Research on the Development of Agricultural Mechanical Automation in Mechanical Engineering

Transcription

1 Applied Mechanics and Materials Online: ISSN: , Vol. 454, pp doi: / Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland Research on the Development of Agricultural Mechanical Automation in Mechanical Engineering Hong Wei Yang 1, a, Li Ying Zhang 2, b 1 College of information and electrical engineering, Shenyang agricultural university, china 2 liaoning rice research institute, Liaoning academy of agricultural science, china a yhwsyau@163.com, b cytaa3@163.com Keywords: Mechanization; Precision agriculture; Agricultural robot; Automatic control; Mechanical engineering Abstract:Agricultural mechanization was a research emphasis in mechanical engineering and one of the basic content of modern agriculture, it possessed very significant effect on increasing agricultural productivity. The present status and development tendency on agricultural mechanization at home and abroad were expounded in this paper. Through the analysis of agricultural mechanization to modern agriculture, the theories of promoting the development of precision agriculture, agricultural robots, automatic control were put forward. At last, some advices on speeding up agricultural mechanization in mechanical engineering were given. 1 Introduction Agricultural mechanization was one of the basic content of modern agriculture. As in farming, using tractors, planter, harvester, dynamic drainage and irrigation machine, motor vehicles and other machines to various operations such as land ploughing and sowing, harvesting, irrigation, field management, transport. All the production process relied mainly on the mechanical power and electric power, rather than human and animal. The realization of agricultural mechanization, could save labor, reduce labor intensity, improve agricultural labor productivity, and enhance the ability to overcome natural disasters. Agricultural mechanization developed agriculture and animal husbandry stably, and provided a large number of labors for the development of industry and tertiary industry. The level and efficiency of agricultural mechanization has become an important measure symbol for the level of agricultural modernization of every country in the world. Some countries have made remarkable achievements in the field of agricultural machinery, promoted the development of their economy effectively, their successful experience was a good reference for other countries. 2 Present status of agricultural mechanization in domestic Agricultural mechanization in our country began in the late 19th century and early 20th century, developed on a large scale from 1957.By 1994, comprehensive agricultural mechanization level was 40%, in 2000 reached 48%, in 2011 increased to 54%, The large and medium-sized tractor and supporting tools ownership and their change from 1949 to 2010 as shown in Fig.1(data from the four major food crops, wheat production process realized mechanization basically. Rice planting, harvesting mechanization level were 6% and 23% respectively, corn mechanization level were 47% and 1.9%, soybean mechanization level were 47% All rights reserved. No part of contents of this paper may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of Trans Tech Publications, (ID: , Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA-06/03/16,03:00:51)

2 24 Research on Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering and Material Engineering and 3.2%. Cotton, sugar cane, rapeseed and other major economic crops and forage mechanization were still weak links. As the policy direction "promote agricultural technology integration, labor process mechanization, production management informationization" in "twelfth five-year" plan,as well as the policy goal "accelerate agriculture mechanization, promote integration of agronomic and agricultural machinery, farming comprehensive mechanization level around 60 percent" were put forward, our country's agricultural machinery industry will face greater opportunity. Above line: supporting tools, Bellow line: tractors (unit: ten thousand) Fig.1 Ownership and their change of large and medium-sized tractor and supporting tools Data from 3 Present status of agricultural mechanization in overseas 3.1 the United States Agriculture in the United States has been achieved whole process mechanization from cultivating land, sowing, fertilizing, and weeding to harvesting and processing in the 1940s. At present, the departments of agricultural machinery production, scientific research of American are working on promoting the satellite communication, remote sensing technology, electronic computer and other advanced technologies to apply into tractors and other agricultural machinery, implementing the works of tractors and other farm machinery, automatic unmanned operation, automatic monitoring, etc. So various agricultural mechanical can more accurately and quickly realize the works of cultivating land, sowing, fertilizing, weeding, exterminating plant diseases and insect pests etc. Precision agriculture has been the direction of future agriculture. The United States has entered the stage of system mechanization and automation, not only crops production and harvest has fully realized mechanization, but also some difficult industries and works. 3.2 France France was one of the world food exporting countries that owned developed agriculture, higher agricultural mechanization level, wheat, corn and other grain production, livestock and poultry breeding have achieved whole process of mechanization. Food crops from soil preparation, planting, cultivating, pest control, harvesting, transportation, processing, storage and other links possessed applicable agricultural machinery. France was more advanced in machinery of vineyards and crops breeding. Crops breeding from bed preparation, sowing, field management, harvest and post-harvest cleaning, grading, packaging, coating, etc. possessed a complete set of supplied

