funding opportunities through the Greenbelt Foundation. Strategic Priority A2: Strengthening Understanding of the Economic Importance of the Marsh Action Number A2.1 A2.2 Action Improve municipalities understanding of the economic impact of the Marsh Optimize production efficiencies in the Marsh Description An economic impact assessment should be conducted in order to provide an up-to-date and comprehensive understanding of the Marsh. This impact assessment should consider the possibility of requesting a sub-census division for the Holland Marsh from Statistics Canada. Sub-Action A: Develop an on-farm efficiency audit for Marsh farmers to utilize and help determine: Costs of production Potential for value added markets Water and electricity consumption Areas for economic improvement Sub-Action B: Complete an on-farm pilot project in the Holland Marsh regarding the use of drones and precision mapping in order to work with new technologies, minimize inputs and maximize yields. (see Appendix J) Lead Responsibility and Potential Collaborators Explore Rural Economic Development funding programs to undertake an updated economic impact study of the Marsh. OMAFRA to continue to expand work on this topic. The HMGA could partner with the LSRCA to secure funding for such a project. Term (S/M/L) S-M M A2.3 Support and expand capacity of young farmers in the Marsh Connect with officials at Simcoe County, who recently undertook a business retention and expansion project. The Holland Marsh Growers Association should ensure that young farmers in the Marsh are involved in any engagement and outreach activities to ensure their voices are heard. The Simcoe County economic development office is leading this project. The HMGA should connect with them at their earliest convenience. S-M 23

28 A2.4 Explore a more economically feasible way to protect riparian areas Work with LSRCA joint drainage board and drainage superintendents to explore more economically feasible for riparian areas to rebuild and prevent slumping (e.g. a customized cost-share program) A project could be completed by the HMGA in collaboration with OMAFRA, the LSRCA and regional drainage superintendents. M Strategic Priority A3: Reducing/ Streamlining Regulatory Burden Action Number A3.1 Action Develop a strategy to reduce/ streamline the regulatory burden on farmers in the Marsh Description Complete an in-depth investigation of meaningful approaches to reducing the regulatory burden on the Ontario farm sector is a key recommendation of this study Lead Responsibility and Potential Collaborators Regulatory reform is also a priority area for the OFA. The HMGA should advocate for this in-depth investigation in approaches to reduce regulatory burden. Term (S/M/L) M A3.2 Complete a comparative analysis of the complaint driven system in Ontario agriculture The analysis should investigate the number and nature of complaints in the Holland Marsh compared to other Ontario regions of similar size and/or operation type. It may also investigate: - The number of ministries involved in resolving complaints and the mechanisms under which they communicate with one another - The protocol for triggering an inspection The OFA may lead with funding support from OMAFRA. Collaboration with the OFVGA and HMGA would be recommended. M-L 24

29 Goal B: Support Environmental and Land-use Management Best Practices Key concerns that arose throughout consultation focused on supporting improvement of management practices related to land use and the environment. Three key priorities are evident. Land use planning policies must be kept up-to date and enforced, especially in an area like the Holland Marsh that lies within the Greenbelt and experiences high urban pressure from the GTA. Soil health is also a key priority for the Holland Marsh. Currently, a gap exists in the research for proper management techniques to sustain muck soil health. Finally, there is a need for more research of BMPs at large, as well as supporting activities to increase the uptake of already existing BMPs. The following set of actions will outline how these strategic priorities can be addressed to help achieve the goal of supporting environmental and land-use management best practices in the Holland Marsh. B1: Land Use Planning Policies While the Marsh is part of the Greenbelt 31 and is a provincially-recognized specialty crop area, both of which protects agricultural land from development, concerns were raised that an increasing number of non-agricultural land uses are being introduced into the community. Given the unique characteristics of the Marsh and the fact that the lands fall within two separate upper tier municipalities, (and four lower tier), it would be beneficial to ensure consistency and compliance with policy areas throughout the Marsh. A key recommended action to ensuring this goal is achieved involves a review to ensure consistency and compliance with the agricultural land use policies of the Greenbelt Plan (see Appendix E). Concerns were also raised about conflicting uses in rapidly-growing urban communities neighbouring the Marsh, which present challenges to Marsh growers by increasing traffic, potential conflicts with non-agricultural neighbours over common agricultural practices, and a relatively diminished agricultural voice in the community. Several action items address this challenge by monitoring proposed Greenbelt expansions, advocating for edge planning. More information on these issues can be found in Appendix E

