RICE IN MADHYA PRADESH

Transcription

1 Status Paper on Rice in Madhya Pradesh Dr. S.K. Rao Director of Farms & Head Plant Breeding & Genetics, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Jabalpur Page 1

2 I. Name of the state: Madhya Pradesh II. Introduction Madhya Pradesh literally means central province is located almost in the middle of India bordered by Gujarat on the west, Rajasthan on the northwest, Uttar Pradesh on the northeast, Chhattisgarh on the east, and Maharashtra on the south. This is the second largest state in terms of area and is thickly covered by forests which account for one third of the state s geographical area. The state is filled with all types of geographical structures including hills, plains, plateaus, rivers and forests. Madhya Pradesh is an agrarian state with about 74% population of the state depending directly or indirectly on agriculture. Agriculture and its allied services contribute 31% share in the state s economy. Madhya Pradesh is constantly improving its agricultural produce by implementing various plans and projects. The introduction of high yielding varieties of crops and utilization of various chemical fertilizers has brought a revolution in the crop production. In M.P. rice is grown in the area of about lakh ha with production of lakh tons and productivity 989 kg/ha which is far below than the average national productivity (2010 kg/ha). In Madhya Pradesh around 5000 ha is under hybrid rice particular in under irrigated production system. Rice hybrid produce about 14-18% higher grain yield include a more vigorous and extensive root system (Yang and Sung, 1988), increase growth rate during vegetative phase more efficient sink formation and greater sink size (Kabaki,1993), greater carbohydrate translocation from vegetative part to spikelets (Song et al.1990), larger leaf area index (LAI) during the grain filling period and increased spikelet number and to some extent in grain weight (Agata,1990). In recent years, farmers are growing rice hybrids in lowlands and bunded uplands under irrigated ecosystem in M.P. and Rewa division in particular consequently : the productivity of rice is shown rising trench. Page 2

3 Land use classification Unit Laky ha. S. No. Area % 1 Geographical area Forest Land not available for cultivation Other uncultivated land excluding fallow land Cultivable waste land Fallow land (current + old) Net area sown The System of Rice Intensification (SRI), developed in Madagascar over a 20-year period and synthesized in the early 1980s (Stoop et al 2002; Uphoff et al 2002), offers opportunities to researchers and farmers to expand their understanding of potentials already existing in the rice genome. The SRI methodology for raising rice production makes three main changes in irrigated rice cultivation: transplanting younger seedlings, preferably 8-14 days old before the plants enter their fourth phyllochron of growth, planting the seedlings singly rather than in clumps of 3-6 plants, and keeping the paddy soil moist but not continuously saturated during the plants' vegetative growth phase. System of rice intensification is referred as a set of practices rather than a technology based upon a number of insights in to how to create the best growing environments for rice plants as compared to other improved methods of rice cultivation under limited water resources. Page 3

4 III Rice Production scenario of India: overview In MP, total area under rice production is 1.7 million ha in which only 223 thousands ha comes under irrigated situation. Total rice production is 1710 thousand tonnes in which 1313 thousands tonnes is from rain fed and 397 thousand tonnes is from irrigated area. The productivity of total rice area in MP is 1103 kg/ha while irrigated area has 1273 kg/ha. IV. Geographical indicator a. Climate The climate of Madhya Pradesh plays an integral role in dividing the state into six distinctive parts. Madhya Pradesh enjoys a tropical climate. The summers are hot and humid and the winters are extremely pleasant. The mercury shows a steady rise from the month of March with the mean maximum temperature hovering somewhere between degree Celsius. May is possibly the hottest month. The moisture-laden clouds bring some rain and relief in June though. The monsoon brings a substantial change in the weather of Madhya Pradesh. Beginning in the end of June and extending till the end of August, the monsoon brings succor to the parched land. Madhya Pradesh records the maximum rainfall from June to September. Some rainfall is also recorded during December and January due to the low pressure build up. The end of monsoon announces the arrival of the winters. The mercury plummets sharply during the months of December and January. The average temperature can drop as low as -10 degree Celsius in northern Madhya Pradesh. Based on the climate of Madhya Pradesh, the state can be clearly classified into six physical divisions, mainly the Northern Plain, The Hilly Region of the Vindhyas, The Narmada Valley, The Malwa Plateau, The Plains of Chhattisgarh and the mountainous region of Bastar. The Northern Plains experiences extreme climatic conditions. The Hilly Region of the Vindhyas enjoys far moderate weather and is the ideal locations to set up health resorts like the Amarkantak and Panchmarhi. The Malwa Plateau also enjoys an equable climate while the plains of Chhattisgarh experience a fairly hot climate. Winters are extremely cold though. The hot and humid climate of Bastar is attributed to the rains. Page 4

