CHAPTER-III AGRO-INDUSTRIES CORPORATIONS OF ORISSA AND MAHARASHTRA - A PROFILE STUDY

Transcription

1 CHAPTER-III AGRO-INDUSTRIES CORPORATIONS OF ORISSA AND MAHARASHTRA - A PROFILE STUDY

2 CHAPTER III AGRO-INDUSTRIES CORPORATIONS OF ORISSA AND MAHARASHTRA - A PROFILE STUDY 3.1 INTRODUCTION 3.2 ESTABLISHMENT OF OAIC 3.3 BASIC OBJECTIVES OF OAIC 3.4 GROWTH OF THE CORPORATION 3.5 ACTIVITIES OF OAIC 3.6 PRESENT ACTIVITIES 3.7 ESTABLISHMENT OF MAIDC 3.8 BASIC OBJECTIVES OF MAIDC 3.9 ACTIVITIES OF MAIDC 3.10 INTER STATE COMPARISON

3 INTRODUCTION With a view to galvanizing the Green Revolution programme, the Government initiated a wide variety of projects, for increasing irrigation facilities, supply of fertilizers, hybrid-seeds, technological support and extension of services. Further, and quite significantly, to provide broad based technological services to the farmers by prompt and efficient supply of inputs including agricultural tools, implements and machinery and for extending custom hiring facilities, the Government of India took a very judicious and timely decision for the establishment of seventeen state Agro-industries corporations one in each major states of the country as a joint venture of both Central and state Government during mid sixties.1 Accordingly, steps were taken to set up such corporation in different states. 3.2 ESTABLISHMENT OF OAIC LTD. Orissa Agro-Industries Corporation was originally incorporated on , as Orissa Small Scale Industries Corporation Limited. Consequent upon the decision of the Government of India in 1968 to float seventeen Agro Industries Corporation throughout the Country, the activities of the said corporation were diversified and enlarged to cover up activities intended to be undertaken by independent Agro Industries Corporation. Thus, the erstwhile Orissa Small Industries Corporation Limited was renamed as Orissa Agro Small Industries Corporation Limited, during Subsequently, the activities relating to agricultural aspect got separated from small industries activities and corporation was again renamed as Orissa Agro Industries Corporation Ltd., in April Annual Report of MAIDC Ltd.

4 BASIC OBJECTIVES OF OAIC LTD. The aims and objectives as laid down in the Memorandum and Articles of Association of the OAIC are as follows : i) To aid, assist, promote, develop and manufacture agricultural implements, agricultural machinery and other equipments, required for fisheries, poultry, sheep, cattle and diary development in Orissa. ii) To aid, counsel, assist, finance, protect and promote the interest of Agro industries and its connected activities etc., in Orissa; whether owned or run by Government statutory body, company, firm or individual and to provide them with capital, credit, material resources and technical managerial assistance enabling them to develop and improve their methods of manufacture, management, marketing and their technique of production. iii) To promote, establish, execute and operate projects and scheme relating to industries based on agriculture, horticulture, sericulture, forestry, fruits, flower, herbs and roots, farming and gardening, fishery, dairy, poultry, cattle breeding and other such work, operations and culture capable of producing goods, materials, things and substances which are and as may be used as food (whether principal, supplementary or subsidiary) for human beings or as other essential of life for them and to own, establish, purchase, take on lease or hire or otherwise acquire, run, manage, finance, superintend, control such industries, enterprises and business.

5 GROWTH OF THE CORPORATION Orissa Agro Industries Corporation was incorporated with a view to bringing in a change in the agriculture status of the state by introducing mechanized cultivation and promoting Agro Industries, but it started as a small organization only having three contact points with farmers one each at Cuttack, Berhampur and Sambalpur. Prior to , the Agro Wing of Agro and Small Industries Corporation confined its activities to import and sale of tractors, tractor drawn implements and spare parts of imported tractors. It was hiring out tractors to farmers only at Cuttack, other activities have been gradually undertaken by the Corporation in subsequent years. 3.5 ACTIVITIES OF OAIC LTD. The Corporation has undertaken a number of activities since its inception to till date, whose year-wise data will clear the same, which has been stated below: Year Activities (a) Hiring of Bulldozers. (b) Sale of Plant Protection equipments under Government Subsidy Schemes (a) Establishment of Cattle and Poultry Feed Factory at Berhampur. (a) Supply and installation of Electric Pump-sets to farmers. (a) Cattle and Poultry Feed Plant at Bhubaneswar. (b) Land Reclamation on contract basis. (c) Supply of Diesel Pump-sets.

