Study the effect of different rice establishment techniques crop growth, yield and energy assessment and water productivity in rainfed conditions

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1 2018; 7(1): E-ISSN: P-ISSN: JPP 2018; 7(1): Received: Accepted: Mukesh Kumar Pandey Research Associate, NAE- FMIRA (Agronomy), Ajay Verma PI, NAE-FMIRA & Professor FMPE, Department of Farm Machinery Power Engineering, Faculty of Agri. Engg. IGKV, Raipur, Aditya Sirmaur Ph.D. Student FMPE, Ajay Dwivedi Team leader watershed M.P, Study the effect of different rice establishment techniques crop growth, yield and energy assessment and water productivity in rainfed conditions Mukesh Kumar Pandey, Ajay Verma, Aditya Sirmaur and Ajay Dwivedi Abstract Chhattisgarh comes under dry and sub humid climate. The success or failure in rice production is directly related to the economy of the farmers of the state. Due to uncertainty about the rainfall and limited resources farmers always faced problem to which rice cultivation method they have to adopt. Shortage or excess rainwater in the field permits very limited time to prepare the field. Presently in Chhattisgarh, about 75 per cent area is under broadcasting, percent under transplanting and 8-10 per cent area is covered by direct drilling method of rice seeding. The effect of method of seeding rice during Kharif, in general, has great impact on field preparation and establishment of succeeding Rabi crop after the harvest of rice. The state has about 45 per cent land under inceptisols and vertisols, where rice is being grown which retain sufficient moisture and even saturation is observed some times in normal rainfall year. However, in drought years moisture is insufficient and crop suffers from moisture stress at maturity stage of rice. Harvesting of rice at days after flowering is the general trend in this region. The unavailability of labour due to harvesting at similar time throughout the state creates manpower scarcity which delays the harvesting of rice. The delay in harvesting causes evaporation loss of soil moisture from 8-10 cm layer of upper surface of the soil. Further, the poor draught power of animals and indigenous tillage implements fail to prepare field to a good tilth in time. At present, the cropping intensity is hardly 133 per cent in the state, which can be increased significantly by timely harvesting and seeding of some high valued and less water requiring crop like chickpea (Alam, 1998). Zero tillage or minimum tillage practice facilitates timely and uniform seeding which results into higher germination and better crop stand. Keywords: yield and energy, sub humid climate, rice seeding, land under inceptisols and vertisols 1. Introduction Rice is grown around the globe in 113 countries spread over an area of 153 million hectares with estimated total production of 589 million tonnes. In the Indian context, the present level of production of rice from million tonnes has to be increased to million tonnes by 2030 (Paroda, 2001) [3]. The increasing demand for rice grain production has to be met by using limited available resources in a sustainable manner. Increasing the productivity of rice from current level of 2817 ha -1 is the immediate challenge to agricultural scientists. Rice cultivation is a technology option available for meeting this challenge. India is yet to fully exploit the technology which offers a 10-15% yield advantage over the best conventional inbred varieties (Li, 1981) [4]. Correspondence Mukesh Kumar Pandey Research Associate, NAE- FMIRA (Agronomy), Method Materials The field experiments on rice establishment technique system were carried out during the Kharif seasons of the year 2014 and 2015 at the Research Farm, Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur and farmers field villages Pathari, Palud and Tor of Raipur district, villages Auri, Nandori, Sonpur and Kukda of Durg district, villages Kushmi and Keshli of Bametara district, village Aroud of Dhamtari district and Deogaon village of Kanker district. Out of 59 ha area, 16 ha area was under direct dry row seeding (Line sowing by Inclined plate planter and Line sowing by fluted roller), 17 ha area was under broadcast Biasi system of rice cultivation, 14 ha area under direct row transplanting (Transplanter 22.5x15 cm and Transplanter 27x15 cm) and 12 ha area under SRI. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) five treatment with three replications, these treatments as follows 1. Broadcasting with Biasi (T 1) 2. Line sowing by Inclined plate planter 20x10 (T 2) ~ 501 ~