5 The climate of Madhya Pradesh is characterized by a monsoon weather pattern. There are three distinct seasons - summer (March to May), winter (November to February), and the intervening rainy months of the southwest monsoon (June to September). Madhya Pradesh experiences extreme temperatures both during summer and winter. In summer, the temperature goes up to 42 degree Celsius and in winters it falls tremendously down. From March the temperature starts rising and from October the temperature starts falling. The temperature also varies from place to place in the state. The hottest place is Gwalior in summer where temperature reaches up to 42 degree Celsius while in Bhopal the temperature is close to 40 degree Celsius. The average temperature in winter hovers around 10 degree Celsius. Madhya Pradesh receives maximum rainfall from June to September. The average rainfall varies from 112cm in eastern Madhya Pradesh to cm in northern and western Madhya Pradesh. Based on its climate, Madhya Pradesh can be divided into six regions namely: The Northern Plains The Narmada Valley The plains of Chhattisgarh (Chhattisgarh is now a separate state) The Hilly Region of the Vindhyas The Malwa Plateau The mountainous region of Bastar Page 5

6 Agro Climatic Zones in Madhya Pradesh AGRO CLIMATIC ZONES 1. Chattisgarh Plain Balaghat 2. Northern Hill Region of Chattisgarh 3. Kymore Plateau Satpura Hills 4. Central Narmada Valley 5. Vindhya Plateau 6. Grid Region 7. Bundelkhand 8. Satpura Plateau 9. Malwa Plateau 10. Nimar Plains 11. Jhabua Hills 2 Soil Type: The major soil groups are Vertisols and assorted soils and silty loam to silty clay loam in texture with sub angular blocky structure and certain interogrades of mont morillonite, illite and kaolinite type of clay minerals. These soils have medium moisture retention capacity. The moisture content of soil profile at 1/3 bar and 15 bar ranges from 21.2 to 23.2 per cent and 12.4 to 13.5 per cent (on gravimetric basis) respectively. Generally, these soils have medium available water capacity about 14 cm/metre of soil profile depth. The bulk density of the soil varies from 1.36 to 1.52 g/cm 3. The clay content of the profile decreases with depth where as per cent sand and silt increased with depth. The soils are normal with ph value 7.3 and electrical conductivity varied from dsm -1 at 25 0 C. The soils are low in available nitrogen, medium in available P 2 O 5 and high in available potassium. i. Texture : Silty clay loam, Sandy clay loam, and black cotton soil; ii. AMC iii. WP iv. FC : 14 mm/ metre : 17.0 per cent (V/V) : 31.0 per cent (V/V) Page 6

7 v. Soil depth : 3 meter vi. Organic carbon : per cent Soil of Madhya Pradesh C. Rainfall ( ): (i) Daily rainfall: The daily rainfall recorded during Kharif 2009 have been presented in Table 2. The daily rainfall during the month of June was 2.4 mm and 13.4 mm with a total of 15.8 mm only for two days. The daily rainfall recorded during July ranged from 4.2 mm to 68.0 mm with a total of mm distributed over 11 rainy days. The daily rainfall recorded during August ranged from 2.4 mm to 24.0 mm with a total of 89.6 mm distributed over 9 rainy days. The daily rainfall during September varied from 8.2 mm to 95.0 mm with a total of mm distributed over 5 rainy days mm rain fall was recorded during the month of October in three rainy days. Page 7