6 37 (d) Sale of Agricultural Implements and Storage Bins. (e) Dairy Development Scheme (Cuttack Milk Union Scheme handed over to the Corporation by Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Services Department). This scheme has been handed over to OMFED in the year (a) Installation and energisation of Shallow Tube wells. (a) Cross Breeding and Social Forestry Scheme. This scheme was implemented as per orders of Government of Orissa, but the scheme was closed in the year (a) Supply of Fertilizer with a view to utilizing the essential commodities allocation to the State. (a) Supply of Pesticides. (a) Manufacture of Agricultural implements at Sambalpur in the IADP Workshop, transferred to the Corporation by the Agriculture and Cooperative Department. (a) Installation of Sprinkler Irrigation Project. (a) Execution of Small River Lift Projects. (b) Establishment of Agricultural Implements Production Unit at Khapuria, Cuttack. (c) Expansion and Modernization of Cattle and Poultry Feed Unit at Maheswar, Bhubaneswar (a) Palmrosa Oil Extraction Unit at Phulbani. (a) Establishment of Implement Factory at Bhogarai in Balasore district. (b) Rhizobium Production Plant at Bhubaneswar (a) Fruit Processing Unit at Chathikana. (b) Mushroom Spawn Unit at Sambalpur.

7 38 Initially the Corporation had only three contact points with farmers in addition to its head office. Today the Corporation has thirteen district offices, thirty branch offices, two custom hiring units, and three implement production units. Two Cattle and Poultry Feed Factories, one Rhizobium Production Factory and one hundred and twenty Sales Centres. In addition to this the Corporation can operate about two hundred and fifty Mobile Sale Centres for sale of fertilizers during the period in which fertilizers is demanded by the farmers. This Corporation is also rendering the most needed services to the farmers and is one of the most useful agencies of the state engaged in development of agriculture. The activities of the Corporation has grown more or less steadily but has made a leap forward in the year PRESENT ACTIVITIES The activities of the Corporation are grouped into the following five categories taking into account their operational scenario at present. A. Supply of Agro Input to the Farmers Particularly in Remote Areas of the State The Corporation procures fertilizers under ECA allocation and arranges to supply the same in different parts of the state through a network of dealers and also through its own sales outlets. During peak season, mobile sales are also made to different villages with the help of mobile vehicle. The Corporation also supplies pesticides bio-fertilizers to the farmers. B. Supply of All Kinds of Agro-Machineries and Implements The Corporation is an authorized dealer for HMT and Mahindra Tractors, Kobuta, Mitsubishi and Universal Power Tillers and Vikrant Tyres. The

8 39 Corporation procures these machineries and materials from the manufacturer and supply to the customers in the state at different locations. This Corporation also procures other agricultural equipments, sprayer, duster, thresher etc. and supplies them to the farmers. This corporation also hires out agricultural machinery like tractors and bulldozers to farmers as per their demand, through different district offices of the Corporation. Further, this Corporation manufactures improved agricultural implements arid storage devices. C. Installation and Energisation of Dug-wells and Shallow Tube-wells and Execution of Small River Lift Irrigation Project The Corporation undertakes installation and energisation of pump set on Dug-wells and shallow tube wells and some river lift projects on turn-key basis. The corporation helps the farmers in getting bank loan, subsidy from D.R.D.A. and electric supply through O.S.E.B. at present it is GRIDCO. D. Manufacture and Sale of Cattle and Poultry Feed The Corporation manufactures cattle and poultry feed and supplies the same to farmers through a network of dealers throughout the state. Out of two plants of this type, one is now at working condition which is at Mancheswar, Bhubaneswar. The other one has been closed down due to unavoidable circumstances. E. Promotion of Food Processing Industry in the State The Corporation has been recognized as the Nodal Agency of Government of Orissa for promoting Food Processing Industry in the state since April It has by now already submitted twelve proposals on Food Processing Industry to the Government. Five projects on Food Processing