30 B2: Soil Health The Muck Crops research station was identified as an important resource for Marsh farmers. The Muck Crops Research Station primarily focuses its research program on the treatment of pests and diseases affecting muck crops such as carrots, onions, brassica, and a variety of other specialty crops based on a documented increase in the number of pests and diseases in the Holland Marsh. 32 While the Muck Crops Research Station has been praised for its excellence in IPM, gaps remain in the research of sustainable farming practices. Stakeholders identified this is as a key recommendation. B3: Best Management Practices Through consultation with stakeholders in the Marsh, it is clear that there is a need to improve understanding of best management practices specific to muck soil as well as increase the uptake of currently available BMPs. Survey respondents and interviewees highlighted the need for more research in this area as a key component needed to increase uptake. A key recommendation in achieving this goal is creating a best management practices handbook specifically for muck crop growers. This should be done in collaboration with OMAFRA, the HMGA, the Muck Crops Research Station, OFVGA and agronomists. Currently, best management practices handbooks are written by theme area and include buffer strips, manure management, managing crop nutrients, cropland drainage, best management practices for phosphorus, among others. Some aspects of these BMPs are less applicable to Marsh growers as the Marsh is a specialty crop area with unique physical and social characteristics. This can have implications for farmers willingness to adopt provincial BMPs as they may feel they are less relevant to their farming context. The unique nature of muck soil, with the area containing the largest continuous area of muck soil in Canada, rather than traditionally used soil types, further questions the relevance of BMPs established generally for the province and highlights an opportunity to improve understanding and uptake of BMPs relevant to Marsh farmers. At present, several American universities have research groups and extension agencies focused on muck soils and muck crop production, including research into BMPs (for example, to reduce soil subsidence and erosion). Further information on this is in Appendix F. 32 McDonald, M.R., Janse, S., Vander Kooi, K., Riches, L., and D. Van Dyk Muck Vegetable Cultivar Trial & Research Report. Office of Research & Department of Plant Agriculture. Report No

31 GOAL B: Support Environmental and Land Use Management Best Practices Strategic Priority B1: Land Use Planning Policies Action Number B1.1 B1.2 B1.3 B1.4 B1.5 Action Description Lead responsibility and Potential Collaborators Enhance the protection of agricultural land and normal farm practices within the Marsh. Investigate the opportunities to implement a Community Improvement Plan (CIP) Monitor Growing the Greenbelt review being led by the Province Advocate for strategic changes in the Greenbelt Plan Advocate for Edge planning policies in Holland Marsh municipalities A review to ensure compliance with the policies of the Greenbelt Plan should be completed. This audit should include a review of municipal bylaws to ensure limited non-agricultural development in the Holland Marsh. Encourage the Regional, County and local municipalities to identify the Marsh as a Community Improvement Area adopt Community Improvement policies that provide a financial incentive to encourage reinvestment in farm infrastructure and promote local food production (e.g an interpretive signage project). Continue to monitor the province s on-going review of the Greenbelt Growing the Greenbelt, HMGA could request that the province strongly consider incorporating Area 6 Surface Water Recharge Areas in Southeast Simcoe into the Greenbelt Plan. Encourage the Region of York and the County of Simcoe to do the same as part of their input to the province. Support changes to the Greenbelt Plan that encourages the expansion of the Protected Countryside designation surrounding the Holland Marsh to help prevent further encroachment of settlement areas and non-agricultural uses on the Marsh. Direct the upper and lower tier municipalities to adopt Edge planning policies in their Official Plans to address development within the urban-rural interface and provide policies that ensure encroaching nonagricultural uses are compatible with agricultural uses within the Marsh. HMGA to advocate for this review; OMAFRA to take leadership role and work with local municipalities planning and economic development staff Local municipal staff in economic development and planning departments would need to ensure agricultural areas are included in CIP programs. The York Agriculture Liaison group could play a leadership role in moving this forward. HMGA to do the local project once funding could be secured. HMGA to work with the York and Simcoe Agriculture Committees to advocate for the inclusion of the Area 6 Surface Water Recharge Areas in Southeast Simcoe to be included in the Greenbelt expansion. HMGA to work with the York and Simcoe Agriculture Committees to advocate for the expansion of the Protected Countryside designation Continue to engage with the Regional and Local municipalities to ensure sound land use planning policies that protect normal farm practices are included in official plan reviews. Term (S/M/L) M-L M-L S S-M S-M 27

