RIJS Volume 2, Issue 8 (Aug 2013) ISSN: A Journal of Radix International Educational and. Research Consortium RIJS

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1 A Journal of Radix International Educational and Research Consortium RIJS RADIX INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN SOCIAL SCIENCE UNIVERSAL VERSUS TARGETED PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM IN INDIA A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON TAMIL NADU AND KARNATAKA STATES Mahendran A Assistant Professor in Economics TKM-Institute of Management Kollam, Kerala University. Kerala. India ABSTRACT Till 1997 the PDS in India had Universal coverage in all the states. The Universal PDS was institutionalised in the 1960s and its major objectives, achievements, with all problems of leakage and inadequate coverage, block markets etc. But the universal coverage is successful in brining a large section of our population under a food security net. Know some states are follow this system because poorness and malnourished population in the states. After 1997 introduced Targeted PDS System, It means Below Poverty Line families (BPL), and above poverty line families (APL) with different economic cost. According to (NSSO report) the purchase of the major food items from Targeted PDS in the total quantity was higher in urban areas compared to rural areas. It is policy is failed to rural areas or it s not reachable to poor peoples. Another way TPDS involves private and social costs are very high and administrative cost also very huge. Some Economist say s targeted method is Targeted to Poor People with less cost, without leakages, welfare schemes are good in targeted poor people. But some Social Scientist say s Universal System is Food for All and Poor Friendly with less administrative cost and lot of welfare schemes to all people. But this research papers focus on which system is good for poor people universal or targeted PDS. This study analysis the two different states selected, one is Tamil Nadu and second is Karnataka. It was Tamil Nadu followed the Universal system and Karnataka followed Targeted system. This study finds out the best system of most effective and attractive to poor population in rural India. KeyWords: Universal, Targeted, Effective, Poorness, PDS, Rural, India. 1 P a g e

2 INTRODUCTION In India was relatively a developed country in early 18 th century slipped alone the slope, and rebounded to acquire the status of developing and now an emerging economy. India has only world s 2.5 percent of land surface area but over 17 percent of population. The impact of green revolution certainly catapulted from net importer to a net exporter around (4 to5percent of cereals) the production by And production wheat (80.58mt) and rice (99.14mt) in it was very high production of food grains in India. But food distribution system is very poor because India is failing its rural poorness with 230 million people being under nourished the highest for any country in world. Malnutrition accounts for nearly 50 percent of child deaths as every third adult aged 15to49 is reported to less than 18.5 percent. According to (BMI) report on the states of food insecurity in rural India more than 1.5 million children are at risk of becoming malnourished because of rising global food prices. In India is 94 th rank in global hunger index, because the proportion of anaemic children has actually increased by 6 percent in the past six years with 11 out of 19 states have more than 80 percent of its children suffering from anaemia and more increasing in Assam, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Haryana. The ambitious Targeted system was failing apart from to serve the intended goal of reduction of food subsidies, also led to greater food insecurity for large sections of the poor and the near -poor. But these targeting errors arise due to imperfect information, inexact measurement of household characteristics, corruption and inefficiency. A study suggested by Reetika Khera recently opined There has been a 10 to 15 percent impressive revival in the Targeted PDS across the country. But this government has received 121 complaints against irregularities in supply of food grains through ration shops till lost year 2012, including diversion, leakages of food grains, prevalence of bogus and ineligible ration cards, corruption, not reached ration products for poor people, and products are not available in ration shops, etc in some region and states in the country. Union Minister for Food and PDS said at a press conference on (10 th Friday2012 the Hindu) Kerala has universal PDS they stand to lose their allocation, not successive in the system and unhappy of universal PDS likewise, West Bengal, Jammu & Kashmir and Tamil Nadu. Important objectives of universal and targeted PDS in the states and central are considering the food for all and poor friendly and targeted to BPL and EBPL families. But the goals are same but directions of distribution are different based on price, quantity, quality, allotments of food grains, different schemes, cost of PDS allotments, and administrative problems etc., this is lot of confusion to poor people and state government. Even cost of targeted is very high to compare the universal PDS and universal system introduced free of rice is burden of state government in Tamil Nadu. But this study identifies which system more effective and attractive for poor people and favourable distribution system in India. 2 P a g e