8 In Rabi, 78.0 mm rainfall during the month of November and 9.0 mm rainfall was recorded in the month of December No rain fall was recorded in the month of January Only 6.6 mm rain fall was recorded during month of February ii) Weekly rainfall: The onset of monsoon took place on 29 June 2009 with a rainfall of 13.4 mm. The weekly rainfall recorded during monsoon (Kharif) period ranged from 7.4 mm per standard meteorological week (SMW) to mm. The minimum 7.4 mm mean weekly rainfall was recorded in 32 SMW whereas maximum mean rainfall mm was recorded in 28 SMW. A total rainfall of mm was recorded during monsoon period. iii) Monthly rainfall: The mean monthly rainfall recorded during Kharif 2009 were 15.8 mm during June, mm during July, 89.6 mm during August, mm during September, 83.2 mm during October, 78.0 mm during November and 9.0 mm rainfall was recored during December No rainfall was recorded in the month of January mm rainfall was recorded in the month of February (B) TEMPERATURE: (1) Maximum Temperature: The mean monthly maximum temperature varied from c to c. The mean monthly distribution of maximum temperature c during April, c during June, c during March, c during August 33 0 c during July c during Deptember, c during October, c during Nobember, c during February, c during December and c during January. The mean weekly maximum temperature ranged from c to c The minimum mean weekly maximum temperature was recorded on 02 SMW and maximum mean weekly maximum temperature was recorded on 25 SMW. (2) Minimum temperature: The mean monthly minimum temperature varied from c to c. Their values during June, July, August, September, October, November, December, January, February, March and April were 25.8 Page 8

9 0 c, c, c, c, c, c, c, c, c, c, and c respectively. The mean weekly minimum temperature ranged from c to c. The minimum mean weekly minimum temperature was recorded on 03 SMW and maximum mean weekly minimum temperature recorded on 24 SMW. (C) HUMIDITY: The mean monthly humidity at 0705 hrs varied from 69 % to 88%. Their values were 69% in June, 88 % in July, 82.6% in August, 85% in September, 87.2% in October, 87.2% in November, 85.1% in December, 86.6% in January, 86.1% in February, 81.8% in March and 78.1% in April. The mean weekly humidity at 0705 hrs ranged from 64.4 to 91.1%. 64.4% humidity (0705h.) recorded on 25 SMW and 91.1% humidity recorded on 28 SMW. The mean monthly humidity at 1405 hrs varied from 29.2% to 58.8%. Their values from June 29.2%, July 54%, August 50%, Sep. 54%, October 57.3, November 56.2%, December 49.1%, January 58.8%, February 54%, March 41.4% April 37%. The mean weekly humidity (1405 hrs.)ranged from 19.2% to 68.4%. 19.2% humidity recorded at 25 SMW and 68.4% humidity recorded at 40 SMW. (D) DEVIATION OF RAINFALL AND TEMPERATURE FROM NORMAL: The value has been depicted in table 5. During June 15.8 mm rains was received against normal rains of mm. In the month of July mm rains was received against the normal rains of mm. In the month of August 89.6 mm rains was received against the normal rains of mm. In the month of September mm rains was received against the normal rains of mm. In the month of October 83.2 mm rain was received against the normal rains of 31.9 mm. In the month of November against the normal rains of 9.7 mm, 78.0 mm rains was received. In the month of December 9.0 mm rains was received against the normal rains of 8.5 mm. No rains was received in the month of January against the normal rains of 24.7 mm. 6.6 mm rains was received in the month of February against the normal rains of 17.7 mm. No rains was received in the month of March against the normal rains of 10.8 mm. Page 9