32 Strategic Priority B2: Soil Health Action Number B2.1 B2.2 Action Include environmental sustainability projects in the scope of research at the Muck Crops Research Station Continue to explore opportunities around 4R education in the Marsh Description Increase funding for research being done at the Muck Crops Research Station to include soil conservation practices (cover crops, fallow flooding, strip tillage, IPM etc.) in the context of the Marsh crops. Additional biological controls may also be explored as a part of this action item. Set a goal to conduct two 4R nutrient stewardship workshops in the Marsh within the next two years. Lead Responsibility and Potential Collaborators HMGA to actively participate in research priority setting processes with Vineland, University of Guelph, OFVGA, and OMAFRA OABA to work with the HMGA to put on workshops, LSRCA could collaborate to measure performance and outcomes Term (S/M/L) M S Strategic Priority B3: Best Management Practices Action Number B3.1 B3.2 Action Create a Muck Crops Best Management Practices Handbook and/or event Explore opportunities with LSRCA to improve participation in cost share programs Description Collaboratively create a best management practices handbook and/or event specifically for Marsh growers. Input should be sought from OMAFRA, the HMGA, the Muck Crops Research Station, agronomists and other muck crop specialists. Explore customized cost share programs such as cover crop systems specifically aimed at carrot, onion, and other vegetable production, drip irrigation, sedimentation, etc. - the HMGA should set targets for the number of cost share projects completed per year Lead Responsibility and Potential Collaborators OMAFRA to lead the development of Muck Soil BMP Handbook The HMGA should work with the LSRCA to explore the program. The LSRCA could lead measuring success. Term (S/M/L) S-M M-L 28

33 Goal C: Support Community and Organizational Change The Holland Marsh must continue to evolve at a pace matching its growing surrounding communities. Action items addressing this goal will improve community relations and capacity within the Marsh and amongst other regional partners. Key focus is recommended on improving the capacity of the HMGA and developing and maintaining strategic partnerships and collaborations with a number of relevant organizations. C1: Supporting Leadership and Organizational Capacity Within the HMGA The Holland Marsh Growers Association was originally funded by a grant through the Friends of the Greenbelt foundation to promote Holland Marsh Produce, partner with researchers on projects impacting growers and help navigate applicable laws and government programs. Stakeholders highlighted the need for a strategic plan for the growers association in order to better define their role in the Marsh, their governance structure and increase the capacity to effectively market and advocate for all Marsh growers. The strategy could explore: Development of a formal, transparent governance and membership model A clear mission and values statement Partnerships with the OFVGA Partnerships with other muck soil areas including the Thedford and Mersea Marshes to pilot a Muck Soil Commission to tackle land use issues in their respective areas Representation of the Holland Marsh Growers Association on other regional municipal and township boards is needed since it is quartered into municipalities with different regulations Explore external funding and opportunities to increasing the capacity of the organization to better serve the membership A social media strategy including improvements and updates to the Association s website including combining links of websites for events like Soupfest, Carrot Day since there is no link to HMGA website This activity can lead to the organization being eligible and organized for timely external funding opportunities that can help improve its capacity to continue and improve upon its important role in the Holland Marsh. C2: Engaging in Collaborations with Relevant Communities and Organizations The Holland Marsh, being a distinct crop area belonging to multiple townships, must position itself as a collaborative entity. The recommended actions all require some form of collaboration with neighboring townships, other farm groups, conservation authorities and other regional partners. With this in mind, a number of recommendations are highlighted that will improve the participation of farmers in regional decision making. 29

34 Goal C: Support Community and Organizational Change Strategic Priority C1: Supporting Leadership and Capacity within the HMGA Action Number C1.1 C1.2 Action Increase capacity of and resources for the Holland Marsh Growers Association Improve agrieducation of the Marsh C1.3 Maintain positive and proactive foreign worker relationships Description The Holland Marsh Grower s Association should develop a strategic plan and governance review for the Association moving forward. This strategic plan should include Development of a formal, transparent governance and membership model, mission and value statement Partnerships with other muck soil areas to pilot a Muck Soil Commission to tackle land use issues in their respective areas Representation of the HMGA on other regional municipal and township boards Explore external funding and opportunities to increase marketing capacity on the board A social media strategy including improvements and updates to the Association s website Explore opportunities to offer training in programs such as Canada Gap The HMGA may explore the opportunity of an annual tour and networking event inviting neighboring municipalities, ministry representatives and new Marsh residents to facilitate education of modern agriculture. Sub-Action A: Work with the OFVGA Labour Issues Coordinating Committee to maintain a proactive approach for the continuous improvement of the foreign worker labour force that is critical to the productive capacity of farm operations in the Marsh Sub-Action B: Undertake a review of the programs offered by F.A.R.M.S. Lead responsibility and Potential Collaborators Lead response is HMGA but investment needed in external support to provide an objective strategic planning and governance review process The HMGA should collaborate with Farm and Food Care and work in conjunction with existing events such as Soupfest, Marsh Mash, The Royal Winter Fair, Carrot Fest or the Muck Crops Research Field Day. The HMGA should consider a subcommittee dedicated to working on labour topics in collaboration with OFVGA (and CHC). The HMGA should connect with F.A.R.M.S. Term (S/M/L) S S - M M S 30