3 REVIEW OF LITERATURE Numbers of studies have been done on PDS in India. Important studies are presented here. Anu Rammohan, Bill Pritchard, and Madhushree sekher (2012) despite making significant economic progress, food insecurity, and malnutrition present key policy challenges in India. In this paper empirically analysis on determinates of food security in rural India. Based on primary data are collected from 800 randomly selected rural households from 8 strategically selected border districts across 8 Indian states. This study used on Ordered Probit Regression model to examine the probability of a households falling in to one of the following categories: i) chronic food insecurity, ii) mildly food insecure and iii) food secure. Then analysis food security and insecurity as a function of the households socio-economic and demographic characterises it access to social safety nets such as the PDS and MEREGS and the extent to which they rely on these social safety nets to meet their food requirements. It making significant economic progress, food insecurity levels remain high in India. Radha Krishna and K Subba Rao, the authors of the World Bank study 1977 the PDS be targeted to the very poor. As the report puts it, if becomes necessary to distinguish between the very poor and the moderately poor and improve efficiency of PDS transforming food to the ultra-poor. The very poor are those households that have expenditure less than three-fourths of the official poverty line level of expenditure. The moderately poor are the remaining households with expenditures below the poverty line. In short, an extremely narrow form of targeting is being propagated, not just targeting to these below the official poverty line, a very low absolute level of expenditure, but to groups within the poor. National Institute of Rural Developments (NIRD) study on leakages in Targeted PDS (2003) found that not drawing and partial drawing of quota was substantially contributed for leakages and lot of problems of suffering of poor peoples. This study covered only a secondary data and rural studies. And number of studies has been conducted on PDS in India. At first time comparative study on two systems in India. PDS in India In India Public Distribution System (PDS) was introduced during the Second World War to address food security concerns in the face of scarcity, with the intention of maintaining price stability and checking dishonest practices in private trade. The scheme was initially heavily dependent on imported food. In the 1960s the coverage of the PDS was expanded owing to a food crisis. The Green Revolution, coupled with favourable weather, led to the growth of comfortable buffer stocks in the 1980s, through the procurement operation of the Food Corporation of India (FCI), which in turn expanded the volume of food grain provided through the PDS. But this system based on various systemic problems and has faced increasing criticism since 1991 for example operational cost, market distortion, urban bias neglecting rural sector, and corruption, illegal sales, creation of false cards and the use of facilities by better-off households. 3 P a g e

4 To tackle these problems, in 1992 the government introduced a Revamped Public Distribution System (RPDS) to reach poorer households with more varieties and quantities of foodstuff at cheaper prices. But this system based on some negative problems. In June 1997, a Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS) was introduced. Special cards were issued to BPL families who were provided with subsidized food grains. Even this system the government has received 121 complaints against irregularities in supply of food grains through ration shops till this year as against 144 in regarding the implementation of the TPDS, including diversion and leakages of food grains, prevalence of bogus and ineligible ration cards etc,. The Targeted PDS was further liberalized in December 2000, and was renamed as Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) scheme. Under this scheme the poor was further classified as the Poorest among the Poor and other living BPL. Objectives of this Study The Objectives of the Present Study are 1) To Study the Socio-Economic conditions of under the Universal & Targeted PDS in selected states. 2) To Study find out the more benefits in Universal or Targeted PDS in selected states. 3) To Study about the problems of Universal or Targeted PDS in selected states. 4) To Study suggested to best system of PDS in India. Data Collection and Tools A pre-tested interview schedule covering all aspects of Universal and Targeted PDS was selected rural districts in two states. And group discussion about the PDS in rural areas. Methodology and Sampling Present study is empirical nature and will be studied using primary data and secondary data. Survey method was followed for this study. Because following multi-stage random sampling one rural district selected in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. These are two rural districts (Ramanagara and Ariyalur), blocks, villages, households collected to primary data (around the 400 respondents (each 200). Secondary data collected to cost and finance statements in government published reports. Socio Economic Condition in Selected States PDS in Tamil Nadu The Government of Tamil Nadu is implementing PDS since the year The scheme Village Shop Programme was introduced by the State with the intention to have one shop for one village in order to feed essential articles to rural public. Subsequently the scheme was converted into UPDS with the intention of providing essential commodities to the public both in rural and urban areas at concession rate. Since the introduction of TPDS from the universal PDS is in operation in Tamil Nadu with the Antyodaya Anna Yojana and the expanded Annapoorna schemes and Old age pension etc. Under the universal PDS there is no discrimination of families on APL and BPL lines based on income. 4 P a g e

