Capacity needs, potential and market oriented products in RWH & SSI Ethiopia s perspective Belay Simane Addis Ababa University

Transcription

1 Capacity needs, potential and market oriented products in RWH & SSI Ethiopia s perspective Belay Simane Addis Ababa University

2 Introduction Agriculture in Ethiopia is heavily reliant on rainfall and productivity and production are strongly influenced by climatic and hydrological variability that are reflected as dry spells, droughts and floods. Rainwater harvesting is a simple and low cost water supply technique that involves the capturing and storing of rainwater from roof and ground catchments, as well as from intermittent or ephemeral watercourses for domestic, agricultural, industrial and environmental purposes.

3 Spatial Variability of Ethiopian Water Resources <1 8 <1 Annual runoff, bn m annual surface runoff 123 billion m3 12 major river basins average annual rainfall of 850 mm

4 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep FLOW m 3 x 10 3 Oct Nov Dec Temporal & Spatial Variability of Water Resources BAR TEKEZZ OM ABBAY (BLUE AWAS WAB GENAL Months of the Year

5 % Impact of rainfall variability on GDP and Agricultural GDP growth rainfall variability -20 GDP growth -25 Ag GDP growth -30 year

6 Introduction Team of experts AAU MoWIE, Water Aid, and Rain Water Foundation. Objectives to know the RWH technologies. to identify suitable technologies and collecting technical guidelines. to guide the next project activities, especially: capacitybuilding, RTTCs and demonstration trials

7 Opportunities Strong political will Conducive SSI sub-sector policy environment Abundant water resources that can be tapped for irrigation use Big land mass (112 million hectares (Mha) of land) total irrigable land =5.3 Mha including 1.6 Mha through RWH and ground water encouraging private sector involvement

8 Barriers Institutional Mandate and Accountability large- and medium-scale irrigation projects -MoWIE) small-scale irrigation and water harvesting - MoA. Different regional states have diff. settings Institutional Capacity and Capability no standardized approach across agencies for mapping/monitoring existing projects; lack of institutional memory; and insufficient technical staff. Technical Capacity and Tools government agencies and private sector/ NGO stakeholders Inadequate policies and regulations Human capacity

9 Analysis of Research and Innovation Needs

10 Institutions Institutions involved in rainwater harvesting category Name Research Government (federal/ Regional) NGO and Civil Societies (local/ international) Higher learning Institutions Involvement Design Implementation Water Bureau Irrigation Bureau Agriculture/Rural Development Education bureau (at schools) RiPPLe ECC-SDCOH Oxfam CRS IRC ZOA Arba Minchi U Haramaya Uni Hawassa Uni Maintenance

11 Institutions involved in small scale irrigation Institutions Involvement category Name Research Design Implementation Maintenance Government (federal/ Regional) NGO and Civil Societies (local/ international) Higher learning Institutions Private Enterprise Water Bureau Irrigation Bureau Agriculture/Rural Development Education bureau (at schools) ECC-SDCOH IRC CRS World Vision IFAD Arba Minchi U Haramaya Uni Hawassa Uni Yirgalem Construction Enterprise

12 Identified constraints of RWH for SSI Lack or inadequacy of baseline studies; Poor technology choice; Low yields; Property rights; Too small landholdings; Conflicts in water use and use rights; Marketing and market access; Dependency syndrome; Institutional arrangements and instability; Lack of training to handle technologies; lack of extension services; Lack of start-up capital or access to credit to initiate venture; and Poor linkage between research and extension in the area of small scale irrigation

13 Identified knowledge gaps Faulty design; Lack of knowledge on use of modern small scale irrigation technology; Poor water management; Poor land management; Poor input utilization; Poor management capacity; Lack of information and database; and Lack of post-harvest technology and management

14 Research Needs Policy and Institution assessment Efficiency and effectiveness of RWH technologies Socioeconomic and market research on SSI Yield enhancing agronomic research in irrigation schemes Environment and social impact assessment Water harvesting technologies Geological and drainage of catchments

15 Analysis of Regional Capacity and Training Needs

16 Existing Capacities RWH and SSI curricula can be used as an opportunity to all people involved in land and water use management Twenty five (25) Agricultural TVET 6 water TVET colleges, Thousands of Farmers Training Centers (FTCs) Availability of indigenous RWH techniques and practices is promising potentials to address water shortage problems

