Integrated Management of Striga hermonthica in Maize in the Nigerian Savannas

Transcription

1 Integrated Management of Striga hermonthica in Maize in the Nigerian Savannas A.Y. Kamara International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Kano, Nigeria

2 West Africa agroecological zones

3 Introduction

4 Introduction Maize is the most important staple food crop for over 300 million people in SSA Africa produces approximately 52 million tons annually from about 29 million ha Over 95% of maize produced in SSA is grown by small to medium scale farmers for subsistence needs Nigeria is one of the highest maize producers in SSA (7.5 million tons of grain from 5 million hectares annually)

5 Striga on Sorghum

6 Introduction One of the main constraints to the production of maize in Nigeria are parasitic weeds (Striga hermonthica). Maize yield losses due to Striga can be as high as 80% In Nigeria, these losses cause widespread food insecurity and malnutrition and threaten the livelihood of rural farmers.

7 Striga on maize

8 Percentage of fields infested by Striga species in northeast Nigeria Field Sorghum 1 Maize 1 Rice 2 Millet 3 Cowpea 4 Fallow 3 Mean Ecological zone Sudan savanna Northern Guinea Southern Guinea Mean Associated Striga species: 1. Striga hermonthica, 2. S. aspera, 3. S. densiflora, 4. S. gesnerioides

9 Striga on various Crops Striga effect on sorghum Striga effect on rice Striga effect on cowpea Striga effect on maize

10 Range of Striga-management options developed and tested Resistant varieties Complimentary crop management practices (trap crops in rotation, push-pull, fertilizer application) IR-Maize

11 Putting research into use Development of strong partnerships The use of participatory approaches Strengthening of community based organisations Production for the market Gender mainstreaming Use of research knowledge and proven technologies for innovation 11

12 Form coalition of partners and hold workshops to setup IPs Research: IITA, IAR, UniMaid, BUK Extension: BOSADP, Agric Dept. Biu, Damboa, Hawul, Kwaya NGOs: WOFAN, CDEV. Input dealers: Jubaili, Africa Agro, KASAIDA, community input dealers Banks: Nigeria Agricultural Bank Policy makers: Ministry Agric, LG Chairmen and councillors from the four LGAs Agro-processors: Grand Cereals Comp., Jos, Modern Universal Foods, Kano Seed companies: Premier Seed, Seed Project Co., Jirkur Seed Coopearative Farmers organisations Communication outfits: KTV, KRadio, NTA, AIT, CTV, Freedom Radio, Print media, Sky Radio

13 Use of PREA approach to provide targeted interventions along the value chain Community and livelihood analysis to identify problems, opportunities and discuss solutions among stakeholders Social mobilization Action planning Testing promising technologies (on-station and on-farm) Sharing experience (mid-season evaluation Self-evaluation

14 Outline

15 Community and livelihood analysis to define entry points Community analysis carried out in the targeted communities to identify constraints and define entry points

16 Community and livelihood analysis to define entry points Constraints Poor soil fertility Parasitic weed infestation Drought Crop pests and diseases Poor crop management Dysfunctional markets Poor access to information Post-harvest losses Ineffective policies

17 Community and livelihood analysis to define entry points Possible agreed solutions Foster interaction among stakeholders to find and share information on constraints and solutions Crop diversification to improve soil fertility and control Striga Cereal-legume rotation to improve soil fertility and control Striga Deployment of Striga-resistant crop varieties Use of organic/inorganic mineral nutrient sources Try biological control options using fungi Link farmers to market

18 Social Mobilization to engage identified community groups CBOs engaged in each community to experiment new innovations to control Striga CBOs nominated 1 or 2 lead farmers to demonstrate a selected technology CBOs selected key farmers to produce seeds in community-based seed schemes.

19 PROSAB s development approach Partnerships PREA Strong CBOs Gender Knowledge No of households involved Farmer Groups Lead farmer trials, local seed production, Farmer testing and learning, adoption/adaptation Input and output marketing Mother trials (PROSAB) On-farm research variety trials, management practices Improving and sustainable agricultural livelihoods On-station trials breeding, plant screening, etc Scaling out Farmer-to-farmer extension Further farmer testing, adoption, adaptation Pre Time 19

20 Effect of maize varieties and N fertilization on grain yield, Striga emergence and damage score 30 kg N/ha 30 kg N/ha 60 kg N/ha 60 kg N/ha

21 Effect of N fertilization on Striga Infestation of maize genotypes Early-maturing Late-maturing Location Sabongari No of Striga/plot 74.9 Grain yield (kg/ha) No of Striga/plot 79.6 Grain yield (kg/ha) Wandali N rates SED (Location) SED (Nitrogen)

22 Nitrogen and cultivar effect on grain yield of maize under natural infestation with Striga Nitrogen levels (kg ha -1 ) Mean Variety Grain yield kg ha STR ACR 97 TZL COMP1-W IWDC2 SYN F TZB-SR TZL COMP1 SYN-W TZL COMP1 SYN-Y TZL COMP1-W C6 F Zea-dplo Mean SED L x N ** SED L x V ** SED L x N x V

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24 Cereal-legume rotation

25 On-farm performance of maize in rotation systems (NGS and SGS) Crop history Ecological Yield Striga/ha zone (kg/ ha) NGS FC FC FC TZECOMP TGx1448 TZECOMP S.E SGS FC TZECOMP3DT TGx1448 TZECOMP3DT FC TZL COMP1W TGx1448 TZL COMP1W FC FC S.E

26 Mean grain yield of maize varieties following cowpea on farmers field (Sudan Savanna) Year 1 Year 2 Striga ha -1 Grain yield ha -1 Cowpea 2000SYN-STR Cowpea 2004SYN- STRTZE Cowpea 99TZEE-Y-STR Cowpea 99EVDTSTR- TZE FC FC Mean

27 Mean grain yield of maize varieties following groundnut on farmers field Year 1 Year 2 Striga ha -1 yield ha -1 Grain Groundnut 2000SYNEE Groundnut 2004SYNSTR- TZE Groundnut 99TZEE-Y-STR Groundnut 99EVDTSTR- TZE FC FC Mean

28 Mean grain yield of maize varieties following soybean on farmers field Year 1 Year 2 Striga ha -1 yield ha -1 Grain Soybean 2000SYN Soybean 2004SYNSTR- TZE Soybean 99TZEE-Y-STR Soybean 99EVDTSTR- TZE FC FC Mean

29 Build and strengthen capacity of Stakeholders

30 Organized mid-season evaluation and mega field days Organized mid-season evaluations across communities to establish advantages and disadvantages of technologies Organized mega field days to scale-out and up project activities.

31 Adoption Formal Survey 100% 90% 89% 83% 80% 73% 77% 74% % adoption 70% 60% 50% 40% 68% 55% 42% SS 56% NGS SGS 44% 39% 38% 47% 39% 36% 60% 55% 65% 63% 30% 20% 16% 22% 19% 16% 10% 3% 0% Maize Soybean Cowpeas Groundnuts Rotation Covering fertiliser Close spacing Spraying

32 Adoption (PASS 2008) Transect work and focus group discussion % for soybean

33 Thank you