10 (E) Wind speed: The daily wind speed recorded during June 2009 ranged from 1.8 km/hr to 2.3 km/hr whereas, during July, it ranged from 1.1 km/hr to 2.9 km/hr. During August, it varied from 1.3 km/hr to 2.3 km/hr. During September, it varied from 0.6 km/hr to 2.3 km/hr. During October, it varied from 0.4 km/hr to 2.5 km/hr. The mean weekly wind speed during Kharif varied from 0.3 km/hr to 3.5 km/hr The mean monthly wind speed during (Kharif) varied from 0.4 km/hr to 2.9 km/hr. Maximum mean monthly wind speed 2.9 km/hr was recorded during July whereas minimum 0.4 km/hr mean monthly wind speed was recorded during September and October (F) Sun shine hours: Daily bright sunshine hours during June 2009 varied from 0.2 hrs/day to 11.2 hrs/day, whereas during July it varied from 0.2 hr/day to 6.6 hrs/day. During August, it varied from 1.2 hr/day to 9.4 hr/day whereas this value during September ranged from 0.4 hr/day to 10.6 hrs/day. During October, it ranged from 6.0 hrs/day to 9.2 hrs/day. (G) Vapour pressure: The daily vapour pressure (0705 hrs) during June varied from 15.5 mm of mercury to 29.2 mm of mercury whereas during July, it varied from 18.8 mm of mercury to 27.7 mm of mercury. During August, it varied from 20.2 mm of mercury to 27.1 mm of mercury whereas during September, it ranged from 19.7 mm of mercury to 25.4 mm of mercury. During October, it varied from 10.6 mm of mercury to 23.3 mm of mercury The daily vapor pressure (1405 hrs) during June varied from 17.9 mm of mercury to 25.8 mm of mercury whereas during July, it ranged from 13.6 mm of mercury to During August, it varied from 15.4 mm of mercury to 22.9 mm of mercury whereas during September it varied from 14.9 mm of mercury to 26.1 mm of mercury. During October, it varied from 17.0 mm of mercury 23.6 mm of mercury Page 10

11 V Rice production scenario Area and productivity of rice in different production systems in India Production system % of the total area Productivity (t/ha) Irrigated to 3.8 Rainfed to 2.4 Extremely low (0.8 t/ha),in rainfed uplands Area, production and productivity of DSR in M.P. Area (mha) Production (mt) Productivity (kg/ha) National productivity 1913 Rice area, production & productivity in M.P Area Production Average production Division (000 ha) (t tonnes) (kg/ha) Total Irrigated Total Irrigated Total Irrigated Jabalpur Sagar Rewa Indore Ujjain Chambal Gwalior Page 11

12 Bhopal Hoshangabad M.P VI District wise rice ecosystem CROP ZONES AGRO-CLIMATIC SOIL TYPE RAINFALL DISTRICT REGIONS RANGE COVERED (m.m) 1A.Rice Zone Chhatisgarh plains Red & Yellow 1200 to 1600 Balaghat. 1B.Rice Zone Northern Hill Region of Red & Yellow medium black&medium/light 1200 to 1600 Shahdol, Anuppur, Sidhi and Parts of Mandla. 2.Wheat Rice Kymore Plateau Zone & Satpura Hills Mixedred and black soils(medium) 1000 to 1400 Rewa, Satna,Jabalpur, Panna, (Partly) Seoni and Katni Page 12

13 VII Rice production analysis in the state : Rice area and production across division in M. P. Rice area (000 ha) across divisions in Madhya Pradesh Jabalp ur (45.56%) Ujjain 3.9 (0.23% ) Sag ar (9.42% ) G w ali or 29.5 (1.73% ) I ndo re 52 (3.04%) Bho pal 62.6 (3.66% ) Rewa (36.36%) Rice Production (000 tons) across divisions of Madhya Pradesh Jabalpur (51.88%) Ujjain 2.6 (0.15%) Bhopal 64 (3.67%) Gwalior 62.8 (3.60%) Sagar (6.17%) Rewa (32.13%) Indore 41.8 (2.40%) Page 13