9 40 have been established, getting financial support from the Government of India. The Corporation has also undertaken a study of the raw material resources and market-survey for establishment of different Food Processing Industry in the state. The Corporation has taken steps for establishment of following Food Processing Industries in the state as joint venture companies: {a) Orissa Mushroom Fruit and Vegetable Products Limited. (b) (c) (d) (e) Asian Agro Foods Limited. Billati Orissa Limited. Maple Agro Export and Industries Limited. Odissy Pickles Limited. F. Status and Opportunities of Agro Industries in Orissa Orissa is endowed with vast natural and human resources which can be used for further industrial development Agricultural surplus like rice, pulses, oil seeds, vegetables, spices offer vast scope for setting up of new industries in Orissa. Cheap unskilled labour force are available in the districts as more than 80 per cent of the total population of the state lives in rural areas. Similarly, skilled and trained labour are also available adequately to work and run in the new enterprise. It has been observed that, lack of entrepreneurship among technically sound and skilled person, infrastructural bottlenecks and overall lack of an industrial congenial atmosphere with active support of promotional agencies and financial institutions are the main reason for industrial backwardness. Therefore, despite its vast natural and human resources, Orissa continues to be one of the industrially backward states of the country.

10 41 Agro Industries constitute an important and crucial segment of the industrial sector. Promotion and growth of this sector has been a cardinal feature of Government policy. The sector plays a crucial role in the process of economic development in general and industrial development in particular by means of value addition, creating employment, removing regional disparities and contribution to export etc; During 1990 to 2001, the total number of Small Scale Industrial Units setup in the state is out of which 3104 are agro-based industries. This constitutes about per cent of the total number of units setup during that period. The total investment of the units is 1,11, lakhs rupees, out of which, the agro-based industries comprising 12, lakhs which is per cent of the total investment. Similarly, the employment position during the period for the state as a whole is 1,70,312 persons, out of which agro-based industries occupies 27,431 persons which is per cent of the total employment. The per unit investment is 4.14 lakhs and the employment is 8.84 persons during the period of analysis. The categorywise number of agro-based industries setup in the State during is given in the table below. From the table it is observed that Agro-produce processing units covering the major share and having 1914 units which is per cent of the total number of agro-industrial units setup during the period. The investment and employment position in this category is also having the major share of the total which is 7, lakhs (58.07 per cent) and 16,734 persons (61.00 per cent). The agro-produce manufacturing units placed in the second position with 924 units which is per cent of the total units and the share of investment and employment is 3, lakhs and 8,173 persons which is per cent and per cent respectively.

11 42 Table STATUS OF AGRO INDUSTRIES IN THE STATE bf ORISSA FROM 1990 UP TO SI.No. Category No. of Units Investment Employment 1. Agro-produce Processing ,46,691 16,734 Units (61.66) (58.07) (61.00) 2. Agro-produce Manufacturing 924 3,66,757 3,173 Units (29.77) 28.52) (29.80) 3. Agro-inputs Manufacturing 174 1,60,675 1,654 Units (5.61) (12.50) (6.03) 4. Agro Service Centres 92 11, (2.96) (0.91) (3.17) Total 3,104 12,85,804 27,431 (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) Source: Director of Industries, Onssa (Compiled from collected data). (Figures in paraontheses indicate per cent to total) The Agro-Inputs Manufacturing units which have played the role of mechanization of agriculture and increasing the productivity covers 174 units with an investment of 1, lakhs and employment of 1,654 persons. The share of this category in respect of number of units, investment and employment is 5.61 per cent, 12.5 per cent and 6.03 per cent respectively. The place of Agro-Service Centre is insignificant. It has achieved meagre to the total. This category has 92 units with an investment of lakhs and employment of 870 persons. The percentage share of this category with respect to number of units, investment and employment is 2.96 per cent, 0.91 per cent and 3.17 per cent respectively.