35 Strategic Priority C2: Engaging in Collaborations with Relevant Communities and Organizations Action Number C2.1 C2.2 Action Strengthen agricultural liaison committees Participate/ connect with the Greater Toronto Area Agricultural Action Committee (GTAAAC) Description Sub-Action Item A: A study should be completed that investigates the effectiveness of municipal agricultural liaison committees (e.g. York Region Agricultural Advisory Liaison Group). There is potential value for smaller groups like HMGA to be able to collaborate with these advisory groups regarding municipal topics and issues. Sub-Action Item B: The HMGA should ensure continued interaction with the York Region Agricultural Advisory Liaison Group (YRAALG) and develop a relationship with the appropriate staff and/or committee in Simcoe Region. In order to achieve this, the HMGA should reach out to the Golden Horseshoe Food and Farming Alliance Lead Responsibility and Potential Collaborators Ontario Federation of Agriculture, with support from upper-tier municipalities, the Golden Horseshoe Food and Farming Alliance, and OMAFRA The HMGA should formalize a connection with the YRAALG and develop a connection with the appropriate staff and/or committee in Simcoe Region. HMGA to connect with the Golden Horseshoe Food and Farming Alliance. Term (S/M/L) S-M S S 31

36 6.0 Conclusions The Holland Marsh contains some of the most productive and rich agricultural soils in all of Ontario. Although highly productive for agricultural purposes, muck soils in the Marsh are not immune to the common issues affecting other soil types in Ontario agriculture. These issues include erosion, compaction, phosphorus runoff, and pest and disease outbreaks in crops. In addition to these issues, there are also larger agricultural concerns such as encroaching urbanization, increasing regulatory burdens, cost of energy, and labour challenges. However, the Marsh is unique in that it is comprised of multiple lower and upper tier municipalities, lies on the edge of the Greenbelt, and has a large canal and dyke system surrounding it. Being located within the Lake Simcoe watershed means that sound environmental management of the farmland is critical. There is also a need to address sustainability to meet the growing demand for food and global consumer trends. Sustainability it not only a trend but is also crucial for the future of agriculture as it is forecasted that there will be over two billion more mouths to feed over the next generation. There is also an increasing market for higher-value food (e.g. specialty crops, proteins, functional foods), local food, and a growing ethnic food market. As Ontario becomes an increasingly diverse cultural and ethnic environment, demand grows for more locally sourced ethnic foods, particularly vegetables. The goal of the Holland Marsh 2028 Project, led by the Holland Marsh Growers Association (HMGA), was to develop a sustainability strategy framework that provides a roadmap of action items within the three pillars of economic, environmental, and social topics. This report was the result of background research and a series of interviews and focus groups that aimed to understand the current and future issues and challenges facing the Holland Marsh farming community. Based on the findings of this research phase, a series of recommendations with associated action items was developed as a 10-year sustainability strategy. These recommendations fall within three main goals; to support environmental and land use management best practices, to ensure long-term economic vitality, and to support community and organizational change. By working towards these goals and associated action items, the HMGA and its project partners can support and promote a vibrant, economically profitable, and viable agriculture sector in the Holland Marsh. 32

37 Appendix A Net Revenue Per Acre, expressed in dollars from the Holland Marsh Agricultural Impact Study. Planscape (2009). 33

38 Appendix B The Impact of Subsidence and Erosion on Muck Soils in the Holland Marsh When examining the sustainability of muck soils in the Holland Marsh it is of utmost importance to consider the rate at which Marsh soil is being removed by such processes as subsidence and erosion. The reason is that unchecked subsidence and soil erosion can render muck soils to be finite, non-renewable resources. Subsidence is a function of sub-surface processes that result in areas of land actually sinking or settling, while erosion involves the removal of soil particles from the earth s surface by either wind or water. It is noteworthy that both the subsidence and erosion of muck soils are a direct result of marshland being converted to agricultural land. Specifically, draining marshland increases the depth to groundwater. This increased depth to groundwater results in subsidence aspects such as soil densification and oxidization of the soils carbon fraction. The conversion from marshland to agricultural land also removed standing water, thus exposing the soil surface to eroding agents such as wind and water (Mirza and Irwin, 1964; Irwin, 1976; Irwin, 1977, Galloway et al., 2000; Macdonald and Chaput, 2010; Silva, 2012). Erosion agents are of particular significance when taken in conjunction with the global prediction of more frequent, extreme storm events (Solomon et al., 2007). In temperate regions, such as southwestern Ontario, the combined effects of subsidence and erosion can result in the loss of organic soils at rates of approximately 3cm.yr. -1 (Mirza and Irwin, 1964; Macdonald and Chaput, 2010; Silva 2012). Rates of soil loss can be mitigated, however, through the adoption of agricultural best management practices. Over the years, Holland Marsh growers have adopted a wide range of best management practices (BMPs) that have effectively lowered the rate of soil loss associated with both subsidence and erosion (Macdonald and Chaput, 2010). An example provided by Macdonald and Chaput, is the application of Copper to muck soils to reduce the population of soil enzymes responsible for converting organic carbon to CO 2 and water, once the soils are no longer saturated. This BMP has the potential to reduce the oxidation aspect of subsidence by as much as 50 per cent. Other BMPs adopted by Holland Marsh farmers include: tile drain / water control systems to maintain the depth to groundwater at a level that will minimize subsidence while at the same time allow for optimum crop yields, cover crops, both fall seeded and spring seeded, to protect muck soils from wind erosion and erosion due to overland flow of water during storm events and spring runoff reduced tillage to avoid fine soil particles that are susceptible to wind erosion 34