14 VIII Cropping system Kymore plateau and Satpura hills : Rice Wheat Rice Barley Rice Chickpea Rice lentil Rice fallow Rice fallow chickpea IX Rice growing seasons and regions : Normally rice is being grown in kharif in wet season in MP however, in Balaghat, Seoni and Anoopur districts it may also be cultivated during summer seasons.recently hybrids cultivation has tried in these areas and achieved the success with good productivity ranging from 50-70q/ha a. Season wise varieties and Hybrids : Kharif season : District wise widely prevalent Rice Varieties : District Varieties Rewa Kardhana, Shabnam,MTU 1010, US312, Sunder, Biranj, Lohandi,h Bhejari, Ganga Kaveri, Jiledar, Mansooriya, Nanhi, Samasar,,JR-75, Azan, Badalphool, Dilbaksha, Kapoorshah, Rambhog,, Sonachoor, Lonagi,Geeta, Madhuri Lochai, Bhantaphool, Sonkharchi, JRH 4, JRH 5, PAC 801, Pusa sugandha 3 Pusa Sugandha 5,JR201,Jalkeshar, Baksha, Bhadaili, Bohita, Badalphool, Goraknath,,Dubraj, IR 64,Dehula, Newari, Govinda, IR-36, IR-50, Sonam,Basmati, Vandana, Pro-Agro 6201, PA 6444, Champion,Subeej Sugandha,Dhanteswari, Jagtial sanali, MR219 ( Dominance of Improved varieties 45% ) Satna Pro-Agro-6201,Pro-Agro-6111,PA6444, Indo American-1001 and PAC-801. Dehula, Newari, Kaniga, Lonhadi, Jalkeshar,Dilbaksha,,Bhadaili, Vandana, JRH 4, JRH 5, Page 14

15 Pusa Sugandha 3, Pusa Sugandha 5, PHB71, Champion, Tej,, Excel, Bhantaphool, Biranj, Azan, Bhadaili, Karaga, Balbhog,, Laichi, Lochai, Rambhog, Laloo-14, Biranjphool,IR-36,IR-64,IR-50, Sonam, Basmati,JR-75, Loknath, Sonam, Jaya,, Sonali, Mahak, Balkeshar, Rabina, Roopali, La ldhan ( Improved variety 40 %) Sidhi IR-36,IR-64 IR 50,Newari,,,Pro-Agro-6201,.Dehula, Lonagi, Biranj, Ledua,Banspore, Bohita, Bhantaphool, Karaga, Raghuwar Prasad, Malti, Lalita, Patna,Butanagar Koilari, JRH4,JRH5, Sabnam Nadawal, Kanakjir,Annada Jwalaphool, Ranikajal, Vishnubhog, Basmati,Sonam, Govinda, Shukla Phool,Goraknath,Sonkarchi, Doodhi, Samasar, Nanhi, Mulayam 999, Shabnam,Champion, Banspore Ganga Kaveri PRH10,PS5, PS 4,Poornima, Vandana ( Improved variety 25 %) Shahdol Kosam, Kanji, Karanphool, Khoonta, Gurmatia, Ramunwa, Kerakhambh, Kanak, Karahani, Bhejari, Amagaur, Kanji, Kranti, JRH 4, JRH 5 Loknath,,Pro-Agro-6201, PA6444, Ranikajal,,Butanagar, Samsar,Siyari,Menaka, Kajari,Rambhog,Badshah Phool, Chhinmauri, Balkeshar, Swarna, Safari, Keshar, Vishnubhog BD 1,MTU1010,Gulab Kali, Belari, Gurmatia, Biranj, Padmasar,Lonhadi, Lochai,Basmati, Vishnubhog,Kalisugandh, Kanakjir, Bohita, Saunthi,Karahani, IR-36, IR- 64,IR 50, Lok Nath,PAC 801, Mahyco 117 Nisotawa Nadawal ( Improved variety 20 %) Katni Basmati, Chhatri, Tulsi, PA 6201, Loknath, Sonam, Shabnam, Menaka, Juari,Dubaraj, Keshar, Bhanta Phool Dhaur, IR36, IR 50, IR 64, Kranti, Lochai, Jalkeshar, Vishnu bhog,l ( Improved variety 35 % ) Panna Parasan wasa, IR36, IR64, IR50, Lonhadi,Gorak nath,kari,newari Karadhana, Basamti, Bhadali,,PHB 71,Kari, i,ratna, Laichi, Kuturba,Kanji, Doodhi,, Haru, Sathia Sonam Loknath, Menaka, MTU1010 (Improved variety 20 %) Jabalpur JRH4,JRH5, IR36. IR64, Kranti, Pusa Sugandha 3, Pusa Sugandha 5, HMT, Mahamaya, Dhanteswari, Jagtial Sanali, MR219 JR 353, JR 201, WGL ( Improved variety 55 %) Page 15