5 PDS in Karnataka The Targeted Public Distribution System has been implemented in the State from on the direction of the Government of India. The main objective of this system is to ensure food security by ensuring minimum supply of food grains to the population below poverty line. For this purpose, households belonging to vulnerable sections of the society and living below poverty line in the rural areas and in urban areas have been identified. These families are being supplied food grains at subsidized prices. Even some other special programmes like Food for Work, Sampoorna Grameena Rozgar Yojana (SGRY) and Mid-day Meals scheme for School children Akshara Dasoha Scheme etc. PDS Network in Tamil Nadu The unique feature of PDS in Tamil Nadu Civil Supplies Corporation, Cooperatives and women SHGs govern the entire network. No private dealer is allowed to run FPS. Also, the Government guidelines show that no family cardholder is to travel more than 2 kms to reach FPS. Further, Cooperatives have been given an important role in the implementation in Universal system. For example, as on , there were 1370(full and part time) FPS in TNCSC, and co-operatives (full and part time including mobile shops) and women FPS is 581 (full and part time) and other 141 shops run in the people in remote hilly area functioning in the state. This shows that majority of the FPS are run by cooperatives. The total family cards under the Universal PDS in Tamil Nadu are 1.97 crores as on PDS Network in Karnataka The Karnataka Essential Commodities Targeted PDS control order 1992 to authorisation to KFCSC, cooperative societies, registered associations and individual to run fair price depots and to regulate the functioning of these fair price shops to core of Targeted PDS with responsibility of distributing food grains to the ration cardholders attached to the respective fair price depots. number of wholesale shops 187, total number of retail shops 194 and covered 30 districts. KFCSC Limited plays it role as market stabiliser by purchasing paddy and other coarse grains form the growers under the Minimum Support Price Operations (MSPO). It has been selling edible oil, spices and other articles of daily consumptions through its retail outlets. ration card circulation is AAY 12,23,946, APL 35,91,366 and BPL is 87,02,917 overall total 1,34,08,229 current actively circulation. 5 P a g e

6 PRICES AND COMMODITY HANDLED IN UNIVERSAL PDS IN TAMIL NADU Name of Commodity Price Per(kg/litre) Rice Free of Cost(as per announcement (w.e.f ) Scale of Supply 4 kgs per adult and 2kgs per child(12 years of age and below) per month, subject to a minimum of 12 kgs and maximum of 20 kgs., per month per card except the Nilgiris district, for this districts minimum of 16 kgs and maximum of 24 kgs per card. Under AAY 35 kg per family. Sugar Rs per Kg 500 grams per head per month subject to a maximum of 2kgs per month. Additional 3 kgs are supplied to sugar option card holders in lieu of rice. Wheat Rs kgs per card month in Chennai city and district headquarters and 5 kgs per card per month in other areas. Kerosene Rs to per litre Ranges from 3-15 litres per card depending upon the location and possession of LPG Cylinders. Source: Commissioner of Civil Supplies and Consumer Protection Department Tamil Nadu. Above the table present price of the commodities in universal PDS in Tamil Nadu.This is simple and unit level. PRICES AND COMMODITY HANDLED IN TARGETED PDS IN KARNATAKA Name of Commodity Price per(kg) Scale of Supply (kg) APL Rice Rs BPL Rice Rs EBPL Rice Rs APL Wheat Rs BPL Wheat Rs EBPL Wheat Rs Sugar(APL&BPL) Rs AAY Rice AAY Wheat Sources: KFCSC Limited Bangalore. The food grains are distributed at different rates to as per the categorization of schemes as given above the table. The Corporation also have 4 Petrol and Diesel Bunks, 8 LPG and 2 Auto Gas outlets in Karnataka. The Corporation is distributing Kerosene in 9 places as a wholesale nominee in rural and urban areas. 6 P a g e

