CROPPING SYSTEMS AND FIBER SORGHUM PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT

Transcription

1 Marisol Berti, Summer School, Lignocellulosic Crops as Feedstocks for Future Biorefineries July 2014, Lisbon, Portugal CROPPING SYSTEMS AND FIBER SORGHUM PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT Marisol Berti Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA

2 Sorghum bicolor L. Moench What are we going to learn? Crop sequences Crop rotation Monoculture Polyculture Cropping system Conventional Double cropping Relay cropping Cropping systems management Intensification Conventional Temporal Spatial Yield 4F Food Feed Fiber Fuel

3 Increase Productivity 4F crops Land Breeding Deforestation Reduced biodiversity Inputs ( fossil fuels derived) Water Increased CO2 Water pollution

4 Management Choices System Goals $$$$ Energy Livestock/Crops Crop Choices and Placement Annual Perennial Crop Management High input Low input Organic or biological Equipment Natural Resources Soil Water Air

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7 Cropping Systems Crop sequence one crop following another (maize-soybean) Crop rotation planned order of crops grown in sequence year after year. (maizesoybean-maize-soybean) Monoculture: same crop every year same land Polycultures: Many crops together

8 Polycultures Crop rotation High to Low diversity Mono culture

9 Sustainable Intensification Strategies For Integrated 4F Management Conventional Intensification Temporal Intensification Spatial Intensification

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11 Conventional Intensification Conventional intensification High productivity breeding High input use High water use Multiuse of one plant (maize grain-stover) Increased spatial efficiency (GPS)

12 Temporal Intensification More than one crop per season in same unit land Cover crops Double cropping Relay cropping Lengthening the growing season Growing season about 90 to 100 days

13 Cover crops

14 Cover crops Reduce soil erosion Promote nutrient cycling N fixation Increase biodiversity Forage resources

15 Biomass yield (Mg/ha) Biomass yield after a cover crop 35,0 30,0 -Highest biomass yield sorghums -Biomass yield always higher following a legume cover crop 25,0 20,0 15,0 10,0 Oat Barley Corn Sweet sorghum Forage sorghum 5,0 0,0 Forage pea Austrian winter pea Hairy vetch Forage turnips (Pasja) Purple top turnip Forage radish (Daikon) Check Samarappuli, D., B.L. Johnson, H. Kandel, and M.T. Berti Biomass yield and nitrogen content of annual energy/forage crops preceded by cover crops. Field Crops Res. (in press)

16 Double cropping Winter annual Harvest Grain or biomass crop 16 Berti et al., Sungrant Annual Meeting, March, 2014, Minneapolis, MN

17 Camelina Relay-cropping Relay sorghum Winter annual Plant grain or biomass crop Harvest winter annual Harvest grain or biomass crop Relay soybean 17

18 Spatial intensification Cropping strips Intercropping

19 Integrating intensification systems

20 Integrated 4F production Ecosystem services 4 F production N uptake N fixation NOx reduction NO 3 retention C sequestration Erosion control Weed suppression Pollinators activity

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22 Sorghum as a model plant for energy production

23 Ideal energy crop for the Northern Great Plains High biomass yield Drought tolerant Salt tolerant Low input High N and water use efficiency C4 Photosynthesis Known by growers Dual purpose

24 Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) Originated in Africa, spread by man to India Reached western hemisphere in 18 th Century Major use by man Grain crop (human consumption) Livestock and poultry feed in USA

25 Sorghum classification 1. Grain Sometimes residue harvested 2. Forage tall forage hybrids, dual purpose 3. Sweet sweetstalk forage sorghums 4. Grass Sudangrass Sorghum sudanense and Johnsongrass Sorghum halepense 5. Fiber, Biomass, or Lignocellulosic - Energy

26 Sorghum Food Feed Forage hay or silage Grazing conversion (pyrolysis, gasification) Fuel Sweet sorghum Ethanol Lignocellulosic biomass fermentation Biomass anaerobic fermentation (biogas) Thermochemical

27 Why Interested in Reduced Basically non digested Encrusts cellulose and hemicellulose Reduced lignin increases digestibility BMR (Brown Mid-Rib) character BMR-6 and BMR-12 mutants lignin sorghum?

28 Why sorghum is an ideal plant for 4F increased productivity?

29 1. High biomass yield Highest dry matter yield crop in North Dakota >30 Mg/ha Fits well in double and relay-cropping systems

30 Forage sorghum and sudangrass variety trial 2013 Variety Type BMR Dry matter yield Mg/ha Piper SG N 27.6 Hayking SG Y 25.5 Sweething SxS N 30.2 Forage king SG Y 20.2 BMR Sweething SxS Y 33.6 S9-09 FS N 28.9 Green Dynamo SxS Y 24.0 BMR 90 Leafy FS Y 32.5 BMR AL 53 SxS Y 26.7 BMR 105 MS FS Y 30.2 Greentreat Plus SxS Y 27.3 SX-17 SxS N 32.7 Greentreat 128 FS Y 22.6 FS-05 FS N 34.0 CHR-SG1 SG 32.3 CHR-FS9 FS 27.3 CHR-SS2 SxS 28.2 CHR-FS4 FS 32.0 CHR-FS3 FS 28.0 LSD (0.05) 6.3

31 2. Low input? High yield with low N and low water Forage sorghum biomass yield increases up to 185 kg N/ha Relay-cropping or legume cover crop Anfinrud, R., L. Cihacek, B.L. Johnson, Y. Ji, and M.T. Berti Sorghum and kenaf biomass yield and quality response to nitrogen fertilization in the northern Great Plains of the USA. Ind. Crops Prod. 50:

32 3. High energy efficiency Net energy (input-output) Energy efficiency GJ/ha BMR Non-BMR P value Range Energy balance: N, P, K= 118, 20, 30 kg/ha

33 4. Known by growers and dual purpose AwlM&tbnid=NuNQKs_7xsdu9M:&ved=0CAcQjB0wAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.admani.com %2FAnimal%2520Health%2FProducts%2FAnimal%2520Health%2520Pro%2520Silage%2520B uilder.htm&ei=andeusmjmrpc4aom8yhadg&psig=afqjcnhjtb079pflxoxovktopzoz1nena Q&ust= Seeding and harvesting equipment If not for bioenergy, it is an excellent summer supplemental forage for silage and hay Excellent fit in rotations

34 5. Lower ash and lignin than corn stover Glucan Xylan Lignin Ash % of dry weight BMR 33.7± ± ± ±0.1 Non-BMR 33.9± ± ± ±0.3 Corn stover 37.3± ± ± ±0.6 Forage sorghum has lower glucan, xylan, lignin, and ash content than corn stover

35 6. Good feedstock for liquid fuels and biogas

36 Limitations Lodging Lower CH 4 yield Equipment adapted to maize not sorghum Harder to grow than maize Higher risk of failure Too high ash content to use it as solid fuel Low density, high volume feedstock High transportation cost High HCN and NO 3 toxic for cattle

37 What did you learn/retain? Cropping systems Sorghum

38 Thank you for your attention and interest Marisol Berti Associate professor Dep. of Plant Sciences, NDSU Dept Fargo, ND Phone (701) , Fax (701)