Effect of oxygen deficiency on the macroelement content of the soil (pot experiment with barley cv. Aramir vegetation)

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1 Int. Agrophysis, 21, 15, INTERNATIONAL Agrophysis Effet of oxygen defiieny on the mroelement ontent of the soil (pot experiment with rley v. Armir vegettion) T. W³odrzyk 1 *, W. Stêpniewski 1,3, Z. Stêpniewsk 1,2, M. Brzeziñsk 1, R. Bennielli 1,2, nd G. Przywr 1 1 Institute of Agrophysis, Polish Ademy of Sienes, Doœwidzln 4, P.O. Box 21, 229 Lulin 27, Polnd 2 Fulty of Biohemistry nd Environmentl Chemistry, Ctholi University of Lulin, Krœnik 12, 295 Lulin, Polnd 3 Deprtment of Environmentl Protetion Engineering, Tehnil University of Lulin, Ndystrzyk 4, 2618 Lulin, Polnd Reeived Deemer 6, 2; epted Ferury 13, 21 A s t r t.a greenhouse experiment to test the reltionship etween the oxygen sttus of soil nd the mroelement ontent ws onduted. NNH 4, NNO 3, P nd K ontent in the soil under oxygen stress onditions depend on the stge of rley development. It seems tht the more preferle minerl form of nitrogen during the shooting stge ws nitrte. Oxygen stress (flooded onditions) distintly deresed the uptke of ll the elements, ut two higher densities of soil omined only with flooded ondition, signifintly lowered the rte of the derese of onentrtions s well s of NNH 4 nd P nd in the se of the highest density lso tht of K. A derese of ll nutrient onentrtion ws lower under onditions of high wter ontent ompnied y lowredox potentil nd oxygen vilility. The most sensitive element with respet to wter ontent ws phosphorus (r=.38***), the lest sensitive ws NNO 3 (r=.14**). The influene of redox potentil nd oxygen diffusion rte on sorption of NH 4,NO 3, P nd K showed positive orreltion in ll the ses investigted. The highest orreltion ws oserved in the P uptke. The ritil ODR vlue (out 35 µg m 2 s 1 ) ws onfirmed under investigted onditions y the supposed uptke of ll the elements studied. Keywords:oxygen, defiieny, mroelements, soil INTRODUCTION Wter stress is uiquitous limiting ftor in griulture. Contrry to other ftors tht my limit rop yields (e.g., id, lkline or sline soils) wter vilility is highly vrile within given growing seson nd from yer to yer [5]. On the other hnd one of the most importnt ftors of soil onditions is soil oxygen vilility even during short period of flooding, whih n severely limit plnt development nd nutrient uptke [21]. Nitrogen, P nd K re the most frequently defiient nutrients in rop prodution. In the iosphere N is ville for plnts in different forms, whih inludes moleulr N 2, voltile mmoni (NH 3 )or nitrogen oxides (NO x ), minerl N (NO 3 nd NH4 ) nd orgni N (mino ids, peptides et). The utilistion of these N soures is determined strongly y environmentl nd prtiulrly soil onditions [23]. In wellerted soils, minerl N espeilly NO 3 is the most undnt form of ville N, while NH 4 predomintes in soils in whih nitrifition is inhiited, for exmple under wterlogging or in old [13]. Phosphorus is onsidered importnt euse the high P fixtion y most soils requires the ddition of lrge exess of P fertiliser to meet rop requirements for good prodution [9]. Chen et l. [2] hve oserved tht K pplition on Kdefiient soils redued the ontent of tive reduing sustnes nd ferrous iron in the soil, rised the soil redox potentil in the rhizosphere, inresed the Eh vlue of rie roots nd lowered the ontent of iron in rie plnts. We onduted greenhouse experiment to test the reltionship etween the oxygen sttus nd mroelement ontent in soil. MATERIALS AND METHODS A pot experiment ws onduted in polyethylene foil tunnel. Brown soil, developed from loess (Orthi Luvisol) ontining 1.54% orgni mtter, 25% of the 1.5 mm frtion, 7% of the.5.2 mm frtion nd 5% of the <.5 mm frtion. Mnipulting two physil prmeters tht usully hnge in field onditions, i.e., soil moisture nd soil ulk density differentited soil oxygen onditions. The ulk densities used were 1.2 (d 1 ), 1.35 (d 2 ) nd 1.5 (d 3 ) *Corresponding uthor s emil: teres@demeter.ipn.lulin.pl 21 Institute of Agrophysis, Polish Ademy of Sienes