7 Universal & Targeted PDS Consumption According to NSSO reports Tamil Nadu has highest rank in terms of both incidence of universal PDS use and share of consumption. Universal PDS purchase of rice was highest for Tamil Nadu is 91percent of households, followed by Targeted system is Andhra Pradesh 84 percent, Karnataka 75 percent, Chhattisgarh 67 percent, Kerala and Odisha 51 and 55percent and Maharashtra 47 percent in rural pockets. In urban sector again universal PDS was highest for Tamil Nadu 67 percent households, followed by Andhra Pradesh and Kerala about 43 percent, Chhattisgarh 35 percent, and Karnataka 25 percent. Interestingly in all four southern states lees than 10 percent of rice consumption in the rural sector was home produced. The Tamil Nadu ration of unit values market unit costs to universal unit cost was 19.7 in the rural sector and 25.6 in the urban sector. Similarly the share of universal PDS in wheat consumption in was about 14.6pc in the rural sector, double it was in (7.3pc) and about 9 pc in urban sector, compared to only 3.8 pc in Even sugar purchases for 14.7 pc in compared to 9.6 in in rural sector, and for 10.3 pc compared to 9.6 pc in urban sectors. The rural incidence of Targeted PDS consumption of wheat is below in all-india average. Socio Economic Status in Selected Districts Ramanagara District Ramanagara is one of the rural agricultural districts in Karnataka. area 3573 sq km and district total population is 10, 82,739 and male is 5, 48,060 and female is 5, 34,679 as on 2011 census. There was increase 5.06 percent in the population compared to as per 2001 census of India. The density of 2011 census is 303 per sq.km. Average literacy rate is compared to of 2001census and gender wise male and female literacy is and respectively for 2011 census and average sex ratio at 976 per 1000 male figure in this district. Overall district population is rural areas percent and percent in urban areas. ration cards AAY 18,918, APL 54,153, BPL 2,15,496 and total is 2,88,567 actively circulation. Ariyalur District Ariyalur is one of rural industrial district in Tamil Nadu. area 1944km and total population is 7, 52,481. Gender wise male is 3, 73,319 and female is 3, 79,162. rural population is 6, 68,776 and urban is 83,705 and total density of population 387 sq km. literacy rate is 64.1 percent in 2001 census and 72 percent increased 2011 census. Male is 82 percent and female is 62.2 percent and gap of gender literacy 19.8percent. ration cards circulation is 2, 16,137, rice cards 1,80,520, AAY 34,251, ANP 995, Old Age Pension 10,978, Police cards 430,Sugar cards 1345, and No ration card families 20. fair price shops like TNCSC (2), Co-operatives 417(full and part time) short run SHGs (3) SHGs (2) overall 424 (258 full time and 166 part time). 7 P a g e

8 BENEFITS OF UNIVERSAL OR TARGETED PDS IN ARIYALUR AND RAMANAGARA DISTRICTS TABLE 01: DISTRICTS * QUALITY PRODUCTS IN PDS CROSS TABULATION Quality Products in PDS Strongly Strongly Agree Agree Not sure Disagree Disagree Districts Ramanagara in Karnataka (56) Ariyalur in Tamil Nadu (65.8) This study first finds the quality of products like rice, wheat, and others distributed ration shops. Its poor quality in Ramanagara districts and people are 56 percent disagreeing with ration products. Ariyalur districts around 66 percent are agree with ration products. This is quality is not good in Targeted PDS in selected district. TABLE 02: DISTRICTS * SATISFACTION OF RURAL PEOPLE CROSS TABULATION Satisfaction of Rural People Strongly Agree Agree Not Sure Disagree Strongly Disagree Districts Ramanagara in Karnataka (61.5) Ariyalur in Tamil Nadu (63.9) This study find of the customer satisfaction on poor people in rural areas, like in ariyalure district people is highly satisfied to compare the ramanagara district; it is 61.5 percent disagree of satisfaction in ration products and around 64 percent satisfaction of ration products in rural people in ariyalur. This is one of the important factors of customer dissatisfaction in targeted PDS. 8 P a g e