16 X. Recommended package of practices: a. Traditional :Seed rate : 100 kg/ha FYM application + application of Urea 20-30kg/ha b. Modern : Package recommended for cultivation of rice under direct seed ( Jhuria Method ) Seed rate : 80kg/ha Fertilizers: N: P: K 60:30:20(kg/ha) Seed treatment : Vitavax power Weeding : Manual weeding Two to three or application of butachlor as pre Package recommended for cultivation of rice under direct seed ( Lehi Puddled condition ) Seed rate : 50-60kg/ha Fertilizers: N: P: K 60:30:20(kg/ha) BGA Weeding : Manual weeding Two to three or application of butachlor as pre Package recommended for cultivation of hybrid rice is given as under : Package Requirement Seed rate 15kg/ha ( Under SRI 5kg/ha ) Seedling density (nursery) Spacing Seedling/ hill- Nitrogen level g/m² 20x15cm one 120kg N/ha in three splits Page 16

17 Phosphorus and Potassium - Zinc sulphate : 60:40kg/ha as basal 20kg/ha C Most popular rice varieties and hybrids in the state : Varieties : IR 36, IR 64, IR50, Swarna, JR 201, Pusa sugandha 3, Pusa Sugandha 5, Kranti, Mahamaya, Sonam, Pusa Basmati, MTU 1010, Tulsi, Vandana, Pant 4,MR 219,WGL 32100,JGL 3844,Jagtial Sanali, Dhanteshwari, HMT, sabnam, Govinda, Dubaraj, Vishnubhog, Hybrids :Winner- NPH567,Chaimpion -NPH207,Mayur- NPH4113, Subeej Sugandha -SBH 999,Raja NPH 369,Bayer 6129,Bayer 158, Tej,JRH-4,JRH-5,NPH 207,Pro Agro -6201, PA 6444, PHB 71, Loknath,Indo American , PRH10, KRH-2 d: Post Harvest operation : Xi Traditional Cultivars /varieties grown if any in the state : Page 17

18 Local germplasm of Rice in Rewa division for different eco system S.No Ecosystem Character Varieties 1. Rain fed upland Dehula, Bagri,Karahani,Lonagi, Sonkharchi, Ajan Raimunwa, Biranj, Rambhog, Kausari, Nokhi, Karga, Lonhadi, Karanphool, 2. Rain fed low land Newari, Jiledar,Jalkeshar, Kanak, Luchai, Badalphool Kerakhambh, Gurmatia, Laldhan,Hausakanak,Mansoori,Ranikajal Dadbanko 3. Tolerance to drought Dehula, Bharri, Johar, Bagri,Karaga, Nokhi, Karanphool 4. Extra early varieties Sathia, Dehula, Mahuwan, Uraiboot, Kalidhan 5. Late duration varieties Jiledar, Mansoori, Jalkeshar, Bhantaphool, Lochai, Gurmatia,Dilbaksha 6. Scented/quality rice Kosam, Vishnoobhog, Dubraj, Kanak, Jeerashankar Parasanwasa, Bhantaphool,Amagaur, Chhatri, Chinnour Padmasar,Lallo-14, Shukla phool, Kerakhambh 7. Tolerance to disease Nokhi, Ranikajal, Kanak, Ajan, Nagina,Raimunwa B : Germplasm resources : Tribal dominated districts viz Sidhi, Shahdol,Umaria, Anooppur, Balaghat, Seoni, Damoh, Panna, Katni, Rewa, Satna, Jabalpur, are good sources of traditional germ plasm in the state. These lines were collected by AICRIP ( Rice ) project in collaboration with Biodiversity Board MP Bhopal, RAWE students,kvk' s and the department of agriculture. Page 18

