Potential and Cost of Low Carbon Technologies in Rice-Wheat System of the Indo-Gangetic Plains. Arti Bhatia

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1 Potential and Cost of Low Carbon Technologies in Rice-Wheat System of the Indo-Gangetic Plains Arti Bhatia Center for Environment Science and Climate Resilient Agriculture Indian Agricultural Research Institute New Delhi INDIA MARCO SYMPOSIUM 2012

2 Greenhouse gas emission from various sectors in India Total emission 1728 million ton CO2 eq INCCA (2010)

3 Greenhouse gas emission from various subsectors in Indian agriculture Total emission 334 million ton CO2 eq. INCCA (2010)

4 Greenhouse gas emission from Indian agriculture (soils) Source CH 4 (Mt) N 2 O (Mt) CO 2 eq. (Mt) Rice cultivation Agricultural soil Crop residue burning Total Bhatia et al. (2010)

5 Rationalization of methane emission from Indian rice fields Govt. of India and IPCC

6 Emission of N 2 O-N from different sources in agricultural soils (Total emission 0.14 Mt) Soil mineralization 7% Crop residue 10% Green manure 6% Animal manure 7% Fertilizer 70% Bhatia et al. (2010)

7 Trends in GHG emission from Indian agricultural soil Methane (Mt) GWP (Mt) Nitrous oxide (000 t) GWP = Methane x 25 + Nitrous oxide x 298

8 Trend in GHG emission intensity in Indian agriculture GWP (kg/ha) GWP (kg/t) GWP (kg/10000 Rs) GHG intensity = GWP / Ag-GDP

9 Mitigating methane emission from rice Puddled, transplanted, continuously submerged Aerobic rice Direct seeded rice More water More labour More methane SRI Less water, Less labour Less methane

10 Midseason drainage and alternate drying mitigate methane emission Water management Relative mitigation (%) Yield impact (%) Midseason drainage Alternate drying 61 0 (baseline practice is continuous flooding) Pathak and Wassmann (2007)

11 Global warming potential in SRI and conventional rice GWP (kg CO 2 ha -1 ) Conventional SRI Jain et al. (2010)

12 GHG mitigation potential of dry direct-seeded rice (DSR) The GWP was 1.94 t CO 2 eq. ha -1 in DSR vs t CO 2 eq. ha -1 in transplanted rice. The DSR reduces GWP by 33% of transplanted rice. In intensive irrigated rice CO 2 is a major GHG followed by CH 4 and N 2 O. Pathak et al. (2011)

13 Nitrous oxide mitigation with nitrification inhibitor Nitrification inhibitor Mitigation (%) Dicyandiamide (DCD) Neem cake Neem oil Nimin Coated Ca-carbide Thiosulphate Bhatia et al. (2010)

14 Potential of carbon sequestration in Indian soil 26 long-term experiments were analyzed Covered 14 Agroclimatic zones Duration 8-32 yrs. (Average 16.9 yrs.) NPK+FYM treatment sequestered 0.33 ton C ha -1 yr -1 NPK treatment sequestered 0.16 ton C ha -1 yr -1 Pathak et al. (2010)

15 Global warming potential (GWP) in different water management and tillage practices in rice-wheat systems GWP (kg CO2 equi. ha -1 ) Farmers practice Rice Wheat 0 Flood TPR Drain TPR No-till TPR Bed TPR No-till DSR Bed DSR Pathak et al. (2009)

16 Low C technologies in rice and wheat systems Region: Upper and lower Indo- Gangetic plains Crops: Rice and wheat Technologies: 20 in rice 10 in wheat GHG mitigation and economic assessment at site and regional scales- INFORCT model

17 Low C technologies in rice and wheat systems The INFORCT integrates biophysical, agronomic, socio-economic data to establish input output relationships related to water, fertilizer, biocide, seed, human and machine labor and other inputs and gives output of GHG emissions. Upper IGP- 550mm rainfall, 0.4-6% OC, 180kg N/ha Lower IGP-1200mm rainfall, 0.8% OC, 110 kgn/ha Emissions of GHG from soils, manure management, farm operations and production of various agricultural inputs were estimated