17 Training needs RWH Technology related, Policy and strategy drafting, operation and maintenance related Water management related training Marketing related training Gender related trainings on aspects of RWH Technicians and development agents (DAs) training Farmers and community level training Planning, monitoring and evaluation of schemes SSI Marketing related, water management related, post-harvesting related Policy and strategy formulation Technology related training Operations and maintenance related training Gender related training in relation to SSI Technicians and development agents (DAs) training Farmers and community level training Planning, monitoring and evaluation of schemes

18 Technology-Transfer and Market- Oriented Needs of RWH and/or SSI

19 Technology-Transfer and Market- Oriented Needs of RWH and/or SSI A manual produced by MoA RAIN (Rainwater Harvesting Implementation Network: constructed 11 tanks with a total storage capacity of 445,000 litters to supply water to more than 3,000 people). Subsequently 15 local implementing organizations were trained in sand dam technology and are constructing sand dams within their interventions areas. 70,000 ponds and tanks were constructed last fiscal year alone.

20 Barriers for the Adoption of RWH & SSI High cost of construction of structures compared to income accrued as a result of the adoption of the technology Lack of trust (awareness) on the contribution of the technology Incompatibility of the technology with local farming system Lack of appropriate training how to construct, use and maintain structures Improper planning, implementation and promotion of the technology by DAs/experts Lack of commitment to promote the technology compared with other agricultural extension activities

21 Recommended steps in technology transfer establishment of cooperative and collaborative partnerships between key stake-holders; implementation of technology needs assessments; design and implementation of technology transfer plans and specific actions; evaluation and refinement of the actions and plans; Investments in infrastructures; and Dissemination of technology information.

22 RWH Experience &Technologies in Ethiopia

23 Successful SWC activities

24 Sand dams constructed along intermittent stream in Yabello, Borana Zone of Oromia Regional State (Photo: Amare, 2011)

25 RWH Structures

26 Farm Pond Construction and lining with geo-membrane

27 Good construction and management : Irrigated crop The pond is covered with roof to reduce evaporation loss

28 Rain Water Harvesting Trenches Trenches are excavated into the undisturbed soil profile and are therefore more stable than furrows Trenches do not collapse when walked on during watering period Trenches need not be constructed exactly in the contour line and therefore are more simple to construct staggered Trenches harvest water and hold seedlings better than furrows Watering of seedlings in trenches is more efficient than watering of furrows

29 Gully Reshaping & RWH Trenches

30 Gulley Treatment & RWH Reshaping & construction of retention walls completed before the rainy season Planting done at the beginning of the rainy season Gully water is used for supplementary watering during the dry season

31 ARC Weir Dam for RWH

32 SS dam for RWH and silt control to add more productive land and production,

33 Erosion Control and RWH

34 Soil filled plastic - gabion box used in such places where stone is not available

35 Abbay basin Cost and efficiency should be compromised

36 Abbay Basin Aprons are modified (sunken) to hold water for livestock drinking

37 Abbay Basin Existing experiences Bamboo mat (left) and soil filled (right) gabion check-dams

38 Cont d Small barriers having tremendous effect in harvesting water

39 Cont d Small barriers having tremendous effect in harvesting water

40 No. Name of SWC Advantage Disadvantage technologies used for WH and SSI system A. Managing water in the hillside A1 Eyebrow basin (EB), EB are larger circular and stone faced (occasionally sodded) EBs are labor intensive. half moon, structures for tree and other species planting Require maintenance if not well Based upon experience they are effective in low rainfall constructed and stabilized. areas to grow trees and harvest moisture. Can be Need to avoid free grazing constructed in slopes above 50% for spot planting. Require skill Controls runoff and contribute to recharge of water tables. Commonly on communal lands which make regular maintenance difficult A2 semi-circle terrace Effective soil conservation and water harvesting structures Need to be protected from livestock on cultivated land Short term benefits and wild animals (Baboons, Can render unproductive hillsides into intensively cultivated Porcupines, and Rodents) units with supplementary irrigation Require skill, training Individual user rights can be applied Labor Intensive Can provide income for land less farmers Require a nearby water source for optimum productivity (ponds, springs) Establishment of individual user right in most cases causes user right disputes A3 Trenches on communal land are large and deep pits constructed along the contours with Labor intensive. Need some 50 cm of the main purpose of collecting & storing rainfall water to top soil to be applied. support the growth of trees, shrubs, cash crops and grass or Require maintenance if not well various combination of those species in moisture stressed constructed and stabilized. areas ( mm rainfall) Need to avoid free grazing can have FLEXIBLE DESIGN, to accommodate the Require skill requirements of different tree species Commonly on communal lands which protect cultivated fields located downstream from flood and erosion make regular maintenance difficult Part of the water captured by the trenches reaches the underground aquifer