9 TABLE 03: DISTRICTS * WELFARE SCHEMES CROSS TABULATION Welfare Schemes of PDS Strongly Agree Agree Not Sure Disagree Strongly Disagree Districts Ramanagara in Karnataka (37.5) Ariyalur in Tamil Nadu 145(70.7) Next find out the compare to the welfare schemes in universal and targeted PDS in selected states to strongly agree to reach the poor people it value is 70.7 percent in Tamil Nadu but disagree in 37.5 percent in Karnataka states because lot of leakages in rural distribution system in targeted PDS. TABLE 04: DISTRICTS * PRICES OF PDS PRODUCTS CROSS TABULATION Prices of PDS Products Strongly Agree Agree Not sure Disagree Strongly Disagree Districts Ramanagara in Karnataka (64) Ariyalur in Tamil Nadu 197(96) But this study one of the important factors is prices. Prices are agreed in two selected states, it s suitable to poor people in rural areas. The Ariyalur side 96 percent are strongly agree, this is free of rice distribute in Tamil Nadu. This is really indentifying poor people living in rural areas for example is successive to universal system in Tamil Nadu. PROBLEMS IN UNIVERSAL AND TARGETED PDS IN SELECTED DISTRICTS TABLE 05: DISTRICTS *RATION PRODUCT ARE AVAILABLE CROSS TABULATION Ration Product are Available Strongly Agree Agree Not sure Disagree Strongly Disagree 9 P a g e

10 Districts Ramanagara in Karnataka (41) 200 Ariyalur in Tamil Nadu (58) Universal and Targeted PDS its important role of food grain products are available in ration shops, Ramanagara district it s not available in food grains products at 41 percent. This is inefficiency of targeted PDS in rural areas. But Ariyalur districts any time (working time) available ration products in 58 percent. TABLE 06 : DISTRICTS * PER DAY EATING CAPACITY OF POOR PEOPLE IN RURAL AREAS CROSS TABULATION Eating Capacity Onetime Two Time Three time No food Districts Ramanagara in Karnataka (10) 200 Ariyalur in Tamil Nadu 19(9.2) (49) This is one of the main problems in Targeted PDS in Karnataka State Because 10 percent of rural people without food for a day. Its main reasons is no employment in rural, no wages, if money is there not open PDS shops, price of products are high in open market, etc. But same opposite side three time eating in rural poor people 49 percent it s valuable to universal system, and there is no hunger people in rural areas and at least one time eating is 9.2 percent its very low percent in rural poor people. TABLE 07: PROBLEMS IN UNIVERSAL OR TARGETED PDS IN SELECTED DISTRICTS Problems Ramanagara % Ariyalure % Corruption 28 (14) 22 (11) Leakage 62 (31) 17 (8.2) No vigilance committee 42 (21) 25 (12) Not Reachable welfare scheme 39 (19.5) 16 (7.8) Employee or not good 22 (11) 26 (12.6) Other Problems 7 (3.5) --- No Problems in PDS (48.2) P a g e