2 294 T. W ODARCZYK et l. Mg m 3. An equl level of moisture ontent, orresponding to soil moisture tension etween 815 kp (w 3 ) ws mintined up to the eginning of oxygen stress. Exept during oxygen stresses, the sme ontrol soil wter ontent ws mintined in ll pots. In order to differentite oxygen onditions during oxygen stress lsting for 14 dys, tht is to lternte ODR vlues, two dditionl moisture levels were pplied long with the ontrol level. They were mediumlevel moisture, orresponding to soil moisture tension 25 kp (w 2 ), nd mximum moisture ontent (moisture tension equl kp w 1 ), when during the whole stress time there ws 25 mm lyer of wter on the soil surfe. The experiment onsisted of one NPK level nd one rley speies v. Armir. Nutrients were dded to eh pot efore sowing in the following doses (in g per 1 kg soil):.1 g N (NH 4 NO 3 ),.125 g K (2/3 dose in K 2 SO 4 nd 1/3 dose in KCl), nd.66 g P (CHPO 4 2H 2 O). Brley plnts thinned to 25 per pot were sujeted to oxygen stress in the three following stges of their development: Stress Itthetillering stge. Stress II t the shooting stge. Stress III t the ommenement of flowering stge. Thus the experimentl design omprised 3 soil moistures nd 3 soil ulk densities with 4 replitions. This gve 18 pots (eh 6 dm 3 in volume ontining 6.5 kg of soil). Pltinum eletrodes, 4 mm long nd.5 mm in dimeter, were used for the ODR mesurements. The mesurements were mde with n ODR meter hving n utomti polristion voltge ontrol [1]. The eletrode polristion time ws 4 min, nd the polristion voltge ws.65v versus sturted lomel eletrode. The Eh of soil smples ws mesured potentiometrilly using four Pt eletrodes (of the sme type s for ODR) the sturted lomel eletrode s referene, nd portle phmeter (Orion). NNO 3 in soil ws determined potentiomertrilly fter extrtion in 1MCH 3 COONH 4 using nitrte seletive eletrode [17]. AmmoniumN ws extrted from the soil with 1 M KCl ording to the Nessler method [6]. Exhngele P ws mesured using the Egner method s modified y Riehm [15]. K ws determined in the lium ltte extrt with ASA method [15]. Wter ontent, ulk density nd prtile destiny were determined y methods desried y Turski et l. [22]. Eh mesurement ws tken four times during eh stress (3rd, 7th, 1th nd 14th dy). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Figure 1 showed the verge vlues of NNH 4 ontent under oxygen stress onditions depending on the stge of rley development. During the first stges (tillering nd shooting) there re no signifint differenes in the uptke of NNH 4 y plnts nd miroes. A strong derese of NNH 4 ontent ws oserved during the third oxygen stress (out 65% ompred with the seond stress). The verge ontent of NNO 3 t the end of three oxygen stresses is shown in Fig. 1. The NNO 3 ontent ws redued out 5% fter the seond oxygen stress nd signifint inrese of NNO 3 ontent ws oserved during the eginning of flowering stge. It seems tht the more preferle minerl form of nitrogen during the shooting stge under experimentl onditions ws nitrte. Mrshner [11] found tht the NH 4 onentrtion under griulturl onditions is mny times lower thn the NO 3 onentrtion. On the other hnd, this differene in soil onentrtions does not reflet the uptke rtio of oth N forms, sine most plnts preferentilly tke up NH 4 when oth forms re ville nd N is limited [24]. Bssirird et l. [1] oserved tht lololly pine showed n inresed preferene for NO 3 versus NH4 t elevted CO 2 levels. Nitrte uptke is tightly ontrolled y the N nutritionl sttus of the plnt. In severl plnt speies preulture under N defiieny resulted in inresed NO 3 uptke rtes one NO 3 is supplied few hours efore mesuring trnsport [3]. This indution of NO 3 trnsport rehed the mximum fter 12 to 24 h in rley [16], wheres NH 4 did not indue this uptke system [7]. During the third oxygen stress, the derese in the NNH 4 ontent ws ompnied y n inrese in the NNO 3 ontent. This phenomenon might e onneted with the nitrifition proess under investigtion onditions, espeilly fter the shooting stge when the uptke of nitrogen y the plnt is lower nd the miroil proesses n dominte. P nd K trnsformtion under oxygen stress showed similr tendeny. Those two elements showed sttistilly signifint derese of ontent (out 2 nd 1% ompred with first oxygen stress, respetively) during the seond growing stge (Figs 1, d). The influene of the omintion of the two physil prmeters, whih differentited soil oxygen onditions, i.e. soil moisture nd soil ulk density on NH 4, P nd K ontent, is presented in Fig. 2. The onentrtion of the elements investigted ws highest in flooded soil (w 1 )inll the experimentl tretments (exept one) with tendeny to derese with the derese in the wter ontent (w 2,w 3 ). Oxygen stress (flooded onditions) distintly lowered the uptke in ll elements under investigted onditions. Anlogilly phosphorus sorption deresed with wter stress [5]. The omintion of soil moisture nd soil ulk density differentited the elements with respet to their ontent in the soil. There were no signifint differenes in NH 4, NO 3, P nd K ontent etween ll wter ontents (w1,w 2, nd w 3 ) t the lowest ulk density (d 1 ). Tht tendeny ws mintined for the next two densities (d 2 nd d 3 ) in the se of NNO 3 ontent nd medium density (d2 ) for K ontent (Figs 2, ). The other results were noted for the NNH 4 nd P ontent. There were signifint differenes in the onentrtion of those elements etween the two lower wter