19 C. Medicinal values of rice Medicinal rice varieties were identified under POS programe in the state Gathun: Alcha: Laicha: Grain is useful in treatment of rheumatism Cooked grains for lactating woman to cure small boils of infants Cooked grains for pregnant woman to prevent unborn from "Laicha" (skin infection) Karhani: Maharaji: Baisoor Nagkesar Useful in case of paralysis As a tonic for woman after delivery : Inhalation of fumes of rice bran to cure headache, hemicrania and epilepsy : Useful to persons troubled with lung diseases Kalimoonch: Whole plant extract used externally for skin troubles. Bhejri*: Given with linseed seeds and Gur to cows after delivery for early removal of placenta Resairi: Puffed rice mixed with bark of Saccharum spontaneum is useful in chronic cough and Rice water is useful as a tonic for cattles. XIII : Special development programe in rice sector of the state : Rice cultivation by Medagaskar demonstration, SRPP( Department of Agriculture, Rice fallow Chickpea,( ACRISAT NFSM ) and AICRIP- FLD, were carried out in the state to promote the farmers for cultivation of rice XIV. Status of recent methods /technologies: a. SRI: This method was popularized in the state very effectively by the Department of Agriculture and JNKVV Jabalpur. The scientists of AICRIP, KVK 's were actively engaged to popularize the SRI in Rewa, Shahdol, Jabalpur, Panna, Sidhi,Umaria Balaghat, Seoni etc. Very good impact were assessed. Farmers were achieved the rice grain yield ranging from 60 to 90q/ha under SRI in Page 19

20 highly yielding varieties and hybrids.approximately 25000ha area was under SRI at present in the state. b. Aerobic rice :This method was adopted in Jabalpur,Damoh,Satna, Panna and Katni district and with the efforts of JNKVV scientists the area may be increased in many folds in future. c. Hybrid rice: XV. Institutes involved in rice development in the state : JNKVV Jabalpur has three centers for rice research viz, Jabalpur, Waraseoni, and Rewa.The AICRIP Project is located at Rewa and multidisciplinary research work is in progress. Similarly ICAR voluntary centers are located at Jabalpur and Waraseoni and very good efforts were made for the release of public hybrids at Jabalpur viz, JRH 4, JRH5 JRH 11 Constraints of rice production : a. Biotic stress : Disease :Leaf blast, brown spot, bacterial blight,sheath blight,, False smut, seed discoloration Insect Pest :Leaf folder, Case worm, gundhi bug, WBPH, BPH, Stem borer b. Abiotic stress : Poor Erratic rainfall, High temperature, Khaira, ( Zinc deficiency ) poor fertilizer application,poor supply of electricity,in adequate supply of fertilizers in time are identified the main constraints of rice in the state d. Institutional constraints : 1.Man power and financial crisis in the Agriculture Universities are the main constraints 2.Poor linkage of Department of Agriculture with Agric Universities 3 Poor.Transfer of Agriculture Technology through agricultural department and allied departments XVII Strategies and modern technology to enhance rice production : 1.SRI demonstration in large scale 2.Aerobic rice demonstration Page 20

21 3.Adoption of Hybrid rice under SRI for Private and Public hybrids To increase the productivity of the state, among the limited option, hybrid rice is one of the most feasible and practically adaptable approach, as hybrid give 1.0 to 1.5 t/ha additional yield with the same level of fertilizer application as given to high yielding inbred varieties. Large scale adoption of hybrid rice will help to meet the increasing demand of rice in future. At research level, more focused efforts is needed towards a early-medium maturing hybrid ideally suited to the kharif irrigated as well as rain fed areas of the state. This will help the farmers of the state to go for rabi crop in partially irrigated situation. Planning and organizing seed production vis-à-vis the projected area under hybrids, identifying reliable organization in the seed industry, development of technical manpower and strengthening of technology transfer strategy like front line demonstration at different rice growing situations of the state Apart from the popularization of this early maturing variety there appears a fair chance of developing and popularization of rice hybrids both for favorable (irrigated) as well as for rained situations. In favorable situations medium maturing and in rained early maturing hybrids have a great potential for enhancing the yield by 15-20%. In rained situation the early maturing hybrids are best substitute to the early maturing varieties. Most of the rice growing districts of the state normally received 1000 mm or more rainfall but the mansoon rains generally terminated in the month of September, the early maturing hybrids if cultivated will mature before the cease of mansoon rains there by adverse effect of non availability of water will not be face by the crop. The potential area of the state for hybrid cultivation are Sidhi, Rewa, Satna, Shahdol, Umaria, Katni, Seoni Balaghat, Jabalpur, Budni, and some districts of Gird region. In Madhya Pradesh many seed companies are marketing their hybrids some of the major players are Pro- Agro, Syngenta, Ralles, Zuari, Nath, Bioseed, JK Seeds and many others. The major areas of their seed business are Rewa, Satna, shadol, Umaria, Katni, Seoni, Balaghat, Jabalpur, Budni and some districts of Gird region. During kharif 2008 of 450 tons of hybrid was sold to the farmers and it is interesting to see that these companies are marketing hybrids of medium duration even then the farmers are cultivating them. If early duration hybrids will be available to them acceptance of this innovative technology will be many fold. Page 21