2 3. Transplanter 22.5x15 cm (T 3) 4. Transplanter 27x15 cm (T 4) 5. Line sowing by fluted roller (T 5). 6. SRI (T 6). The sowing of direct dry sown demonstration area was covered with the onset of monsoon from 25 th June to 20 July in different villages as per availability of resources and rains. The demonstration fields of transplanted rice were covered during the period 22 nd July to 18 th August during the year, 2014 and The recommended doses of fertilizers were applied. The crops were grown under rainfed condition. Observation on germination, tillering and yield were recorded. Details of demonstration conducted for direct dry seeding condition and transplanted rice are given in Table The energy equivalence for direct and indirect sources suggested by Binning et al. (1984) [2] was used for the calculation of energy is given in Table Particular Broadcasting with Biasi (T1) Inclined plate planter 20x10 (T2) Table 1: Details of experiment conducted Transplanter 22.5x15 cm (T3) Transplanter 27x15 cm (T4) Fluted roller seed drill (T5). Area (ha) Variety IGKV Rajeswari -1 Date of sowing Sees Rate (/ha) Field pre - proration Nursury sowing and manage ment 20-30,June Biasi 20-31, July 20-30, June 20-30, June transplanting 10-20, July 20-30, June transplanting 10-20, July 20-30,June SRI (T6) 20-30, June and transplanting 1-15, July Primary Tillage (i) MB Plough x 1 (ii) Onset of monsoon TD MB ploughing x 2, (iii) Secondary tillage TD disc harrow x1 Or Rotavator x2 Good quality seeds, bed for transplanting one acre is 30 m (1.5 m Direct sowing Direct sowing by Direct broad wide x 20 m long to suit the plastic sheet size) Soil cleaning sieve Soil by Inclined fluted roller seed casting in field mixture (4 parts of sieved soil + 1 part of FYM or compost / vermi plate planter drill compost) Urea 80 /acre DAP 50 / acre Potash 20 / acre Fertilizer Spacing _ 20x x15 27x15 25x25 20x5 Rainfed Rainfed - without irrigation but in fields that were bunded to impound rainfall Sathi 250 g /acre metasulphuran 8g/acre and nominogold 120 ml /acre weed control Biasi Manual 25 labor use of Ambika rice weeder 2 times and one time one row power weeder use /ha Plant Protection Harvesting Threshing Insecticide spraying as per requirement By improved serrated sickle, bundling and transportation, Self propelled reaper, TD Reaper, combine harvester By animal treading and winnowing, By power thresher and winnowing Or Combine Harvester Broadcast Biasi Dry row seeding Row Transplanting Fig 1: Different Method of rice cultivation ~ 502 ~ SRI

3 Table 2: Energy equivalence for Direct and Indirect Sources Particulars Unit Equivalent Energy (MJ) Remarks (1)Human, Adult-man Woman Man-h Woman-h (2) Animals Weight of bullock Pair-h 10.1 Medium size bullock (3) Electricity kwh 11.9 (4)Agricultural Machinery 62.7 Distributing energy uniformly over the life, based on weight (5)Chemical Fertilizer, (a)n2 (b) P2O5 (c) K2O (6)Seed Cereal, Rice 14.7 Straw 12.5 The main output product is grain (7)Superior Chemicals Needing dilution Source: Binning et al. (1984) [2] Results and discussion The results of the experiments conducted to investigate the effect of different establishment techniques on rice yield and its attributes are given in the Table The results revealed that the crop established through direct dry row seeding by inclined plate planter 20x10 (T 2) technique attained the highest plant height (123 cm) it may be due to better plant geometry for aeration and sunlight penetration. The results further indicate that the transplanted crop attained the higher plant height as compared to direct seeded crop. It may be due to lower competition in space, sunlight and nutrients in transplanted crop than direct seeding. The productive tillers per unit area (m 2 ) were recorded highest in direct seeding followed by Line sowing by Inclined plate planter 20x10 (T 2) and Transplanting, respectively. Number of grain/ panicle was observed significantly higher (157) by the method of inclined plate planter. Grain yield were significantly higher in Transplanter 27x15 cm (T 4) method i.e q/ha where as in year 2015 i.e.52.7 q/ha. Transplanter 22.5x15 cm (T 3) 44.7 q/ha and 45.3 q/ha followed by Line sowing by Inclined plate planter 20x10 (T 2) 46.9 q/ha and 48.4 q/ha, Line sowing by fluted roller (T 5). 