A survey of recent research findings regarding honey bee health.

Transcription

1 A survey of recent research findings regarding honey bee health. Pesticide/Pollinator Symposium Alfred, NY Maryann Frazier Senior Extension Associate, Penn State University

2 North America Pollinators National Academies of Science Status of Pollinators in North America 2007 Pollinators are in decline

3 European Pollinators J. C. Biesmeijer, S. P. M. Roberts, M. Reemer, R. Ohlemler, M. Edwards, T. Peeters, A. P. Schaffers, S. G. Potts, R. Kleukers, C. D. Thomas, J. Settele, and W. E. Kunin 21 July 2006 Science 313 (5785), 351.[DOI: /science ] Parallel declines in pollinators and insect-pollinated plants in Britain and the Netherlands

4 Honey Bee Colony Losses 2007 = 31% 2008 = 35.8% 2009 = 29% 2010 = 33.8% AIA and USDA/ARS

5 Colony Collapse Disorder [CDD] Adult bee population suddenly gone or reduced to small cluster w/o dead bees Over a few weeks, or a few days In locations where bees are active (FL CA in winter) Jeff Pettis/USDA Jeff Pettis/USDA

6 What have we learned?

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8 Nosema disease New species? Nosema apis Nosema ceranae What Impact? Nosema spores

9 High level of pesticide exposure Acephate Acetamiprid Aldicarb sulfone Aldicarb sulfoxide Allethrin Amicarbazone Amitraz (2,4-DMA) Amitraz (2,4-DMPF) Atrazine Azinophos-methyl Azoxystrobin Bendi ocarb Bifenthrin Boscalid Captan Carbaryl Carbary l (1-Naphthol) Carbendazim Carbofuran, 3-hydroxy Carfentrazone Chlorfenapyr Chlorothalonil Chlorpyrifos Coumaphos Coumaphos -Chlorferone Coumaphos oxon Cyfluthrin Cyhalothr in (total) Cype rmethrin Cyprodi nil Deltamethrin Diazinon Dicofol Difenoconazole Diflubenzuron Dimethomorph Diphenylamine Endos ulfan 1 Endos ulfan 2 Endos ulfan sulfate Esfenval erate Etoxazole Fenbuconazole Fenhexamid Fenpropath rin Fluva linate Heptac hlor Hexachlorobenzene Imida cloprid Imida cloprid olefin Imida cloprid, 5-hydroxy Indoxacarb Malathion Methidathion Methoxyfeno zide Methyl par athion Metolachlor Metribuzin Myclobuta nil Norflurazon Oxamyl Oxyfluorfen p,p' -DDE Pendi methalin Permethrin Phosmet Pyraclostrobin Pyrethrins Pyrimethanil Quintozene (PCNB) Sethoxydim Simazine Tebuconazole Tebufenozide Tebuthiuron Tetramethrin Thiabendazole Thiacloprid Tribufos Trifloxystrobin Trifluralin Vinclozolin

10 Multiresidue Pesticide Analysis on US Samples Very few of 887 samples lacked detections Found 121 different pesticides and metabolites pyrethroids, organophosphates, carbamates, neonicotinoids insect growth regulators, organochlorines, chlorinated cyclodienes, 20 fungicides, 12 herbicides, 2 acaricides, 1 synergist, At least 14 of these are systemic pesticides On average 6.7 different pesticides per pollen sample -Up to 31 in a single pollen sample -Up to 39 in a single wax sample

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13 61 variables (including adult bee physiology, pathogen loads, and pesticide levels) measured No one variable is likely to cause CCD CCD colonies had higher pathogen load Coumaphos levels were higher in control colonies Study caveat - Snap shot in time

14 WEIGHING RISK FACTORS ASSOCIA TED WITH BEE COLONY COLLAPSE DISORDER BY CLASSIFICATION AND REGRESSION TREE ANALYSIS Dennis vanengelsdorp a,b, Niko Speybroeck c,d, Jay Evans e, Bach Kim Nguyen f, Chris Mulli n b, Maryann Frazier b, Jim Frazier b, Diana Cox-Foster b, Yanping Chen e, David R. Tarpy g, Eric Haubruge f, Jeffrey S. Pettis e, and Claude Saegerman h* Journal of Economic Entomology

15 55 variables analyzed (used to construct tree) 6 of the 19 variables having the greatest discriminatory value were pesticide levels in different hive matrices. coumaphos levels in brood had the highest discriminatory value and were highest in control colonies fluctuating asymmetry; highest in CCD colonies

16 In Summary High levels of disease in CCD colonies New pathogens (IAPV, N. ceranae) In general, high exposure to pesticides No one factor explains CCD; a combination of factors likely, perhaps not always the same combination

17 QuickT ime and a decompressor are needed to see thi s picture. The herbicide atrazine is linked to reproductive problems in frogs EPA commissioned study - no connection found 2008 Study Jason Rohr Univ. of S. Florida and others 1980 s worldwide decline in frog populations Disease and habitat destruction are blamed Atrazine kills off floating mats of algae, allowing algae on the pond bottom to thrive Snails flourish;flatworm host Flatworms parasitize frogs!

18 Question: Because bees and colonies are so sick - has the honey bee immune system been compromised?

19 Factors that can impact immune function: Nutrition Stress Varroa Pesticides S. Camazine

20 Connections - pathogens and pesticides Sublethal effect of some pesticides - can impair the immune system function Higher levels of nosema in pesticide exposed bees - J. Pettis Bees exposed to pesticides - reduced immune system function - Cox-Foster, Mullin, Frazier J&M?????????????????

21 Increased viral titers following ingestion of fungicide and immune challenge in healthy bees

22 ecoli saline uninjected (control) ecoli saline uninjected (control) saline uninjected (control) BQCV titers affected by fungicide and neonicotinoid following wounding and immune challenge average BQCV 1.00E E E E E E+00 assail assail assail nova nova nova sucrose sucrose Acetamiprid Myclobutanil Sucrose Chemical Treatment/immune challenge (control)

23 Alteration in immune gene expression by fungicide

24 We Gratefully Acknowledge the Following Funding Sources College of Agricultural Sciences USDA Critical Issues USDA CAPS NAPPC Jasper Wyman and Sons Haagen Daz National Honey Board