39 Macdonald and Chaput (2010) project that soil loss rates in the Holland Marsh can be maintained at less than 0.5cm.yr. -1 provided good soil management practices are adopted and depth-to-groundwater levels are properly controlled. This is a far more acceptable soil loss rate than the 3.3cm.yr.-1 measured by Irwin and Mirza in However, even soil loss rates as low as 0.5cm.yr.-1 are concerning, given that muck soils of Holland Marsh are not particularly deep. The advantages of muck soils for vegetable production begin to be lost once subsoil becomes incorporated into muck soil as a result of tillage practices. It is recommended that Holland Marsh soil loss rates be monitored and analyzed on an ongoing, annual basis, with the objective of reducing soil loss to near-zero levels. In the event that it is impossible to achieve near-zero, soil loss levels it will be necessary to develop land use options for the Holland Marsh that do not rely on cultivation of muck soils. REFERENCES Galloway, D.L., and D.R. Jones, S.E. Ingebritsen Land Subsidence in the United States. U.S. Geological Survey Factsheet Reston, Virginia, USA. Irwin, R. W Soil subsidence of the Holland Marsh. Engineering Technical Publication Schooi of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada Irwin, R.W Subsidence of Cultivated Organic Soils in Ontario, Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage Division Macdonald, M.R. and J. Chaput Management of Organic Soils. Agdex #510, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Queens Printer for Ontario. Millette, J.A Subsidence of an Organic Soil in Southwestern Quebec. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Volume 56, pp Mirza. C., R.W. Irwin Determination of Subsidence of an Organic Soil in Southern Ontario. Canadian Journal of Soil Science: 44, pp Silva, G Keeping Muck Soils Sustainable. Michigan State University Extension, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA. Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.) Contribution of Working Group 1 to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY. USA. 35

40 Appendix C HMGA Project Day 2018 Venue: Bradford Old Community Centre, Simcoe Rd, Bradford, Ontario Date: February 6 th, 2018 Time: 9:30 to 3:00 pm Agenda Time Topic Speaker 9:30 AM Registration 9:45 Opening Remarks Jody Mott 10:00 Market Development for Vegetable Culls John Van de Vegte, OMAFRA 10:30 Project Outcomes (De-dirting project) Tim Brook, OMAFRA 11:00 Marsh Sustainability Strategy Bronwynne Wilton, Wilton Consulting Group 12:00 Complimentary Lunch 12:45 Nutrient Management for Muck Soils & Cover Crop Use Charles Lalonde, HMGA 1:45 Washing Facility Water and Energy Efficiency Assessment Katie Gibb, ES Consulting & John Van de Vegte 2:15 Marsh Strategy Phase II Bronwyn Wilton 3:00 Wrap-up Charlie Lalonde Our project reporting is based exclusively on projects from area growers and washing facilities. Please join us! Registration: The is no registration cost, however we need an estimate of numbers for lunch. Confirmation by to: Jody Mott at: hmgaexec@gmail.com Or Charlie Lalonde at: charles.lalonde73@gmail.com Projects funded through: Lake Simcoe Southern Georgian Bay Clean-Up Fund, Environment Canada & Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs 36