18 Low C technologies in rice and wheat systems Technology Irrigation pattern Type of N- supply Additives and new management, 1. Transplanted rice Continuous flooding Urea Conventional puddled transplanted rice 2. Mid-season drainage Mid-season drainage Urea Mid-season drainage (less CH 4 ) 3. Aerobic rice Aerobic (no flooding) Urea Aerobic rice (less CH 4 ) 4. System of rice intensification (SRI) Aerobic (no flooding) Urea + FYM System of rice intensification (less CH 4 ) 5. Direct-seeded rice (DSR) Aerobic (no flooding) Urea Dry direct seeded rice (less CH 4 ) 6. Sprinkler irrigation (SPR) Aerobic (no flooding) Urea Irrigation through sprinkler (less CH 4 ) 7. Zero tillage (ZT) Aerobic (no flooding) Urea No till direct seeded (less CH 4, C-sequestration) 8. Integrated nutrient management (INM) Continuous flooding Urea + FYM Integrated nutrient management 9. Organic rice Continuous flooding FYM Organic farming (price: 1.5 regular) 10. Phosphogypsum (PGM) Continuous flooding Urea Phosphogypsum (less CH 4 ) 11. Nitrification inhibitor (NI) Continuous flooding Urea Nitrification inhibitor (less N 2 O) 12. Urea super granule (USG) Continuous flooding Urea N through urea super granule 13. Leaf colour chart (LCC) Continuous flooding Urea Leaf colour chart-based N use (less N 2 O) 14. Site-specific nutrient (SSNM) Continuous flooding Urea Site-specific nutrient (less N 2 O) 15. Green manuring (GM) Continuous flooding Urea + GM Green manure (more CH 4 ) 16. Straw fed to cattle Continuous flooding Urea Straw fed to cattle 17. C sequestration Continuous flooding Urea Straw used as construction material 18. New cultivar Continuous flooding Urea New cultivar: less GHG, 2 seed price 19. Yield maximization (YMX) Continuous flooding Urea Yield maximization with more inputs 20. Diversification (DVR) Aerobic (no flooding) Urea Crop diversification, maize replaces rice

19 Low C Technologies in Rice in the Upper Indo-Gangetic Plains NI: Nitrification inhibitor LCC: Leaf colour chart SSNM: Site specific nutrient Management USG: Urea super granules DSR: Direct seeded rice DVR: Crop diversification

20 Low C Technologies in Rice in the Lower Indo-Gangetic Plains NI: Nitrification inhibitor LCC: Leaf colour chart SSNM: Site specific nutrient Management DVR: Crop diversification

21 GWP of transplanted (TPR) and direct-seeded rice (DSR) in different districts of Punjab in India GWP in TPR GWP in DSR Legends GWP_TPR (t CO 2 /ha) GWP-DSR (t CO 2 /ha)

22 Global warming potential (CO 2 eq.) of dry direct-seeded rice in Punjab Rice area 2.7 Mha 1. GWP with 100% transplanted rice 8.3 Mt 2. GWP with 100% direct seeded rice 5.6 Mt Carbon credit (10 US$/t CO 2 ) 27.6 M US$ 3. GWP with 50% TPR and 50% DSR 7.0 Mt Carbon credit (10 US $/t CO 2 ) 13.8 M US$ Pathak et al. (2011)

23 Option GHG mitigation options: Potential and constraints CH4 from rice field Mitigation Potential Constraint Intermittent drying 25-30% Assured irrigation Direct-seeded rice 30-40% Machine, herbicide System of rice intensification CO 2 from soil 20-25% Labour, Assured irrigation Zero tillage 10-20% Yield loss, Small holding Residue incorpration 10-20% Labour, Cost N 2 O from soil Site-specific N management, LCC 15-20% Awareness, fertilizer policy Nitrification inhibitor 10-40% Cost, incentive

24 GHG mitigation options: Potential and constraints Thank You ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS H Pathak, B Chakraborty and N Jain CESCRA, IARI, INDIA