12 ESTABLISHMENT OF MAIDC LTD. The Maharashtra Agro-industries Development Corporation hereafter referred to as MAIDC is an undertaking of Government of Maharashtra. It is also known as KRUSHI UDYOG MAHAMANDAL in that state. It deals with the entire range of agricultural input excepting seeds. It was established on 15th December 1965 under the Companies Act of 1956, as per the guidelines issued by Government of India. But in 1968, when Government of India decided to float 17 Agro-Industries corporations one each in major states, MAIDC was included in that list and according to the policies of Central Government, the activities of MAIDC were diversified and enlarged. 3.8 BASIC OBJECTIVES OF MAIDC LTD. Maharashtra Agro-Industries Development Corporation was started with the basic objective of improving agriculture in that state. The basic objective is further sub-divided into a number of other objectives which can be stated as under. 1. To manufacture and distribute agricultural tools and implements. 2. To carry on business of manufacture/procurement and distribution of agricultural inputs like fertilizer, pesticides, agricultural implements etc. 3. To carry on business of dairy and dairy products, poultry* poultry products e.g., egg and chicken etc. and to distribute products for the development of dairy, poultry and allied trade. 4. To develop agro-processing units for carrying out processing of agricultural products, to assist such industries for the proper use of agricultural product as an input in agro-based industries and to educate the people how to preserve the processed food for future use.

13 44 5. To undertake and study the developmental work in order to modernize the traditional methods of agricultural activity and promote firm mechanization. 6. To provide agro-services required help and assistance in order to solve the problems of firm mechanization and to encourage individuals in the field of agriculture and allied industries by providing them sufficient training in various areas/aspects of agro-services. 3.9 ACTIVITIES OF MAIDC LTD. In order to achieve the above mentioned objectives, the corporation has undertaken a number of activities right from 1966 till today. The main activities include: i) Manufacture and sale of Animal Feed under the brand name SUGRAS/ MAHAAGRO". ii) iii) Manufacture and saie of NPK Fertilizer under the brand name KRUSHI l UDYOG. Formulation and Sales of Pesticides under the brand name KRUSHI UDYOG, which is manufactured by M/s. Maharashtra Insecticides Ltd., Akola, a wholly owned subsidiary company of MAIDC but marketed by MAIDC. iv) Manufacture and sale of Farm Machinery. All these activities are explained in detail as under; A. Production of Cattle Feed / Animal Feed The Corporation has established three animal feed plants in the state of Maharashtra, one at Kolhapur, another at Pune and the third unit at Yeotmal, in order to facilitate the development of poultry, dairy and other

14 45 allied activities. The unit at Kolhapur has stopped its production due to unavoidable circumstances. B. Production of Fertilizers and Pesticides Three NPK Fertilizer Plants have been established one each at Nanded, Rasayani and Pachora. It has established one Superphosphate plant at Rasayani with installed capacity of about 45,000 TPA.zOne compost plant has been established at PUNE, to manufacture organic fertilizers. In addition to this, MAIDC has undertaken the production of Rhizobium culture in one plant at Goregaon and it owns one pesticides formulation plant at AKOLA. C. Processing of Agricultural Produces The corporation has been nominated as the Nodal Agency for promoting Food Processing Industry in the state of Maharashtra since In the same year the corporation took over the NOGA Food Processing Factory at Nagpur. It has established one bottling plant at Goregaon to fulfil the demand for these processed food products in Mumbai and nearby markets. D. Distribution of Fertilizers, Pesticides, Animal Feed etc. MAIDC, has undertaken the work of distributing fertilizers, pesticides and animal feeds etc. among the farmers of Maharashtra through three different modes as mentioned below. i) By supplying these products to the Agro-Services Centre located in different parts of the state. ii) By supplying these products to the Cooperative Agricultural Societies at village level, and iii) By supplying the same directly to the ultimate consumer i.e., agriculturists. 2. Annual Report of MAIDC Ltd.

15 46 The corporation has got different types of agencies, numbering five hundred3 in all. E. Agriculture Engineering The Corporation has got two Agro-Engineering divisions one each at PUNE and PACHORA, which provide bullock drawn implements, tools and undertake development of firm equipment. The corporation assists trained personnel to establish Agro-Services Centres in different parts of the state and provides valuable farm services to the agriculturists. The corporation distributes Iron and steel sheets, galvanized sheets, angles, bars etc. to farmers for agricultural purposes. F. Other Activities i) MAI DC also exports some of its manufactured goods to foreign countries - The Corporation has a separate Import and Export division. It is recognized as an export house. It undertakes exports of NOGA Food Products, fresh vegetables, fruits, oil seeds extractions etc. ii) Nursery - The Corporation has a nursery at Karsada in Sindhudurg district of Maharashtra, where seeding of Coconut and Mangoes are grown and sold to farmers and other households at reasonable price. iii) Research and Development - The Corporation has established a Research and Development Centre for agricultural implements at Pachora. At this centre, work is being done on development of new agricultural tools and implements and carrying out improvements in the traditional implements in use to improve their operational efficiency. 3. Annual Report of MAIDC Ltd.