37.6q/ha & 39.2q/ha and SRI (T 6) 28.9q/ha and 35.7q/ha respectively. Table 3: Effective tillers (m 2 ), Plant height (cm), Panicles weight (g) and Panicles length (cm) of soil as influenced by different Establishment methods of rice. Method of seeding rice Effective tillers m 2 Plant height cm Panicles weight g. Panicles length cm Broadcasting-Biasi (T1) Line sowing by Inclined plate planter 20x10 (T2) Transplanter 22.5x15 cm (T3) Transplanter 27x15 cm (T4) Line sowing by fluted roller (T5) SRI (T6) SEm± CD (P=0.05) NS NS 0.24 NS NS The data was observed 2014 and 2015 straw yield were significantly higher in Transplanter 27x15 cm (T 4) method i.e q/ha where as in year 2015 i.e.65.9 q/ha than after data was found Line sowing by fluted roller (T 5) q/ha & q/ha, Transplanter 22.5x15 cm (T 3) 66.1 q/ha and q/ha followed by Line sowing by Inclined plate planter 20x10 (T 2) 48.4 q/ha and 57.4 q/ha, SRI (T 6) q/ha and 65.3 q/ha and Broadcasting - Biasi methods q/ha and 34.8 q/ha respectively. Harvest index % of rice was observed significantly higher (53%) by the method of Transplanter 22.5x15 cm (T 3) presented in Table during the Kharif season But during the year 2015 Harvest index % was not found significantly vary by the different Establishment methods of rice Table 4: No. of grain/panicles, 1000 grain (Test weight) g, Grain Yield q/ha, Straw yield q/h and Harvest index % of soil as influenced by different Establishment methods of rice. No. of grain/panicles 1000 grain (Test weight) g Grain Yield q/ha Straw yield q/h Harvest index % Broadcasting-Biasi (T1) Inclined plate planter 20x10(T2) Transplanter 22.5x15 cm (T3) Transplanter 27x15 cm (T4) Line sowing by fluted roller (T5) SRI (T6) SEm± CD (P=0.05) 0.23 NS 1.04 NS NS Maximum root depth The root penetration into the soil was influenced significantly due to the effects of different seeding methods of rice (Table ~ 503 ~ 8.5.5). Deeper root penetration was recorded under drilling and broadcast-biasi methods of rice seeding, during all the dates of observation and in both the seasons. At harvest the

4 differences in root depth was at par between broadcast-biasi and drilling, during both the years. Root volume, cm 3 Transplanting occupied comparatively meaner root volume than broadcast-biasi and drilling of rice (Table 8.5.6). Significantly more root volume was occupied by transplanting upto 0-10 cm depth; which was however, at par with the root volume recorded under broadcast-biasi. In further depth (10-20, and cm) of soil the differences in root volume due to the effect of seeding methods of rice could not reach to the level of significance but was maximum under transplanting upto 20 cm depth and thereafter drilling method registered more root volume upto 40 cm depth of soil, during both years. Table 5: Maximum root depth as influenced by different methods of seeding rice Maximum root depth, cm 60 Day 90 Day At Harvest Broadcasting-Biasi (T 1) Line sowing by Inclined plate planter 20x10 (T 2) Transplanter 22.5x15 cm (T 3) Transplanter 27x15 cm (T 4) Line sowing by fluted roller (T 5) SRI (T 6) SEm± CD (P=0.05) Table 6: Root volume at 80 DAS in varying depth of soil as influenced by different methods of seeding rice. Rice root volume, cm 3 Depth of soil cm cm cm Total Broadcasting-Biasi (T 1) Line sowing by Inclined plate planter 20x10 (T 2) Transplanter 22.5x15 cm (T 3) Transplanter 27x15 cm (T 4) Line sowing by fluted roller (T 5) SRI (T 6) SEm± CD (P=0.05) NS NS NS NS Energy requirement of rainfed rice cultivation Under rainfed conditions, direct seeded rice cultivation requires total energy input (direct + indirect) in the range of to MJ/ha (Table 8.5.7). Out of total energy input, share of direct energy input was in the range of 4700 to 5300 MJ/ha. The specific energy and energy productivity were in the range of 4.22 to 2.99 MJ/ and to /MJ. The row seeding method of cultivation is most effective in view of energy saving and better yield as compared to traditional broadcast Biasi system of cultivation of rice. Row seeding by seed drill saves about 40 to 45 % of energy for weeding operation as compared to traditional broadcasting system. The row seeding method of cultivation is the most effective in view of energy saving and better yield as compared to traditional broadcast Biasi system of rice cultivation. Table 7: Total energy use (MJ/ha) and cost of production for rice (Rs/ha)* Direct seeded Transplanted Particular Broadcast Traditional Row Improved Random Traditional Row Improved Energy Cost Energy Cost Energy Cost Energy Cost Farm operation (Direct energy) Land preparation Sowing / Transplanting Interculture Plant protection Fertilizer application Water Management Harvesting Transportation Threshing Sub Total (I) (Indirect energy) Seeds Fertilizer Chemicals ~ 504 ~ Sub Total (II) Total ( I) + (II) Av. Yield q/ha B: C Energy MJ/ Energy productivity /MJ (Study conducted during the Kharif 2014 and 2015) Support price of rice Rs.1360/q *cost of straw energy and cost of straw not included

