Sustainable and Environmental Friendly Rice Cultivation Systems in Europe. FACE-JPI meeting, Paris, 21 September 2015

Transcription

1 Sustainable and Environmental Friendly Rice Cultivation Systems in Europe FACE-JPI meeting, Paris, 21 September 2015

2 Three sites in Europe: one floodplain and two river deltas ha of rice in Europe (FAO 2012) M. Martinez Italy: Pô plain G. Valè Spain: Ebro delta France: Rhône delta A. Boisnard

3 Rice in Europe Northern limit of rice cultivation (cold, photoperiod) Not possible to grow rice without irrigation (low rainfall and high temperatures in summer) Rice is fully irrigated from river water. Old and reliable irrigation and drainage systems. In river deltas (0-5 m asl), rice limits soil salinization and enables rotation with other crops (durum wheat, afalfa, etc.) High input systems with high yields (6.5 to 8.0 t/ha) G. Valè B. Courtois B. Courtois

4 In the river deltas, rice interacts with natural parks Rhône delta (Camargue) Rice fields Ponds Salt marshes Salt meadows Urban areas Limits of the Natural Regional Park A. Boisnard Delicate balance between biodiversity, turism and agriculture Issues of: - water quantity - release rhythm - water quality (salinity, pesticides,...) M. Martinez M. Martinez A. Boisnard A. Audebert

5 Environmental issues linked to rice cultivation Water comsumption: 20 to m 3 per ha 50 to 80% of this water goes back in the system e.g. 400 millions of m 3 of irrigation water through rice fields in Camargue GHG emission anaerobic conditions of the soil + methanogenic bacteria induce methane emission (warming effect 25 times that of CO 2 ) Lateral infiltration = 20% Present threats: Evapotranspiration = 50% Aguilar et al., Vertical infiltration = 20% Overflow Drainage = 10% Overall decrease of irrigation water: e.g Po river: 1800 m 3 /s in 1980 and 1400 m 3 /s in 2010 Increased frequence and severity of drought spells in Mediteranean areas: e.g. Rhône river: 190 m3/s in 2011 against inter-annual average of 620 m 3 /s

6 An option to economize water: Alternative wetting and drying system (AWDS) Permanently flooded (10 cm of water during almost all cropping season) AWDS: From 3 weeks after sowing up to flowering, alternance of dry (up to -15 / -20 kpa) and wet (2 to 5 cm of water) periods

7 Advantages of AWDS: economy of water; reduction of GHG emission and heavy metals Permanently flooded CH 4 AWDS N 2 O (interactions with N fertilization) Anaerobic conditions Alternance of aerobic/anaerobic conditions: - 30% less water without yield penalty - Reduction of CH 4 up to 48% (if multiple aerations) but production of N 2 O - Less heavy metals in grains

8 Objective of the project To design and test an alternative water-saving production system for rice in Europe ensuring sufficient productivity while reducing the negative impacts for the environment.

9 WP1: Consequences of a shift from PF to AWDS on rice environment and productivity 2 years of trials in Italy (2015 and 2017), Spain and France (2016 and 2017) comparing PF and AWDS Monitoring: Environment parameters Water consumption GHG emission Soil salinity, moisture and chemistry Plant performance Yield of accessions Root colonization by MAF Heavy metal accumulation in grains... First trial in Italy = training course on GHG measurements and agreement on methods

10 WP2 : Identify varieties productive under AWDS Panel of 240 temperate japonica accessions from Europe genotyped with 22 k SNPs Performance under AWDS in Italy (2016 and 2017) Equations of prediction of the phenotype based on the genotype Genome wide association mapping Markers; candidate genes Comparison with associations detected in aus panel (BBRSC project) Breeding lines from Italy, France and Spain Genotyping with same 22 k SNPs Calculate breeding values Make selections and validate selections

11 WP3: Investigate plant traits determining adaptation to AWDS Root architecture (U Aberdeen) Root architecture (U Torino) Panel of 240 lines: GWAS + genomic selection Tolerance to salinity (Cirad) Root colonization by arbuscular mycorrizhae (CRAG) Performance under AWDS Mesocosm study: GHG fluxes, root aerenchyma, N uptake, NUE and tissue C/N13 (U Aberdeen) Limited number of accessions Resistance to nematode (U Aberdeen) AMF x blast interactions (CRAG)

12 WP4: Dissemination of the project results to the stakeholders Web site: Farmers' field days: 9 September 2015

13 Partnership Field visit, Vercelli, July 2015 Spain: IRTA: M. Martinez Eixarch, M. Catala CRAG: B. San Segundo, Sonia Campo France: CFR: C. Thomas, A. Boisnard CIRAD: B. Courtois, T-V Cao, C. Hamelin, A. Labeyrie Italy: CRA: G. Valè, A. Volante UT: P. Bonfante, V. Fiorilli, V. Volpe UK: UA: A. Price, Y. Anh, V. Oliver, R. Shrestha Interactions with other teams dealing with AWDS: "GreenRice" (Greenhouse gas emissions from paddy rice soils under alternative irrigation management) coordinated by S. Sleutel at Ghent U funded under the Multi-partner Call on Agricultural GHG Research: focus on soil biogeochemical processes and mechanistic models B. Runkle, U Arkansas: Eddy covariance system B. Linquist, U California BRRI, Bangladesh (BBSRC project from A. Price) IRRI, Philippines

14 Thank you for your attention Vercelli, September 2015