TILLAGE EFFECTS ON SUNFLOWER (HELIANTHUS ANNUUS, L.) EMERGENCE, YIELD, QUALITY, AND FUEL CONSUMPTION IN DOUBLE CROPPING SYSTEM

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1 ORIGINAL PAPER TILLAGE EFFECTS ON SUNFLOWER (HELIANTHUS ANNUUS, L.) EMERGENCE, YIELD, QUALITY, AND FUEL CONSUMPTION IN DOUBLE CROPPING SYSTEM ABDULLAH SESSIZ 1 *, TAHSIN SOGUT 2, AYDIN ALP, RESAT ESGICI 1*Deprtment of Agriculturl Mchinery, Fculty of Agriculture, Dicle University, Diyrkir, Turkey; *Corresponding uthor. Tel.: : Fx: ; E-mil ddress: sessiz@dicle.edu.tr 2Deprtment of Field Crops, Fculty of Agriculture, Dicle University, Diyrkir, Turkey. Mnuscript received: Octoer 5, 2008; Reviewed: Jnury 16, 2008; Accepted for puliction: Jnury 27, 2008 ABSTRACT The reltion etween crop growing nd soil tillge tretment re ply importnt role in griculturl production. Soils under conventionl tillge (CT) generlly hve lower ulk density nd ssocited higher totl porosity within the plough lyer thn under no tillge (NT). No-till frming cn reduce soil erosion, conserve soil moisture nd minimize lor nd fuel consumption. The im of this study were to investigte the effects of conventionl, reduced nd notillge methods on soil physicl properties, sunflower yield nd yield components, protein nd oil content nd fuel consumption in Southestern of Turkey. Six tillge methods for the second crop sunflower were tested nd compred ech other within fter lentil hrvesting t 2003 nd 2004 yers in cly lom soil. According to results, the first yer, the ulk density hd decresed from 1.29 to 1.09 g cm -3, the second yer the δ hd decresed from 1.41 to 1.23 g cm -3. Differences etween yers nd tillge methods in terms of yield were found significnt (p<0.05). However, no differences were found etween the NT nd CT. There were lso no significnce differences in content of protein, oil nd sh mong six tillge methods. The highest fuel consumption ws mesured in conventionl method (CT) wheres the lowest vlue ws found in direct seeding method s L h -1 nd 6.6 L h -1, respectively. Key words: Tillge, fuel consumption, soil physicl properties, sunflower, yield Volume 9 (2008) No. 4 ( ) 697

2 ABDULLAH SESSIZ, TAHSIN SOGUT, AYDIN ALP, RESAT ESGICI INTRODUCTION The min ojective in griculture production, so fr, focused mostly on the increse of yield nd production. Menwhile, economic production nd sustinle griculture re in getting ttention improvement in product qulity, reduction in production inputs, conservtion the nturl resources, nd environmentl wreness gin importnce [24]. Tillge prctices re needed to increse gronomic stility nd productivity while enhncing the environment [11]. For this reson, sustinle frming nd conservtion tillge re ecoming incresingly ttrctive to ecuse clerly reduces production cost reltive to conventionl tillge [6]. In conservtion tillge, plnts residues remin on the soil surfce. They decompose slowly when they re left on the surfce. Over the time, lyer of mulch will develop on the soil surfce. The mulch lyer not only protect the soil from erosion, ut will lso increse the mount of rinfll tht sok into the ground, keeping the wter in the soil from evporting into the tmosphere[9]. Sustinle frming nd incresing the cost of fuel in soil tillge opertions force frmers to chnge the frming methods nd forces to find lterntive economic tillge tretment. Minimum tillge nd direct tillge re some of methods tht frmers pply recently for long term erosion free frming t lower fuel cost. Considering the negtive effect of intensive frming in the field direct seeding ecomes more vitl for frmers to estlish the nture of the soil nd the flor llowing nturl plnt growth with less plnt protection prolems [2, 27]. In order to comt soil loss nd preserve soil moisture, ttention hs een focused on conservtionl tillge involving soil mngement prctices which minimize the disruption of the soil structure [23]. Mintennce of crop residues on the soil surfce is widely recognized for its positive effects on soil nd wter conservtion. Benefits of residue cover left on soil include improved soil wter storge, enhnced orgnic mtter content of soil, nutrient recycling nd protection ginst wter nd wind erosion [11,13,15]. Also, conservtionl