41 Appendix D HMGA Additional Remarks Two key constraints were identified that impact the strategic direction that merit comments and immediate attention: 1. Government Policies and Regulations Growers face a multitude of regulations and interpretative policies that create regulatory burden for farms and businesses. For example, water alone has over 30 pieces of legislation, some federal and mostly provincial. With each of these there are multiple regulations and additional countless internal government policies. For example, growers are required to monitor water taking for irrigation. This has been translated to daily recording of takings and subject to inspection and fines if the daily ledger is not up to date. Yet, with technology there is opportunity for accurate periodic monitoring and reporting, reducing the burden. Recently, the addition of labor inspectors visiting facilities adds to paralysis of management responding to inspector visits. And the list goes on. 2. Organization Funding The HMGA depends on voluntary funding of its members. A formula based on Co-op earnings is used to set fees. Annually, the funds raised are insufficient to cover the organizational needs of the association to deal with the challenges it faces. Consequently, initiating actions across three sustainability pillars will be difficult until finances are stabilized. In past years, the HMGA has been successful to attract government funding on specific projects which has masked the need for association funds. The following key issues are summarized below and presented based on the three sustainability pillars that need to be addressed in the medium to long term: The Need for Drainage Infrastructure Economic Water management off agricultural lands remains as a significant challenge with widespread flooding and breaches of dykes and berms. Furthermore, water level management of Lake Simcoe trumps the need to drain agricultural lands and therefore at times of year the drainage system in the Marsh does not work. Authorities view the vegetable producing area as a floodplain first and foremost. Furthermore, while the Holland Marsh is governed by a Drainage Board with fees levied to growers, the remaining 37

42 Marshes are not collectively organized and depend on individual grower efforts. When breaches occur, several properties can be affected. There is opportunity to organize the other marshes according to the Holland Marsh model. Electrical Infrastructure Access to power is critical to washing facilities and for running compressors in vegetable storage areas. Judging from the poor condition of the electrical distribution system, the grid is at risk. At washing facilities access to power has reached capacity. One facility is currently considering bringing in an additional line at great cost to service the facility. While a regional plan seems evasive, only a few facilities have conducted energy audits to guide them. Broadband Infrastructure The HMGA needs to continue supporting regional efforts to bring broadband internet access throughout the region. As washing facilities and supporting businesses are operating in a global market, access to high quality dependable internet is critical. Access to Fresh Water for Irrigation As growers diversify into ready to eat crops, access to potable water becomes critical for rinsing the field crops prior to marketing. Under Canada Gap protocols for minimal testing are in place to ensure potability. Irrigation water however, is sourced from surface water and it is important to maintain clear waterways to avoid contaminants. Wages Ontario has had minimum wage increases which has affected the entire wage structure on farms and processing facilities. In addition to wage, growers provide for housing of workers and transportation for foreign workers. With the unreliability and lack of continuity of the domestic workforce to our industry, the foreign workforce is vital to the area as they are skilled and loyal. Most workers return every year to the same farms. Cost of Production The use of muck soils are best and far superior for vegetable production. While the marshes represent a significant inventory of farm lands, there are signs that the land is becoming tired and requires longer term crop rotations, summer fallow and use of cover crops to remediate. Growers recognize this need, however, the availability to more muck soils in surrounding areas is denied since these 38

43 areas are designated as Provincially Significant Wetlands. Looking forward to food needs globally, there needs to be a mechanism to release land and feed a growing global population. The farm production systems are a strength for the area. Growers know how to produce commercially using the latest in technology and equipment. Growers also know how to start production early to extend their marketing opportunities by relying on hoop houses to start seedlings and subsequent transfer to fields. On such production early in the growing season, transplanted crops are protected with sheets of plastic to prevent freezing. Accordingly, local markets are accessed earlier. Processing The past five years has seen a rationalization of washing and packing facilities. For carrots, its principal crop, the speed of strategic production alliances to washing facilities has accelerated. The model provides opportunities for washing facilities to expand markets beyond the local level and participate in year-round supply chains. With decreased need to invest in land, washing facilities are modernizing and investing into better equipment and some processing for food service sector. Irrigation Irrigation technology is changing rapidly moving to drip tapes and to subsurface irrigation in efforts to use water more efficiently and effectively. The modernization of irrigation equipment and best practices represents one identified area where growers would increase uptake to BMPs if incentives were provided. Research Growers depend heavily on the research program at the University of Guelph for their production and crop protection research. However, there is no long term plan for renewal and review of disciplines needed to address future issues. Association with the Vineland Research Centre could be beneficial as they have the capacity to develop new horticulture varieties suitable to the area and responsive to global variety and crop types in demand. 39