5 Water productivity under various rainfed rice establishment techniques Water productivity is compared for 4 rainfed rice establishment techniques viz. Rainfed rice grown under line sowing, Broadcast Biasi, Line transplanting and SRI (System of Rice intensification). Medium duration rice variety ( days) IGKV R1 was used. The water requirement of rainfed rice is given in Table Table 8: Water requirement of rainfed rice under different establishment techniques S. No Techniques Water requirement (mm) Grain Productivity, /ha Water productivity /ha/mm 1 Direct line sowing Line transplanting Broad cast Biasi S.R.I Average under different techniques Knowledge of consumptive use is necessary in planting and operating water resources. Evapo-transpiration (ET) data are essential for estimation of water requirement for irrigation. Actual measurement of ET, under each of the various physical and climatic conditions is not possible. However, reliable methods (Penman- Montieth) are available for estimating ET of crops based on past historical meteorological data. ET requirement of rainfed rice grown under different establishment techniques are essential to know the water productivity under each of these techniques. The lysimeter data are available at IGKV, Raipur and the same were used to determine the ET requirement of rainfed rice under different establishment techniques. On an average 30.2 mm water is required at establishment stage of rice, followed by 238.9mm at vegetative stage, 233.1mm at reproductive phase, and 121.4mm at maturity stage, with a total of mm covering all growth stages. The seasonal crop coefficient was found to be On an average the water productivity under rainfed condition in these four establishment practices was found to be (5.56 /ha/mm). The water requirement of rainfed rice was found to be 626.8mm, 658.2mm, 600.4mm and mm under direct line sowing, line transplanting, broad cast Biasi and S.R.I respectively. The water requirement was found to highest (658.2mm) under line transplanting, but its water productivity was not highest (5.87 /ha/mm). On the contrary, the water requirement of direct line sown rice was not highest (626.8mm), however, its water productivity was found to be highest (6.13 /ha/mm). Justification Experiments were conducted to study energy input for growing of rainfed rice in. For this study two methods of cultivation viz. direct dry sown and transplanted rice were selected. The studies undertaken have generated useful data, which has helped in assessment of energy need for various unit operations of rice production. The study also identified energy efficient equipment, methods and practices. The experiment conducted has generated information on machinery inventory and utilization, source wise energy use pattern for various operations in rainfed rice cultivation. On the basis of identification of problem, it was noticed that scarcity of water is a critical limitation to get sustainable productivity of rainfed rice in Chhattisgarh. output input ratio varied from 5.9 to 9.4 for broadcast and row seeded rice. The specific energy, energy productivity and labour productivity were in the range of 4.2 to 3.02 MJ/, to /MJ and 10.3 to 19 /man-day respectively for traditional broadcast and row seeded method. 2. Frequent dry spell, monsoon break, uneven distribution of rainfall were found as a common feature of rice cultivation in Chhattisgarh. Under these circumstances direct seeded rice cultivation practice is found as an alternative to broadcast biasi system. 3. Highest energy ratio and profit was obtained by using direct seeded rice as compared to traditional broadcasting and transplanting method of rice cultivation. 4. Direct line sown rainfed rice is most water efficient technique of growing rainfed rice. On the contrary the traditional broad cast Biasi system is the most water in efficient method of rice growing as reflected by the lowest water productivity (4.96/ha/mm).On the other hand, System of Rice Intensification (SRI) is not water efficient under rainfed condition and its water productivity (5.29 /ha/mm) is lower than direct line sown technique (6.13/ha/mm) and line transplanting (5.87/ha/mm). References 1. Alam A. Status of Energy requirement on Indian Farms and future thrust of ICAR on Animal Power Research, Proceedings of National Seminar on Status of Animal Energy Utilization CIAE, Bhopal, India, 1998, Binning AS, Pathak BS, Panesar BS. Energy Audit of crop production system, Research Bulletin. School of Energy Studies for Agriculture, P.A.U, Ludhiana, Paroda RS. Policy Support for Agricultural Research is a must for a Food Source in India: Indian Science Congress. New Delhi, India, 2001, Li ZB. Biological Basis of Heterosis Utilization in Rice Plant: Research and Practices of Hybrid Rice. Agric. Sci. Technol. Press, Beijing. 1981, Conclusion 1. Under rainfed conditions of Chhattisgarh direct seeded rice cultivation requires total energy input (direct + indirect) in the range of to MJ/ha. Out of total energy input, share of direct energy input was in the range of 4700 to 5300 MJ/ha and gives an output of to MJ/ha. (Yield 2.9 to 3.8 t/ha). Energy ~ 505 ~