tillge systems my help less use of fossil fuels nd reduced lor requirement, reduce environmentl prolems, such s soil degrdtion nd decline in iodiversity, relted to intensive cropping [4,8,17]. Conservtion tillge leves most or prt of crop residues on the soil surfce, thus effecting chemicl, iologicl, nd physicl properties of soil. Soil temperture, wter content, ulk density, porosity penetrtion resistnce nd ggregte distriution re some of the physicl properties ffected y tillge systems. Chnges in soil physicl properties due to use of no-tillge depend on severl fctors including differences in soil properties, wether conditions, history of mngement, intensity nd type of tillge [7,19]. The physicl properties of the seeded therefore hve considerle effect on seedling emergence, plnt stnd estlishment, nd susequent plnt growth nd yield [20]. Considerle reserch hs een performed on different tillge systems in griculturl production methods nd tillge systems in sunflower nd other crop. Osunitn et l. (2005) exmined the effects of tillge on ulk density, hydrulic conductivity nd strength of lom snd soil. They found tht the ulk density nd penetrtion resistnce of surfce soil decresed with increse in the intensity of soil loosening y tillge opertion. Byhn et l. (2006) studied possiilities of direct drilling nd reduced tillge in second crop silge sunflower. Ylcin nd Ckir (2006) oserved the effect of different tillge methods on yield nd wedding for second crop silge corn. The highest yield ws found in two psses susoil tillge methods s Tle 1. Mens of temperture, humidity nd rinfll t the site of experimenttion for long yers (verge 62 yers) nd Months Jnury Ferury Mrch April My June July August Septemer Octoer Novemer Decemer Sum Long T* ( o C) yers RH (%) R (mm) T ( o C) RH (%) R (mm) T ( o C) RH (%) R (mm) Source: Diyrkir Meteorology Bulletin (2004). *T: temperture ( 0 C ), RH: reltive humidity %, R: rinfll (mm) 698 Journl of Centrl Europen Agriculture Vol 9 (2008) No 4

3 TILLAGE EFFECTS ON SUNFLOWER (HELIANTHUS ANNUUS, L.) EMERGENCE, YIELD, QUALITY, AND FUEL CONSUMPTION IN DOUBLE CROPPING SYSTEM 72.6 Mg h -1 nd 61.6 Mg h -1, wheres direct seeding gve lowest yield s 64.7 Mg h -1 nd 37.2 Mg h -1 in the first nd the second yer, respectively. Frizzi et l. (2005) studied soil wter dynmics, physicl properties nd sunflower nd whet responses to minimum nd no-tillge systems in the southern Pmps of Argentin. Smrjeew et l. (2006) pointed out tht conservtion tillge systems could e more productive thn conventionl tillge (CT) systems s result of improved soil qulity nd wter use efficiency of plnts. Lopez et l. (2003) studied the tillge tretments vries CT, RT nd NT. The three tretments were compred under the trditionl CF rottion nd under CC with rley. De Vit et l. (2007) studied effects of NT nd CT on whet yield. They found tht greter yield is otined with NT thn s with CT. To increse production nd decline production cost in soil tillge opertions, reduced tillge nd direct seeding system is of gret importnce. Approprite tillge nd sowing technique cn reduce fctors tht impede seedling emergence reduce energy nd lor cost, nd control weeds. However, tillge systems re loction specific; their success depends on soil, climte nd locl prctices [20]. In recent yers in Turkey, especilly, introduction of griculturl irrigtion in Southestern Antolin region hs led to drmtic increse in irrigting frming nd thus second crop frming hve gined importnce. Still tody frmer continue to use intensive conventionl tillge in this region of Turkey, result in physicl degrdtion of soil nd incresed soil erosion. However, the Europen Community griculturl policy hs strongly encourged conservtion tillge prctices in order to decrese soil loss [6]. Also, there is limited informtion ville on effect on lterntive soil tillge methods in this region. The ojective of this study ws to investigte effects of different tillge methods on some soil physicl properties, crop seedling emergence rte, fuel consumption, nd yield nd yield components of second crop (sunflower) in southestern prt of Turkey. Also, the effect of tillge on protein, oil nd sh content were considered to e determined. Reduced nd no-tillge methods were compred with conventionl tillge systems. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study Sites nd Tillge Experiment The field studies were conducted t the University of Dicle, Agriculture Fculty, Diyrkir Province (ltitude N nd longitude E, 680 m ove se level), Southestern prt of Turkey, in yers 2003 nd The soil in the experiment field ws cly lom with ph of 7.7 nd orgnic mtter content of 2 %. The verge wether conditions such s nnul tempertures of ir nd soil, reltive humidity, nd rinfll re summrized in Tle 1. Field plots 15 m x 5.6 m, with three replictions. Sunflower seed ws drilled y pneumtic plnting mchine with 0.7 m spced rows on June 23 in 2003 nd June 25 in Sunflower cultivr Bor from Agro My (Turkey) ws plnted s second crop just fter hrvesting of lentil. Tle 2. Soil tillge methods re used in experiment Conventionl tillge (CT) Plough+ disk hrrow+ flot + direct seeding mchine Reduced tillge (RT1) Disc hrrow+ flot + direct seeding mchine Reduced tillge (RT2) Stripe tiller y rotry+ flot + direct seeding mchine Reduced tillge (RT3) Cultivtor+ flot + ridge tillge + direct seeding mchine Reduced tillge (RT4) Cultivtor + flot + direct seeding mchine No-till direct seeding (NT) Direct seeding mchine Tle 3. The specifiction of the tools used in experiment Tool Type Working depth (cm) Working width (m) Working speed (m s -1 ) Mouldord plough Four ottom Hevy disk hrrow 24 disk tndem Cultivtor 11 sweeps Rotry row tiller Four row Ridge tool Flot Direct plnter Four row J. Cent. Eur. Agric. (2008) 9:4,

4 ABDULLAH SESSIZ, TAHSIN SOGUT, AYDIN ALP, RESAT ESGICI Tle 4. Profile soil properties efore nd fter soil tillge tretments. Moisture content, % Bulk density, g cm -3 Porozite, % Before tretments Depth, cm After tretments Depth, cm Moisture content, % Bulk density, g cm -3 Porozity, % CT RT RT RT RT NT Tle 5. Fuel consumption nd field efficiency out tools nd mchinery used in reserch. Tool/mchinery Fuel consumption L h -1 Field efficiency h h -1 Mouldord plough Hevy disk hrrow Field cultivtor Rotry tillge Flot Ridge tool Direct seeding mchine Tle 6. Averge vlues of fuel consumption of tillge methods. Tillge methods Fuel consumption L h -1 Field efficiency h h -1 CT RT RT RT RT NT (Direct seeding) Journl of Centrl Europen Agriculture Vol 9 (2008) No 4

5 TILLAGE EFFECTS ON SUNFLOWER (HELIANTHUS ANNUUS, L.) EMERGENCE, YIELD, QUALITY, AND FUEL CONSUMPTION IN DOUBLE CROPPING SYSTEM All opertions were conducted with Ford 7740 trctor. In the first yer, dry soil ws irrigted fter plnting nd the second yer efore plnting, the soil ws irrigted. The plots were irrigted y sprinkler irrigtion method. Ech tillge method ws pplied to the sme plots for 2 yers to find out the effect of tillge methods on susequent yers. Six tillge methods for the second crop sunflower were tested. The tillge methods re given in Tle 2. The specifictions of the tools used in experiment re given in Tle 3. The CT ws conducted with four ottom mouldord plough to 30 cm depth once followed y two opertions of disc hrrowing. After plowing, the field two times hrrowed with disk-hrrow t 15 cm depth nd leveled with flot. In the no- tillge direct seeding tretment, NT, the residue is left on the soil surfce until seeding. Seeding ws mde without tillge. RT consisted of four tillge methods (Tle 2). Soil Properties Mesurement nd Penetrtion Resistnce After lentil hrvest, soil ws collected from the field with three replictions on ech plot efore tillge nd fter tillge t depth of 0 30 cm. Smples were trnsported to the lortory nd then oven dried t 105 ºC for 24 hours to determine dry-sis grvimetric soil wter content. Ten mesurements were mde t ech depth intervl in ech plot on the sme dte; hence ulk density nd porosity were evluted. Soil ulk density (δ) ws determined on n oven-dry sis y the core method. The undistured soil cores were tken etween rows from 0-10 cm, cm nd cm soil depth. Core smples of 100 cm 3, 5 cm dimeter (three replictes) were tken from the depths of 0-10, nd cm to find the soil wter retention nd totl porosity [7, 13]. Totl porosity (φ) ws otined through the following eqution φto= Where δr ws the soil prticle density ssumed to e 2.65 Mgm-3 nd δ ws the soil ulk density. Penetrtion