44 Local Markets Local markets take on three well defined outlets for growers. In the immediate area there are farmers markets and local produce stands. Within the GTA, the Food Terminal represents an important outlet as individual growers can access it. Finally, being part of a retail supply chain gives access to the provincial market. Small and large washing facilities can access all of these markets. Global Markets Washing facilities are becoming more aware of the need to enter global supply chains to capture a greater share of the value chain benefits. A global strategy can focus on year-round supply for existing production and secondly, the growing of vegetable types in demand by a global population. Accessing more muck lands would facilitate an expansion into these supply chains. Value Added Markets Value added opportunities are limited as there is no product processing capacity. Value added efforts are oriented towards preparing vegetables for the food service sector. Those activities involve peeling and cubing. Given the high proportion of cull carrots, there may be opportunity to develop further processing capacity to use vegetables that are nutritious and safe but aesthetically unwanted. Muck Lands Environment Removing wetlands from protection and converting them to agriculture requires study on impacts for water management. In other words, has the water retention capacity been reduced. Growers believe that the impact is minor as many farms are flooded during the non-growing season, thereby providing storage functions. Accordingly, the impact of converting new lands needs to be assessed as municipalities threaten the agricultural production land base. Growers are also prepared to expand on new muck lands based on BMPs that protect these new environments, recognizing that former generations had less information to protect the environment. The HMGA has a video on its website Black Magic documenting the benefits of using muck soils for vegetable production. 40

45 Water Quality Water quality for irrigation is emerging as a serious food safety issue internationally due to the potential transfer of pathogenic organisms to ready to eat vegetables. Recent US e-coli outbreaks have been attributed to foul canal waters. There is a need for research to identify which crops are more prone to e-coli contamination and what the pathway is to enter crops. Vegetables processed in washing facilities are subject to a final rinse using potable water to remove external sources of pathogens and subject to Canada Gap testing. Water quality discharge from fields through nutrient losses and discharge from washing facilities have the potential to impair surface water bodies and hence introduce foul water into the food chain. Water Quantity As all washing facilities except one uses well water, economic consideration for water quantity use is secondary as there is no economic feedback loop. These facilities have chlorination/chemical treatment, UV protection and/or ozone treatment to guarantee potable water status. For irrigation, surface water is used and is considered plentiful and growers and washers are regulated under the Permit To Take Water regulation and policies. Nevertheless, growers recognize their social responsibility and want to reduce their water footprint when irrigating or washing vegetables. There has been very few water quantity assessments for use efficiency completed. Urbanization Economic pressure created by urbanization is severe as prime agricultural lands are taken out of production and the land inventory is not replaced. The process is familiar starting with road access that attracts urban development. One housing is built next to farms, minimum distance separations and annoyances to residents affect various farm operations with farmers referring matters to the Normal Farm Practices Tribunal. While there is a process, the tension between growers and urban neighbors can escalate. Labor Force Foreign labor is essential to support vegetable production in the Marsh. These workers are skilled, knowledgeable of vegetable production and loyal. Most workers return to the same farms year after year. Growers must apply through the federal manpower 41 Social

46 system to access these workers and the farm is subject to intensive inspections of housing, health and safety etc. In Ontario growers pay foreign workers minimum wage set by the province. By contrast, local domestic minimum wage workers tend to be unskilled and unreliable as they are transient towards higher paying jobs in the Canadian economy. The minimum wage has had an impact on the farm salary scale as every other worker sought salary increases to maintain parity with minimum wage workers. Trust and Transparency The changing nature of the population in both York and Simcoe Region is of concern as less families are likely to be associated with agriculture. With limited resources, the HMGA does have an active annual program to interface with the general public advancing public relations at events like Soup Fest and Carrot Fest. In addition, the HMGA does conduct school tours to educate students and participate at the Royal as part of the fruit and vegetable sectors effort to reach out to the GTA. At a broader scale, HMGA can link with OFVGA to promote trust and transparency of its production systems under a social license concept. Consumers are reached regularly through various media outlets and the HMGA takes advantage of television coverage promoting local foods. The provincial Foodland Ontario program is an important tool to brand recognition under the Holland Marsh. Most packers will have a Holland Marsh identifier on their packaging. 42