3 EFFECT OF OXYGEN DEFICIENCY OF THE SOIL d Pmgkg Kmgkg Fig. 1. Averge NNH 4 (), NNO 3 (), P (), nd K (d) ontents in the soil during three oxygen stresses Kmgkg d Pmgkḡ w 1 flooded soil kp, w 2 soil moisture tension 25 kp, w 3 soil moisture tension 815 kp, d 1 ulk density = 1.2 Mg m 3,d 2 ulk density = 1.35 Mg m 3,d 3 ulk density = 1.5 Mg m 3. Fig. 2. NNO 3 (), K (), NNH 4 () nd P (d) ontents in the soil t three soil moisture ontents nd three ulk densities (verge vlue of entire time of growing). ontents (w 2 nd w 3 ) nd the two higher densities (d 2 nd d 3 ) nd the highest moisture (w 1 ). Our results showed tht the two higher densities of soil omined only with flooded onditions signifintly elevte the ontent of NNH 4,P (Figs 2, d) nd K (Fig. 2) in the se of the highest density. Reltion etween soil moisture (), ertion sttus (, ) nd NH 4, P nd K derese ( vlue) is shown in Figs 36. This derese ws lulted from the differene of the initil ontent of the nutrients, nd the ontent t the given time of experiment. In the se of the lk of trnsformtion of given nutrient under experimentl

4 296 T. W ODARCZYK et l. mg kg 1 NNH y = 9.878Ln(x) R =.242*** mg kg 1 NNO y = Ln(x) R =.14**,1,2,3,4,5,1,2,3,4,5 Wter ontent (kg kg 1 ) Wter ontent (kg kg 1 ) NNH 4 mg kg y = e.4x R =.291*** mg kg 1 NNO y =.292x R =.218*** Eh (mv) Eh (mv) mg kg 1 NNH y = x.35 R =.197*** mg kg 1 NNO y = 4.3Ln(x) R =.29*** Fig. 3. Dependene of NNH 4 on soil moisture ontent (), Eh () nd ODR () in the soil (the results for ll the soil moisture ontents nd ulk densities re put together) ( NNH 4 is differene etween initil NNH 4 in the smple nd the NNH 4 onentrtion under given onditions). Fig. 4. Dependene of NNO 3 on soil moisture ontent (), Eh () nd ODR () in the soil (the results for ll the soil moisture ontents nd ulk densities re put together) ( NNO 3 is differene etween initil NNO 3 in the smple nd the NNO 3 onentrtion under given onditions).

5 EFFECT OF OXYGEN DEFICIENCY OF THE SOIL y = x R =.38*** 25 2 y = Ln(x) 1.49 R =.24*** Pmgkg Kmgkg ,1,2,3,4,5,1,2,3,4,5 Wter ontent (kg g 1 ) Wter ontent (kg g 1 ) y = 6.514Ln(x) R =,45*** 25 2 y =.552x R =.338*** Pmgkg Kmgkg Eh (mv) E h (mv) y = Ln(x) R =.371*** 25 2 y = Ln(x) R =.147*** Pmgkg Kmgkg Fig. 5. Dependene of P on soil moisture ontent (), Eh () nd ODR () in the soil (the results for ll the soil moisture ontents nd ulk densities re put together) ( P is differene etween initil P in the smple nd the P onentrtion under given onditions). Fig. 6. Dependene of K on soil moisture ontent (), Eh () nd ODR () in the soil (the results for ll the soil moisture ontents nd ulk densities re put together) ( K is differene etween initil K in the smple nd the K onentrtion under given onditions).