resistnce (PR) of soil ws mesured t 5 cm increment from soil surfce to 20 depths t pre-tillge nd fter tillge, using recorder penetrogrfy (Eijkelkmp Equipment, Eijkelkmp Greseck, The Netherlnd). Penetrometer hd 30º cone with ngle with se dimeter mm t rndom sites in ech plot. Crop Residue Cover The mount nd type of surfce lentil residues were determined just following hrvesting nd fter tillge tretments. Residues were rndomly collected with in 0.5m x 0.5m metl frme t four loctions per plot. Stnding residues were collected nd gged seprtely from residues lying flt on the soil surfce, nd then the stule, stlk nd weed were tken nd weighed y electronic lnce equipment [15]. The percentge of crop residues on soil surfce ws determined y the following eqution. CR= Fig.1. Penetrtion resistnce s function of soil depth t the fter soil tillge tretment ( ). J. Cent. Eur. Agric. (2008) 9:4,

6 ABDULLAH SESSIZ, TAHSIN SOGUT, AYDIN ALP, RESAT ESGICI Where, CR is the urying rte of surfce stule, B is rte of surfce stle efore tillge, nd A is rte of surfce stle fter tillge. Fuel Consumption nd Field Efficiency In order to compre the tillge methods nd fuel consumption were mesured for ech method. From the dt, fuel consumptions per re nd effectiveness of ech method were determined [26]. For mesuring the fuel consumption of the tools nd mchines used in the test, full tnk method ws used. The fuel tnk of the trctor ws filled full efore the study nd fter the study; the fuel consumption ws determined y mesuring the mount of the fuel dded to the tnk. Time consumption ws determined y using stopwtch. Stndrd plots were used in the study (66.5 m x 105 m) for working time nd fuel consumption (12). Seedling Emergence Seedling emergence rtes were counted 3 times t 3 dys in intervls during emergence the rows with 5 m length for ech tretment. Plnt counts were mde in the mrked rows fter 4, 7 nd 10 dys from the first emergence. From these counts, percentge of emerged seedling (PE) ws clculted using formul elow [3]. PE=(Totl emerged seeds m -1 )/(Numer of plnted seeds m -1 )x100 Crop Yield nd its Component Plnt gronomic properties such s men plnt height, hed dimeter, stlk dimeter, yield nd yield components were determined y hnd hrvesting of (5 m x 0.7 m)3.5 m 2 re t hrvesting time per ech plot [5,6,23,27]. Smples were rought to the lortory nd threshed to otin the grin. Effect of Tillge Methods on Protein, Oil nd Ash Content Severl hundred seeds were selected rndomly from the threshed grin of ech plot nd dried in forced-ir oven t 60 ºC for 24 h. Then seed protein content ws determined y mens of the Kjeldhl method. The oil content of the grin from ech tillge system ws determined using Soxhlet extrction method. Ash content ws determined y dry-oven method [28]. Experimentl Design nd Sttisticl Anlysis The Sttisticl nlysis system progrm ws used to perform the nlysis of vrince (ANOVA) s outlined for rndomized complete lock design with three replictions ws used for sttisticl nlysis of dt. The dt were nlyzed using SPSS sttisticl pckge progrm for nlysis of vrince. Mens were compred y Tukey tests t p<0.05. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Field Conditions Before nd fter tillge tretments, soil moisture content, soil ulk density nd porosity vlues re given in tle 4. The second yer efore tillge, soil moisture content nd ulk density were higher thn the first yer t three depths. While depth increses the ulk density decreses. The first yer, the δ hd decresed from 1.29 to 1.09 g cm -3, the second yer the δ hd decresed from 1.41 to 1.23 g cm -3. The difference in these vlues my e due to the influence of irrigtion fter tillge in the second yer [18]. This ws proly cused y compction due to cultivtion [22]. Soil compction increses ulk density nd decreses pore volume. If ulk density ecomes too high, it cn limit plnt row growth. For this reson, ulk density is frequently identified s indictor of soil indictor [14]. The ulk density ws significntly greter efore tretment thn fter tillge for ll tretments. Results presented here re consistent with those otined y Brzegr et l. (2003) who studied the influence of different tillge systems on ulk density. No significnt differences