11 In general problems identify in this study based on Ramanagar districts 14 percent of corruption in PDS shops, 31 percent of leakages in targeted PDS in selected study areas, 21 percent of no vigilance committee for checking in FPS in particular rural areas, 19.5 percent of not reachable in welfare schemes and other products, and highly opinion the 72.5 percent ration shops are not open in rural areas, if shops open there is no food grains (Group Discussion). These are problems in Targeted PDS and this is reason of increasing the rural hunger in India. Even Universal PDS some problems are there but 48.2 percent say s there are no problems in universal system. THIS STUDY COVERED GENERAL CONCEPTS IN BOTH SELECTED DISTRICTS TABLE 08: DISTRICTS * OCCUPATION CROSS TABULATION Occupation Agricultural Industrial Government Labour Labour Daily wages sectors Districts Ramanagara in Karnataka 142(71) Ariyalur in Tamil Nadu (49.9) Sources: Primary Data Collected a Month of April 2103 This study covered all the labours in rural areas, it based on agricultural labour is 71 percent high in Ramanagara districts it basically agricultural rural district. Ariyalur is rural industrial district based on cement and small scale industries. Around 50 percent of households highly covered in industrial labour in this study. TABLE 09: DISTRICTS * CASTE CROSS TABULATION Caste SC ST OBC General Districts Ramanagara in Karnataka 35(17.5) 78(39) 68(34) 19(9.5) 200 Ariyalur in Tamil Nadu 44(21.4) 69(33) 65(31) 27(13) This study covered all the caste but high in ST categories (39 and 33 percent) second is (34 and 31 percent) OBC, and third is 17.5 and 21.4 percent) SC and fourth is 9.5 and 13 percent in General people. 11 P a g e

12 TABLE 10: DISTRICTS * GENDER CROSS TABULATION Male Gender Female Districts Ramanagara in Karnataka (59.9) 200 Ariyalur in Tamil Nadu (52.6) Sources: Primary Data collected a Month of April This studies most of women respondents covered in rural areas. Because most of the women are house maker and Ramanagara people is 59.9 percent and 52.6 percent in Ariyalur districts. TABLE 11: DISTRICTS * EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION CROSS TABULATION Rural Educational Qualification SSLC HSC or PUC Degree Pg and others Districts Ramanagara in Karnataka (64.5) 45(22.5) Ariyalur in Tamil Nadu 7 98(48.5) 89(43.4) Sources: Primary Data collected a Month of April This study also covered highly educated people suggested the problems and benefits and future improve the PDS strategies. The rural education is huge increased it is PUC and HSC level (64.5 and 48.5percent) and second is degree holder in rural areas 22.5 and 43.4 percent in selected rural areas. This is most weighted in these research areas because all respondents are highly educated peoples. And group discussion on family statues the 4 percent covered APL families, 68.5 percent covered in BPL families and 19.5 percent covered in AAY families in Ramanagara districts. Ariyalur is universal system there is no dichotomy between urban and rural population 83.9 percent covered in this study and other 16 percent are like police and old age pension cards covered. TABLE 12: FOOD GRAINS ALLOTMENT IN KFCSC QUANTITY IN QUINTALS Allotment of Family Cards Rice Wheat Sugar APL Nil BPL Nil EBPL Nil 12 P a g e