16 47 iv) Training Programme - Various training programmes are organized by the MA1DC to impart training to Agricultural and Engineering graduates, who are unemployed or underemployed. They are trained on various aspects of farm mechanism. After the satisfactory completion of the training, the same persons were encouraged by the corporation to establish Agro-Service Centres. Through this scheme, the Corporation encouraged entrepreneurship in the state and solved the unemployment problem to some extent. v) Collaborative Activities in Association with the State Government Programme: (a) MAIDC, is associated with the dryland farming programme by supplying requisite technology and inputs like fertilizers, agricultural implements etc. (b) It is also associated with fabrication and installation of wind mills under the National Development Programme for development of alternative energy sources. vi) Manufacture and Sales of Farm Machinery The Corporation manufactures, sells many farm machinery and implements, such as Tractors and implements, Power Tillers, Krushivators, Electric Pump sets and Krushiudyog implements. Krushiudyog agricultural implements are manufactured at Agro Engineering works, Chinchward, Pune. Krushiudyog implements includes a lot of items which are very much helpful for growing, harvesting and storing of agricultural crops. The following items includes Krushiudyog implements: (a) (b) Power Sprayers-cum-Dusters Hand Operated Plant Protection Equipments

17 48 (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) Paddy Sickles Grain Storage Bins Seed-Cum-Fertilizer Drill Sarayantra Bullock Keni '(h) Bullock Cart (i) Multi-crop Thresher vii) Processing of Fruits and Vegetables The Corporation took over the NOGA Factory at Nagpur in The capacity of the plant is 4950 MT per annum4 In addition to the commercial activities undertaken by the corporation as mentioned above, it assists the State Government in implementing various schemes. The corporation has been supplying Spinkler Irrigation System Sets under the subsidy scheme. The corporation had also supplied fertilizer required under the scheme as also Bio-fertilizer like Rhizobium and Azotobactor. Electric Pumps sets are also supplied as per directives of the Government to the small and marginal farmers. Under the Research and development activity in Agriculture, Engineering, the corporation has designed and developed ROTAVATOR. At present it is marketed under the commercial name KRUSHIVATOR. Again as a Nodal Agency of Government of Maharashtra the Corporation has set up an Orange City Food Park at Butibori in Nagpur district. Also as a nodal agency of Government of Maharashtra, the corporation would be launching a project of Flower Auction House at Goregaon in Mumbai. 4. Annual Report of MAI DC Ltd.

18 INTER STATE COMPARISON The activities of both the Corporations are almost same as their objective is to improve agriculture by supplying improved means of agriculture. Both MAI DC and OAIC are Government owned company as 51 per cent of their share are held by their respective State Governments. But more activities are undertaken by MAIDC as compared to OAIC in manufacturing sector as shown in Table 3.2. Table MANUFACTURING ACTIVITIES OF MAIDC LTD. AND OAIC LTD. SI.No. Activities No. of Units of MAIDC No. of Units of OAIC 1. Animal Feed Plant Fertilizer Plant Pesticides Formulation Plant 1 4. Agricultural Implements Plant Fruit and Vegetable Processing Plant 1 1 Total 12 7 Source: Annual Reports of MAIDC Ltd. and OAIC Ltd. ( MAIDC, has three Animal Feed Plants, out of which two plants one each at Chinchward, Pune and the other at Yeotmal are in working condition, but the unit, at Kolhapur has been closed down due to unavoidable reasons, whereas, in case of OAIC, one of the Animal Feed Plant, which is located at Berhampur has already