41 A. Harvesting gully water B1 Bio-physical gully treatment B2 Bio-physical gully treatment with serial ponds B3 Sediment storage (SS) dams Effective gully erosion control Direct short-term benefit (forage biomass) Effective ground water recharge Drinking water supply Small scale irrigation Effective ground water recharge Drinking water Supply SSI from hand dug wells Converts unproductive large and active gullies into productive areas (fertile cultivated or fodder producing areas, mixed plantations, and fruit tree orchards). are stone-faced earth dams constructed across medium/large size gullies to trap sediments, collect water and divert excess runoff. Accommodate the runoff generated by the catchment located above the gully. Are often constructed in series along the gully which can contribute significantly to protect cultivated lands, arrest gully expansion and Labor intensive physical gully treatment Requires reshaping of gully walls Loss of arable land or pasture Requires livestock exclusion Necessity to establish clear cut user rights Likely to cause user right disputes Labor intensive, costly pond construction work Large ponds occupy land Increased risk of Malaria Labor intensive Needs thorough follow-up Difficult in areas with limited expertise. Not suitable in sandy and sodic soils Need to avoid free grazing

42 A. Managing water in the farmland C1 Soil bund: an ecological niche for Can provide short-term benefits to farmers (Bee forage, oilseed) development Does not compete with arable production (multipurpose Low labor input shrubs, sunflower, fruit trees, stimulants on bunds) Can provide an incentive to farmers to maintain soil bunds and trench bunds C2 Fanya juu (FJ) (multipurpose shrubs, sunflower, fruit trees, stimulants on bunds) The FJ reduces and stops the velocity of runoff and consequently reduces soil erosion and the steady decline of crop yields They are impermeable structures intended to retain rainfall, and hence, increase soil moisture, water availability to plants, and increase the efficiency of fertilizer application if any. Most farmers are not familiar with sunflower More awareness creation is needed Weeding, thinning out is essential Sunflower can be susceptible to pests Fanya juus bench quicker than soil bunds but are not as efficient in moisture conservation and more prone to breakages/ overtopping Labour intensive Need to avoid free grazing C3 Trench bund Effective combination of runoff water harvesting Requires livestock exclusion on with supplementary irrigation (ponds, hand dug farmland wells, springs) May require protection from Does not compete with arable production rodents (Baskets) during the first Can increase household income and improve two years household nutrition within three years Requires supplementary Can provide an incentive to farmers to maintain trench bunds irrigation (ponds, springs and hand dug wells) No user right disputes on individual farmland Increases household labor input (supplementary irrigation, weeding, harvesting, marketing

43 Way forward For sustainable agricultural development of the country, water harvesting technologies have their contribution. RWH techniques in Ethiopia are diverse and need sustainability analysis: run-off irrigation (run-off Farming), flood spreading (spate irrigation), in-situ water harvesting (Soil and water conservation (SWC) practices.) and roof water harvesting. They can be constructed and managed by the community with minor technical and financial support The right choice of the water harvesting technique for the specific locality/ecosystem is required. Hence more onfarm research activities are required

44 RWH and SSI: An innovation systems approach The Sustainability of Community-Based RWH and SSI (Development-oriented research). Knowledge generation Supply - push Stakeholders Farmers Extension Traders Processors Financiers NGOs Others Demand - pull Increasing farmer capacity to use knowledge Information market Putting knowledge into use 44

45 Research: Sustainable development dimensions: multifunctionality of RWH & SSI in Agri. development Social Governance equitable livable Economi c Sustainable & Resilient viable Environment

46 Participatory Research and Extension Approach mid- Season evaluation Entering community build trust Training Training End of season review and process monitoring Identifying local organisations Raising awareness Identifying needs & problems PREA Learning Cycle Feedback To community PREA Training Prioritising needs and problems Searching for solutions Exchange visits Consider options Technical backstopping Action planning Mandating local institutions Planning for next learning cycle Trying out new ideas Training

47 Framework of Community Innovation Platforms Appropriate Participatory Enabling Envt Positive & enabling attitude, social norms, Appropriate Policies, Institutions Market Technology Market Industry Land Water Biodiversity NRM

48 Time 2. Public-private partnerships (PPPs): can take a wide range of forms varying in the degree of involvement Bringing partners together Local participants R&D Organisations Private Sector Phase 1: Engaging with stakeholders Interest Leadership Interest Phase 2: Planning, learning and assessing Collaboration Facilitation Collaboration Phase 3: Ensuring sustainability Ownership Leadership Backstopping Commercial opportunity and farmer support.