47 Appendix E Land Use Planning, Trends, and Potential Greenbelt Expansion around the Holland Marsh Government and governance structure in the Holland Marsh The Holland Marsh straddles two upper tier municipalities (York Region and Simcoe County) and four lower tier municipalities (Bradford West Gwillimbury in Simcoe and King, East Gwillimbury, and Georgina in Simcoe). Land use planning policies and regulations (by which landowners, including farmers, must abide) are dictated largely by the official plans and zoning bylaws of municipalities, and may vary between them. The Holland Marsh is also part of the Greenbelt, a provincially-recognized area with its own land use plans and regulations. Municipalities are required to adhere to provincial Greenbelt policies in their land use planning decisions. This complex governance structure and the multiple layers of government involved in land use planning in the Holland Marsh can make for a challenging and/or overwhelming situation for growers. Layers of approvals for various farming activities, or changes thereto, can be complicated and time-consuming to obtain. Beyond land use planning, farmers must also work with other regulatory structures and inspectors covering such areas as transportation, environment, labour, and housing. Trends in the Holland Marsh region The area around the Holland Marsh is changing with the rapid population growth that is common across the Greater Toronto Area. For example, the Town of Bradford West Gwillimbury s population grew by 25% to 35,325 between 2011 and 2016, 33 and is projected in the Town s draft Official Plan to grow to 50,500 by While Greenbelt regulation protects the Holland Marsh land itself from development, the rapid growth of the surrounding non-agricultural area creates challenges for Marsh farmers through additional traffic, increased potential for conflicts with neighbouring (e.g. residential) land uses, and a shrinking of the agricultural community relative to the total population of the area. 33 Statistics Canada. Census Profile, 2016 Census: Bradford West Gwillimbury. Retrieved from hpr=01&b1=all 34 Town of Bradford West Gwillimbury Official Plan [Draft]. Retrieved from DRAFTOfficialPlan.pdf 43

48 The transportation system is also rapidly changing in the Holland Marsh with a new Highway 400 exit in Bradford and the closing of one exit on the north side of the Marsh, which will affect trucking flow. In the longer term, a proposed connector highway between Highways 400 and 404, which would cut across the Holland Marsh just north of Bradford, would further change traffic patterns, having the potential both to take some pressure off local roads through the Marsh but also to attract more traffic overall as the entire region continues to grow. The Greenbelt Plan and the Holland Marsh The Greenbelt Plan is a provincial plan that guides land use planning in the Greenbelt that rings the Golden Horseshoe area. It was created in 2005 and updated in Municipal Official Plans and Zoning By-laws at both the upper tier (i.e. York and Simcoe) and lower tier (i.e. local municipalities) must conform with provincial planning documents like the Greenbelt Plan, as must all municipal decisions regarding land use planning (such as approvals for planning applications on individual properties). The Holland Marsh is entirely within the Greenbelt Plan area, and as such is subject to its policies. The Holland Marsh is designated in the Greenbelt Plan as a specialty crop area 35 in recognition of its unique value in terms of its soil and agricultural capability, agricultural capital investment and infrastructure, and farmer expertise. Specialty crop areas are afforded the highest level of protection for agricultural land in the province, and the Greenbelt Plan sets out stipulations about what land uses are permitted. FIGURE 2: SCHEDULE 3 FROM THE GREENBELT PLAN (2017) 35 all italicized terms in this appendix are defined terms in the Greenbelt Plan, which may be accessed here: 44

49 In general, the Greenbelt Plan supports and encourages agriculture of all sizes, types, and intensities and all normal farm practices in the Holland Marsh. The intent of the Greenbelt Plan is to preserve all prime agricultural areas, like the Holland Marsh, for agriculture and to protect these areas from development, while still allowing farmers to get on with farming. Under the Greenbelt Plan, municipalities are not allowed to develop the Holland Marsh for non-agricultural uses (save for a very short list of exceptions, such as necessary infrastructure). It is worth noting that the Greenbelt Plan does acknowledge and allow for the fact that some activities that happen on farms are what the Plan calls on-farm diversified uses : entrepreneurial activities that farmers undertake on their properties that do not directly contribute to farming, such as agri-tourism, cafés, and small side businesses (e.g. accounting practice, hair dressing). These land uses are permitted even in specialty crop areas, although they are subject to size and other restrictions. For more information on this, see the Guidelines on Permitted Uses in Ontario s Prime Agricultural Areas. Potential expansion of the Greenbelt near the Holland Marsh Figure 2 shows an excerpt of Schedule 3 from the Greenbelt Plan. This map shows the Holland Marsh specialty crop area in purple. The dark green area, called the Protected Countryside, and the lighter green area, called the Oak Ridges Moraine Area, are also part of the Greenbelt and are also protected for agricultural land uses, although not to the same extent as the Holland Marsh specialty crop area. Schedule 3 clearly shows that on the western edge of the Holland Marsh, in Simcoe County, there is not much of a buffer between the Holland Marsh and the areas outside the Greenbelt. The areas outside the Greenbelt are less protected from development. The province is considering expanding the Greenbelt Plan area. Figure 3 shows the areas under consideration for expansion. Area 6, Surface Water and Recharge Areas in Southeast Simcoe, would stretch from the northwestern boundary of the Greenbelt, currently just outside the Holland Marsh, all the way to the south end of Barrie s urban FIGURE 3: EXCERPT FROM FIGURE 4: STUDY AREA FOR POTENTIAL GREENBELT EXPANSION, FROM THE PROTECTING WATER FOR FUTURE GENERATIONS PUBLIC CONSULTATION DOCUMENT 45