22 Limited access for farmers to seeds of improved hybrids is one of the major factors contributing to low farm productivity. In spite of massive Breeder and Foundation seed production programs undertaken by SAUs and public sector seed producing agencies, the supply of certified seed of hybrids to farmers is insufficient, thus force them to grow farmers saved seed of age old varieties with low yield potential. The seed replacement rate remains very low. A shift to sustainable agriculture production requires fundamental changes to the hybrid seed production and security systems with the development of hybrids in rice and other crops. The need foe good quality seeds were more intensely realized. Increased availability of quality seed of hybrid will realize the yield up-to 40% Hybrid seed security is an important issue in India due to frequent droughts and climatic adversities. In spite of large number of private seed sector agencies the seed is not reaching to the farmers. On farm seed is the major component of seed supply (85%) and seed security in MP and it is not stable, difficult and very risky to develop sustainable seed security strategy based on only such component Farmer s participatory hybrid seed production is one of the options to meet the large quantity hybrid seed required for promotion of hybrid rice cultivation in larger area in the country. This will help the farmers of the state to become self sufficient in quality seed availability without much dependence on the out side agencies. The programe will give empowerment to the farmers in seed production at village level. QUANTUM JUMP IN AREA UNDER HYBRID RICE IN MADHYA PRADESH Year Area under hybrid rice (ha) % increase in area over previous year [expected ] Source : Based on market sale: 450 tons of hybrid rice sold during 2008 in MP Page 22

23 Projected area to be covered under hybrid rice and quantity of hybrid seed required for Madhya Pradesh Particulars Area to be covered (lakh ha) Hybrid required (tons) Seed Conversion factor: seed rate 10 kg/ha CONSTRAINTS In spite of having great potential to enhance production and productivity of rice in the state, hybrid rice technology has not been adopted on large scale as was expected. This is due to several constraints. Yield advantage in some of the hybrids is marginal and inconsistent across locations due to improper management. Lower market price offered for the hybrid rice produce by millers/traders, is acting as a deterrent for many farmers to take up hybrid rice cultivation. Higher seed cost is another deterrent for large scale adoption. Efforts for creating awareness and for technology transfer were inadequate in initial stages. Involvement of public sector seed corporations in large scale seed production has been less than desirable. Non-availability of quality seed at reasonable price. We don t have early-medium maturing rice hybrids with medium slender grain quality. Objectives of Research Programmes To provide mechanisms to faming community to improve their living standards and quality of life. Page 23

24 This component will consider various activities such as trainings and field demonstrations for the promotion of hybrid rice cultivation among the farming community of the state Development and identification extra early rice hybrids. Identification of suitable area for Hybrid Seed Production in Madhya Pradesh. Maximization of yield of the developed hybrids by developing suitable package Maintenance of parental lines Parental line multiplication of released hybrids This component will help in meeting the requirement of parental line for large scale hybrid seed production Identification of suitable rapid molecular markers to assess the genetic purity of parental lines of commercial hybrids/cms seed lots. Identification of fertility restorer gene using molecular markers in the available NPT lines Farmers participatory hybrid rice seed production programme Page 24