were found etween CT nd the other RT nd NT tretments. Similr results were lso otined y Hmmd nd Dweleit (2001) nd Logsdon nd Krlen (2004). Tle 4 shows the men vlues of ulk density of soils t depths fter the tillge tretment for the six tillge methods under considertion. The sttisticlly difference ws not found (p>0.05) etween oth yers. The δ hd decresed with increse depth t ll methods. Also, the difference ws not found etween tillge methods in ulk density fter soil tillge tretments. These results re in greement to those found y Osunitn et l. (2005). Totl porosity incresed with increse depth ll tillge methods. However, there ws no significnt difference in porosity etween tillge methods. But the higher vlue ws found t under NT methods s % t cm depth. The chnges in the totl porosity re relted with ltertions in pore size distriution. The reltion cn e different depending on soil type [13]. Soil wter content ws significntly greter fter tillge thn efore tillge in ll tretments. Frizzi et l. (2005) found greter soil ulk density under conservtion tillge thn conventionl tillge. Among tillge tretments sttisticlly differences were not oserved. However, significnt ws found t depth the δ which ws decresed from 1.26 to 1.18 t cm soil depth, under NT. The vlues of δ were low the rnge of the Mg m -3 reported y Frizzi et l. (2005) s ffecting root growth. Crop yields cn e 702 Journl of Centrl Europen Agriculture Vol 9 (2008) No 4

7 TILLAGE EFFECTS ON SUNFLOWER (HELIANTHUS ANNUUS, L.) EMERGENCE, YIELD, QUALITY, AND FUEL CONSUMPTION IN DOUBLE CROPPING SYSTEM reduced y soil compction due to incresed resistnce to root growth. Our results re in greement with those found y Frizzi et l. (2005). However these vlues re not root restriction. According to Logsdon nd Krlen (2004) root restriction vlue is 1.55 Mg m -3. Frizzi et l. (2005) oserved chnges in ulk density in tillge system could lso e relted to the type of mchinery used for hrvest nd the soil compction t hrvest. Osunitn et l. (2005) similrly oserved significntly higher ulk density under no tillge cultivtion when compred to conventionl tillge tretment. These findings re in greement with wht ws reported y Hmmd nd Dveleit (2001) nd Oloye (2002). Penetrtion Resistnce Soil penetrtion resistnces t different depths re presented in Fig.1. As it cn e seen from the Fig. 1, vlues hve een found high s the soil ws not tillge in the NT method for oth two yers. Tillge methods were significnt effect on penetrtion resistnce. However, mesuring of 2004 yer hs een higher compred to The soil PR generlly incresed with increse in 100 Stule urying rte (%) C T RT1 RT2 RT3 RT4 N T Tretments Fig.2. Stule urying rte(%) s ffected y tillge methods ( ). Seedling emergence rte, % CT RT1 RT2 RT3 RT4 NT Tretments Fig.3. Effect of different soil tillge methods on seedling emergence rte(%)emergence J. Cent. Eur. Agric. (2008) 9:4,

8 ABDULLAH SESSIZ, TAHSIN SOGUT, AYDIN ALP, RESAT ESGICI depth for oth yers efore tillge. Osunitn et l. (2005) reported tht the soil penetrtion resistnce incresed with increse in depth for ll tretment. The soil PR vried significntly etween the method of NT nd the others. PR in NT ws found to e higher thn tht of the other tretments. The highest resistnce ws recorded s 340 N cm -2 under NT t 20 cm depth. In direct plnting method, s the soil ws not tillge, similr vlues close to the mesurements efore tillge. Before tillge PR vlues were higher thn fter tillge t 5, 10, 15 nd 20 cm depths. Before soil tillge, these vlues were chnge etween N cm -2 depending on soil depth. In other methods, however, there hs een decrese compred to efore tretment. Mesured vlues for ll methods, hve shown similrities. PR hs een oserved to e more sensitive thn ulk density to detect effects of tillge mngement [7], severl uthors hve concluded tht high penetrtion resistnce in conventionl systems reduced rot growth ffecting wter nutrient up tke y crops Wilkins et l. (2002) suggested tht cone index is ffected y moisture nd ulk density. Bulk density ws clculted from the soil wter content smples, ut ulk density ws highly vrile nd there were no cler reltionship etween ulk density nd cone index for these dt. Since high wter content tends to reduce