6 298 T. W ODARCZYK et l. onditions (s supposedly for P nd K) the differene n e treted s the uptke y plnts nd miroes. A signifint negtive orreltion ourred etween the soil moisture ontent nd the derese of the ontent of prtiulr nutrient. The most sensitive element with respet to wter ontent ws phosphorus (r=.38***) nd the lest NNO 3. The influene of redoxpotentil on the derese of NH 4, P nd K ontent ws positive in ll the ses investigted (Figs 36). The highest orreltion ws oserved in the se of P. Most of the proesses onneted with the nitrogen pool in the soil nd its hemil trnsformtion re linked to the oxygen sttus of the soil. They re denitrifition, nitrifition, proesses of miroil fixtion of tmospheri nitrogen, nd mmonifition [4]. Flooding the soil inreses the vilility of oth ntive nd dded P, whether judged y soluility in different extrtnts or uptke y rie plnts [8,12]. Due to this negtive orreltion etween Eh nd P soluility hs een reorded [14]. The prmeter of oxygen vilility in the soil ODR (Figs 36) showed typil tendeny for hnges under differentited irwter onditions [4]. Sttistil nlysis showed signifint reltion etween the oxygen diffusion rte nd NH 4, P nd K ontent. The ritil ODR vlue, whih is usully onsidered to e elow 35 µg m 2 s 1 [4,18,19], ws onfirmed here y the supposed uptke of ll the elements studied. Stêpniewski nd Przywr [21] found tht the uptke of N, P, K, C, Mg nd N y winter rye ws deresed t low oxygen vilility. Stêpniewski nd ud [2] studied the influene of the flooding of spring rley on its growth, yield, nd N, P, K ontent nd uptke nd found tht oxygen stress used redution nd irreversile loking of N, P, nd K uptke. CONCLUSIONS 1. The verge vlues of NNH 4, NNO3, P nd K ontent in the soil under oxygen stress onditions depend on the stge of rley development. 2. Our results showed tht the two higher densities of soil omined only with flooded ondition signifintly lowered the rte of derese of onentrtions s well s of NNH 4 nd P nd in the se of the highest density lso of K. 3. A derese of ll nutrient onentrtion ws lower under onditions of high wter ontent ompnied y low Eh nd oxygen vilility. The most sensitive element with respet to wter ontent ws phosphorus (r=.38***), the lest sensitive ws NNO 3 (r=.14**). 4. The influene of Eh on NH 4. The P nd K ontent showed positive orreltion in ll the ses investigted. The highest orreltion ws oserved in the P uptke. 5. Sttistil nlysis showed signifint reltion etween the ODR nd the NH 4, P nd K ontent. The ritil ODR vlue (out 35 µg m 2 s 1 ) ws onfirmed under investigted onditions y the supposed uptke of ll the elements studied. REFERENCES 1. Bssirird H., Thoms R.B., Reynolds J.F., nd Strin B. R., Differentil response of root uptke kinetis of NH 4 nd NO 3 to enrihed tmospheri CO 2 onentrtion in fieldgrown lololly pine. Plnt Cell Environ., 19, Chen J., Xun J., Du Ch., nd Xie J., Effet of potssium nutrient of rie on rhizosphere redox sttus. Plnt nd Soil., 188, Doddem H. nd Otten H., Uptke of nitrte y mutnts of Aridopsis thlin distured in uptke or redution of nitrte. III. Regultion. Physiol. Plnt., 45, Gliñski J. nd Stêpniewski W., Soil Aertion nd Its Role for Plnts. CRC Press, Bo Rton. 5. GutiérrezBoem F.H. nd Thoms G.W., Phosphorus nutrition nd wter defiits in fieldgrown soyens. Plnt nd Soil., 27, Hnn W.J., Methods for Chemil Anlysis of Soil. In: Chemistry of the Soil. (Ed. F.E. Ber). Vn Norstrnd Reinhold Compny, New York, Jkson W.A., Volk R.J., nd Tuker T.C., Apprent indution of nitrte uptke in nitrtedepleted plnts. Agron. J., 64, Khlid R.A., Ptrik W.H., nd Peterson F.J., Reltionship etween rie yield nd soil phosphorus evluted under eroi onditions. Soil Si. Plnt Nutr., 25, Lonergn J.F., Plnt nutrition in the 2th nd perspetives for the 21st entury. Plnt nd Soil., 196, Mliki M. nd Wlzk R., A guge of redoxpotentil nd oxygen diffusion rte in the soil with n utomti regultion of thode potentil. Zesz. Prol. Post. Nuk Roln., 22, II, Mrshner H., Minerl Nutrition in Higher Plnts. Ademi Press, London, Ponnmperum F.N., The hemistry of sumerged soils. Adv. Agron., 24, Sskw H. nd Ymmoto Y., Comprison of the uptke of nitrte nd mmonium y rie seedlings influene of light, temperture, oxygen onentrtion exogenous soure, nd metoli inhiitors. Plnt Physiol., 62, Svnt N.K. nd Ellis R., Chnges in redoxpotentil nd phosphorus vilility in sumerged soil. Soil Si., 98, Shlihting E., Blume H.P., nd Sthr K., Bodenkundlihes Prktikum. Blkwell WissenshftsVerlg Berlin, Wien. 16. Siddiqi M., Glss A.D.M., Ruth T.J. nd Fernndo M., Studies of regultion of nitrte influx y rley seedlings using 13 NO 3. Plnt Physiol., 9, Stêpniewsk Z., Chmges of redox potentil, ph nd redued form of Mn nd Fe in soils of vrious ertion nd

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