13 AAY Nil All Cards Sources: KFCSC Reports Average month of Quantity in January, February, and March 2013 Above the table said that allotment of food grains in Karnataka states. The allotment of food grains is high in BPL families. And additional tons of food grains released to in this states like 60,000 tons (rice and wheat are each 30 tons) for distribution among BPL families (Jun chitradurga the Hindu Bangalore Edition). In this study find out the around 10 percent people is not food for a day. This study finds out still lot of food insecurity in rural districts in the state. In this problem is administrative weak in Targeted PDS. In Tamil Nadu food grains allotments 2.96 lakh metric tonnes per month, (rural and urban) but the system is successive and satisfaction of poor people. This is administrative strategies is really excellent support of TNCSC and other co-operatives. Financial statements in Universal & Targeted PDS The Targeted PDS in KSFCSC has grown over steadily and has been a successful venture and making profits from its operations. For the financial year 1994 to 2012 is net profit of targeted PDS is 1.31 to percent increased profit levels. This is government revenue of Targeted PDS in the State. This profit is covered food grain purchased from FCI and private trader and sale for KSFCSC fair price shops in rural and urban areas. But the Tamil Nadu government it s not a profit oriented, but consider the poorness, malnutrition, poor child health, problems of women health, and lot of health problems in rural and urban areas. In this system supply of food grains is affordable prices and free of cost in rice. But in this state may be have some cost of burden to allotment of food grains in financial years. Simple and Effective Universal PDS Forty six per cent of the country s children are malnourished while 35 percent of Indian adults have an abysmally low Body Mass Index (BMI) of less than 18.5, said paediatrician and social activist (Binayak Sen. Aug The Hindu). It was not the food security bill but better a food distribution system would be an effective way to address these issues. Their forms need special care and attention. This is main care about the issues of Tamil Nadu introduced a strong administrative Universal PDS. It was necessary to see that every citizen got an adequate share of food grains. A combination of political commitment, awareness and better transparency has ensured that the Universal PDS, It s works as intended, ensuring food security for all. It is not just awareness amongst people but also politics that makes the PDS perform. SMS to Universal PDS status The Tamil Nadu government has introduced a simple measure to prevent such lies. If SMS to find out the stock of any Fair Price Shop in Tamil Nadu at any point of time. All customer to send the text message PDS, district number, shop number, and will give the currently existing stock of different items for shops. This is sort can go a long way in reducing the scope for smuggling and corruption. 13 P a g e

14 Future suggestion to improve the PDS in Rural Districts Computerised ration Shops. Need more quality of Food Grains. Increased Vigilance committee to control the problems Strong Low and Act about corruption and other leakages To must and more Information Notice Boards Electronic weighting machine and Electronic label ration cards To send the PDS information on SMS or To open new Mobile Fair Price Shops in Rural areas Strong administrative board need to PDS in all states CONCLUSION Despite making economic progress, food insecurity levels remain high in rural areas particular in selected districts. This study finds out 10 percent of people without food for a day. And lot of administrative weak in Targeted PDS in Karnataka. But universal PDS is most effective and attractive in rural and urban people in Tamil Nadu. In Tamil Nadu Universal PDS is role model of all states in India. In the study suggested best system and less economic cost, strong administrative work, poor people satisfaction and food security to all, its help to Universal PDS in India. REFERENCES Anu Rammohan, Bill Pritchard and Madhushree Sekher (2012) The Determinants of Food security in Rural India working paper in TISS Mumbai. Chakravarty, Sujoy and Dand, Sejal (2006) Food insecurity in Gujarat A study of Two Rural Population EPW June 3 pp Dreze, Jean and Amartya Sen (1989) Hunger and Public Action, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Khera R (2011) Trends in Diversion of PDS grain working paper 198 Delhi School of Economics. New Delhi. M S Swaminathan Research Foundation (2008) Report on the State of Food Security in Rural India Printed by Nagaraj and company private limited. M K Jha (2009) Food Security in perspective: the significance of social action community Development Journal pp National Institute of Rural Development (2003) A study on Leakages in Targeted PDS in Rural India Hyderabad. Rajendran T, S Parasuraman and R Sunil (2010) Vidarbha Base Line Survey of Rural Livelihoods, TISS Mumbai. Radhakrishna R and K S Parikh (2002) Food and Nutrition security- India Development Report, Oxford University Press, New Delhi pp P a g e

15 Radhakrishna R and Subba Rao K (1997) The PDS be targeted to the very Poor World Bank Study. Washington DC. Sen A (1981) Poverty and Famines an Essay on Entitlements and deprivation Oxford University Press, Oxford. World Health Organisation (2005) Worldwide prevalence of Anemica 1993 to Geneva WHO. Young E (2004) Globalisation and Food Security: Novel Questions in a Novel Context progress in Development Studies, 4.1. REPORTS Statistical Hand Book of Tamil Nadu 2012 Department of commissioner of Civil Supplies and Consumer Protection 2011 Tamil Nadu Districts Hand Book of Statistics Karnataka State Statistical Report 2012 Karnataka Food and Civil Supplies Corporation (KFCSC) Annual Reports Karnataka District Statistical Report P a g e