3 Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol machinery, especially seed processing factories, all kinds of matched equipment were complete and automation degree was high. French vineyard machinery, from tractor to matched planting, pruning, plastic, fertilizer, pesticide, picking, packing, transportation possessed appropriate machineries, mechanical work reached the international advanced level. 3.3 Australia Australia was a country with less people and more lands, farming and animal husbandry were developed, it also was an important food exporting countries. Australia's important crops were wheat, sugar cane, secondly, barley, oats, rice, cotton, grass, etc. Australia's wheat, rice, barley, oats, forage crops etc. achieved production mechanization in 1970 or so, maintained a highly mechanized level so far. Sugarcane was a staple crop in Australia, machineries were used in each link of sugar cane processing from farmland construction, tillage soil preparation, planting, field management, harvest, transportation, loading and unloading. The mechanization degree of sugar cane was more than 90% in Australia, harvest mechanization was up to 99.9%. Sugar cane harvest mainly adopted cutting sections, the sections were transported with large trailer, heavy duty truck and train to sugar mill. Plant protection used plane to spray pesticides and herbicides, irrigation with large sprinkler. 4 Development tendency of agricultural mechanization 4.1 Precision agriculture Precision agriculture was a new trend in agricultural development in the world, and a set of modern farming technology and operation management system supported by information technology and based on spatial variation. Its basic meaning was according to the soil characteristics of crop growth, adjusted input to crops, that on the one hand, the soil properties of field inside and spatial variation of productivity was found, on the other hand, production targets of crops was determined, transferred soil productivity, achieved the same or higher revenue with minimal or the most saving investment, and improved environment, used all kinds of agricultural resources efficiently, obtained economic benefits and environmental benefits. Precision agriculture technology was considered to be the forefront of agricultural science and technology development in the 21st century, one of the modern agricultural production and management technology with the highest content of science and technology, the strongest integrated comprehensiveness. Its practical application and rapid development, will make human fully tap the biggest production potential of farmland, rationally utilize of water resources, reduce environment pollution, greatly improve the yield and quality of agricultural products. 4.2 Agricultural robot After entering the 21st century, the new type of multi-functional agricultural machinery will be increasingly widely used, intelligent robot will complete all kinds of farm work instead manual more and more in the wide field, the second agricultural revolution will be further development. The progress of intelligence and automation technology, laid a solid theoretical foundation for agricultural robot development applied to unstructured environment, such as cultivation robot, grafting robot, pesticide spraying robot, melon and fruit picking robot and greenhouse management robot emerged in recent years, were the result of modern high-tech comprehensively used and developed in agriculture. The use of agricultural robot could improve labor productivity, solve the shortage of labor force, improve agricultural production environment, prevent the harm of pesticide, fertilizer to human body, and improve the quality of work. Agricultural robot could better adapt to the new development of biotechnology compared with traditional agricultural machinery. The emergence of agricultural robots, could change the traditional mode of labor, improve the working status of peasants.

4 26 Research on Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering and Material Engineering 4.3Automatic control technology Automatic control technology was applied in the agricultural machinery, but the level of automatic control still need to be further improved. Electronic, microelectronic technology and communication technology would be combined, modern approach of automated monitoring management be used, automatic control of precision agriculture technology system be developed. At the same time, computer vision was one of the hot research aspect in current agricultural engineering fields as a kind of intelligent technology. In addition, with the further improvement of production automation, agricultural automation would be further integrated with precision agriculture and other emerging technologies such as GPS, a large and intelligent control system of agricultural production would be formed. With the development of sensors, remote sensing technology, gradual maturity of robots technology, rapid development of computer and electronic technology, agricultural machinery would develop to a high-degree intelligentialize. 5 Conclusions The agricultural mechanization possessed very significant effect on agricultural production. It was the most basic, most prominent symbol of modern agriculture, and the necessary way to realize agricultural modernization. Therefore, the investment to agricultural mechanization in our country should be increased based on our country actual situation and foreign development experience, the level of agricultural mechanization should be gradually improved and the development of precision agriculture, agricultural robots, intelligent agriculture should be vigorously promoted.these will lay a good material and technical basis for fully realize mechanization and achieve the world advanced level as soon as possible. References [1] Yu Lifeng, Xiao Xinmei, Lan Haijun, Present status and development tendency of agricultural mechanization at home and abroad, Journal of Hubei Agricultural Mechanization, 2007(5), p [2] Shen Chengjun, Han Xiuhai, Yu Lei, Status Quo and Development Trend of Rice Planting Mechanization Technology at Home and Abroad, Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research, Vol.32(12) (2010), p [3] He Baojun, Enlightenment of Foreign Agricultural Mechanization Development Situation to Our Country, Journal of Commercial Economy, 2012(2), p [4] Han Xiuhai,Wang Tao,Hou Guoqiang,Research on the Rice Seedlings and Planting Mechanization Technology, Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research, Vol.31(11), 2009,p [5] Yang Hongwei, Research and Application of Intelligent Consultation and Diagnosis Platform with Intelligent Materials for Rice Pests and Diseases, Advanced Materials Research,V644, P.8-11, 2013, Advanced Research on Intelligent System and Mechanical Engineering. [6] Cao Xingqi, Research on the Development in Overseas Agricultural Mechanization, Agricultural Science & Technology and Equipment, 2012(2), P [7] Xiao Huru, Liang Jian, Wu Chongyou, Present Status and Development Tendency of Agricultural Mechanization of Philippines, Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Vol.33(6), 2007, p.8-9.

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