19 50 been closed due to unavoidable circumstances, but the one which is located at Mancheswar, Bhubaneswar is only in working condition. MAIDC manufactures the following grades of NPK Fertilizers and markets them under KRUSHI UDYOG brand name. 20:10:10 18:18:10 10:20:20 17:17:17 These Fertilizers are manufactured at following six locations : (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Rasayani, District Raigod Pachora, District Jalgaon Nanded, District Nanded Wardha, District Wardha Kolhapur, District Kolhapur Jalna, District Jalna NPK Fertilizer is very popular among the farmers of Maharashtra due to its good effect on production of agricultural products. But NPK is neither produced nor mixed in certain proprotion by purchasing them from other fertilizer manufacturing units to supply the same to the farmers of Orissa by OAIC. Instead OAIC is producing Bio-fertilizer under the brand name Rhyzobium culture in its own Factory located at Bhubaneswar. MAIDC, sales pesticides under the brand name KRUSHI UDYOG. The products coming under this brand name are COC, Malathion, Endosulfan, Dimethoate, Quinolphos, Cypermethrin, Fenevelrate, Monocrotophos, Chlorpyriphos, Dicofil, Ethion, Phorate 10G etc. These products are produced by M/s. Maharashtra Insecticides Limited, Akola, a wholly owned subsidiary company of MAIDC.

20 51 But OAIC has no such manufacturing unit, therefore, only sales the same by purchasing it from outside agencies as per Government directives. Both the Corporations have agricultural implement plants in their respective states. MAIDC is producing nine products under the brand name KRUSHl UDYOG Agricultural Implements at Agro Engineering Works, Chinchwad, Pune. But in case of OAIC, it has three Agricultural Implement Plants in three districts. One at IADP Workshop, Sambalpur, other one at Khapuria, Cuttack and the third unit at Bhogarai in Balasore district. Both the Corporations producing various types of agricultural implements to sell the same to farmers, but the turnover of MAIDC is more than the turn-over of OAIC in terms of units and value. MAIDC and OAIC has one each fruit processing unit in their state. MAIDC has one fruits and vegetables processing unit at Nagpur. This unit was taken over by MAIDC in the year The output of this unit is sold under the brand name NOGA. The capacity of this plant is 4,950 MT per annum. While the unit present in Orissa is located at Chathikana. It has not disclosed the licensed capacity, installed capacity and the actual production made during the years under study. MAIDC, in addition to NOGA fruit processing unit, has set up an Orange City Food Park at Butibori in Nagpur and launching a project of Flower Auction House at Goregaon in Mumbai, but no such Food Park or Flower Auction House do exist under OAIC. So due to extra installed capacity of various plants under MAIDC and other extra activities, this corporation is making profit conversely OAIC is incurring loss. In addition to manufacturing activity, both the state corporation are also engaged in trading activities. MAIDC sells fertilizer like Urea, DAP, MOP, SSP, etc.,

21 52 purchasing the same from Government as well as private bodies. The Corporation has a dealership of the following makes of Tractors and Power Tiller. A. TRACTORS i) Hindustan 45 HP i') HMT 18 HP Hi) Mitsubishi 18.5 HP iv) Mahindra 18.5 HP and 225 Dl B. POWER TILLERS i) Mitsubishi 8-10 HP 12 HP ii) KAMCO 8-10 HP Besides the activities undertaken by MAI DC as mentioned above, it also assists the Government of Maharashtra in implementing various schemes. The Corporation has been supplying Sprinkler Irrigation System Sets" under the subsidy scheme. The Corporation also supplies Electric Pump sets as per the directives of the Government to the small and marginal farmers. MAIDC has also set up Research and Development Activity in Agriculture Engineering at Pachora in Jalgaon District where ROTAVATOR was designed and developed and it is now marketed under commercial name KRUSHIVATOR Many trading activities are also undertaken by OAIC. This Corporation has > a dealership of the following makes of Tractors, Power tillers, Tyres etc. A. TRACTORS i) HMT ii) Mahindra

22 53 B. POWER TILLERS i) Kobuta ii) iii) Mitsubishi Universal C. TYRES i) Vikrant Tyres. This Corporation also hires out machinery like Bulldozers and other agricultural machinery to farmers as per their demand through different district offices. OAIC undertakes Energisation activity. Under this scheme it install and anergies pump sets on Dug-wells and Shallow Tube-wells. This Corporation has also taken steps for establishment of five projects on Food Processing in Orissa. All five projects have been established as Joint Venture Companies. So it is clear from the above discussion that both the Corporation are engaged in Manufacturing as well as Non-manufacturing activities (Trading) for the development of agriculture in their respective states. But the operational activities of MAIDC is vast enough in comparison to the activities of OAIC. Having discussed the activities of both the Corporations, we will now proceed to Chapter No.IV, where the analysis of different operation has been undertaken.