cone index, when cone index vlues were djusted for soil wter content. Frizzi et l. (2005) nd Byhn et l. (2006) hve shown increses of PR under NT compred with conventionl tillge. Similr results were found differences in PR etween the tillge systems elow 5-20 cm soil depth. Surfce Residue Cover The distriution of residue on the surfce nd in the soil is ffected y tillge methods. By mintining the crop residue on the surfce, no-tillge system hs shown considerle potentil for controlling wind erosion. When compred with the residue cover in NT, the tillge opertions significntly reduced the residue cover y incorporting the residue in to the soil. In the oth yers, effects of tillge tretment on residue cover showed similr trends. The Only RT2 nd NT tillge tretments pproximtely left initil residue cover of 60 % (Fig. 2). Disk type nd chisel type implements urned more residue ccording to rotry tillge implement nd NT. The other tretments left significntly lower residue cover. These results re similr with the results otined y of Rper (2002) tht minimum vlues of residue coverge were found s 74 % in the CT methods. Chen et l. (2004) oserved tht the initil residue cover (rley) in the fll, represented y NT, ws pproximtely 70 %. According to Vyn et l. (1998) surfce reduce cover of fll zone-till nd fll disk systems were reduced to out 50 %, due to prtil incorportion during fll tillge, while no-till mintined more thn 70 %. According to Morrison (2002) s conservtion tillge prctice, strip tillge is defined s ny row-crop culturl prctice tht restricts soil nd residue disturnce to less thn 25 % of the field re. Seedling Emergence Rtes Sunflower seedling emergence rtes of tillge methods re given in Fig. 3. Fig shows tht seedling emergence rte ws found sttisticlly significnt difference in oth Plnt height (cm) C T R T 1 R T 2 R T 3 R T 4 N T T re t m e n t Fig.4. Effect of soil tillge methods on plnt height (cm). 704 Journl of Centrl Europen Agriculture Vol 9 (2008) No 4

9 TILLAGE EFFECTS ON SUNFLOWER (HELIANTHUS ANNUUS, L.) EMERGENCE, YIELD, QUALITY, AND FUEL CONSUMPTION IN DOUBLE CROPPING SYSTEM Hed dimeter (cm) CT RT1 RT2 RT3 RT4 NT Tretmen t Fig. 5. Hed dimeter (cm) for soil tillge method. yers nd tretments. Generlly seedling rte ws found to e low for ll methods oth in 2003 nd in It chnges etween %. It ws found low in ll RT methods in the oth yers, the est results were otined in CT nd NT methods s compred to the other methods. Agronomic Properties Plnt Height While the difference (p<0.05) etween yers in terms of plnt height ws found significnt, the difference (p>0.05) etween tretments ws not found sttisticlly significnt. The est results for plnt height were otined in 2004 yer. In 2004, plnt height of sunflower ws gretest under RT4 s 14.1 t h -1 (Fig. 4). Hed Dimeter The results showed tht the differences etween yers in terms of hed dimeter were found significnt (p<0.05). However differences etween tillge methods were not found significnt. There were no significnce differences etween the NT nd other tretments (Fig. 5). Stlk Dimeter The effect of tillge methods on stlk dimeter is given in Fig 6. The differences etween yers in terms of stlk dimeter were found significnt (p<0.05). However, differences etween tillge methods were not found significnt (p<0.05). Seed Yield The effect of tillge methods on sunflower yield is given in Fig 7. The differences etween yers nd tretment in terms of yield were found significnt. Similr results were oserved y Fernndez et l. (2007). However, the second yer results were found higher s compred to the first yer due to the het stress nd wter prolem occurred the first yer [26]. In this study, the yield ws minly influenced y irrigted, the first yer fter sowing, soil ws irrigted, the second yer soil irrigted efore sowing. Also, in the second yer soil condition ws more suitle thn first yer. Both the first yer nd the second yer of the study, the highest yield ws found in RT2 (33.9 t h -1 in 2003 nd t h -1 in 2004) nd RT3 methods (41.7 t h -1 in 2003 nd 55.5 t h -1 in 2004) nd the lowest yield ws found in RT1 method s 33.9 t h -1 in yer 2003 nd 42.0 t h -1 in Also there ws not found difference etween CT nd NT methods. Htfield et l (1998) oserved tht, sunflower yield were improved under ridge tillge on silt lom soil. However, similr results were reported y Ylcin nd Ckir (2006). Effect of tillge method on protein, oil nd sh content The effect of tillge on sunflower protein, oil nd sh content re shown in Fig 8. As cn e seen in the figure 8, protein, oil nd sh content of sunflower were not ffected sttisticlly (p>0.05) y tillge method. Yusuf et l. (1999) reported tht soyen grin oil nd protein content were not ffected y soil tillge system, ut significntly ffected y yers. De l Veg nd Hll. (2002) reported tht oil yield ws clculted s function of oil content nd grin yield. According to De Vit et J. Cent. Eur. Agric. (2008) 9:4,

10 ABDULLAH SESSIZ, TAHSIN SOGUT, AYDIN ALP, RESAT ESGICI l. (2007), grin protein content is function of tillge system, reporting no significnt differences. Lopez et l. (2003) reported higher grin protein content for CT thn NT. They lso recorded differences in oleogrph prmeters etween the CT nd NT. Working Chrcteristics of Methods Operting dt out tools nd mchinery used in reserch re given in Tle 5. As cn e seen in tle, fuel consumption hs occurred most in using plough s compred to the other tools. Averge vlues of fuel consumption nd field efficiency of tillge methods re given in tle 6. The highest fuel consumption ws oserved in conventionl tillge, CT, where s the lowest vlue ws found in the direct seeding method, NT s L h -1 nd 6.6 L h -1 respectively (Tle 6). The conventionl method requires five times more fuel s compred to the NT method. For field efficiencies s prllel to the findings of fuel consumption, the lowest vlues were 0.29 h h -1 in CT while the highest vlue ws 1.87 h h -1 in NT, so NT methods six times more field efficiency compring the conventionl method. When these results hve een considered in terms of the tretments, the lowest result hs een found directly in stule cultivtion method. The findings re lso in Stlk dimeter (mm) CT RT1 RT2 RT3 RT4 NT Tretment Fig 6. Stlk dimeter (mm) vlues for soil tillge method. Seed Yield, t h CT RT1 RT2 RT3 RT4 NT Tretments Figure 7. Seed Yield (t h-1) s function of different soil tillge methods. 706 Journl of Centrl Europen Agriculture Vol 9 (2008) No 4

11 TILLAGE EFFECTS ON SUNFLOWER (HELIANTHUS ANNUUS, L.) EMERGENCE, YIELD, QUALITY, AND FUEL CONSUMPTION IN DOUBLE CROPPING SYSTEM 35 Protein Oil Ash Protein, oil nd sh content (%) CT RT1 RT2 RT3 RT4 NT Tretments Figure 8. Protein, oil nd crude sh vlues (%) s function of different soil tillge method. greement with the reserch results of Ylcin nd Ckir (2006). CONCLUSIONS The soil PR vried significntly etween the method of NT nd the others. PR in NT ws found to e higher thn tht of the other tretments. The highest resistnce ws recorded s 340 N cm -2 under NT t 20 cm depth. In direct plnting method, s the soil ws not tillge, similr vlues close to the mesurements efore tillge. Before tillge PR vlues were higher thn fter tillge t 5, 10, 15 nd 20 cm depths in other methods, however, there hs een decrese compred to efore tretment. Mesured vlues for ll methods, hve shown similrities. PR hs een oserved to e more sensitive thn ulk density to detect effects of tillge mngement. The δd hd decresed with increse in depth t ll methods ut there ws no significnt difference in porosity etween tillge methods. Totl porosity incresed with increse in depth t ll tillge methods. The higher vlue ws found t under NT methods s % t cm depth. Soil wter content ws significntly greter fter tillge thn efore tillge in ll tretments. Tillge methods were significnt effect on penetrtion resistnce. The soil penetrtion resistnce generlly incresed with the increse in depth for oth yers efore tillge tretment PR in NT ws found higher thn tht of the other tretments. The highest seedling emergence rte ws otined in RT4 nd CT methods. The differences of the methods etween two yers were found sttisticl significnt for seedling rte. Sunflower yield nd gronomic properties were significntly ffected y tillge methods. It ws found to e higher in the second yer thn in the first yer in ll tillge tretments. The highest yield ws found in CT methods nd lowest yield ws found in RT4 method oth in yer 2003 nd yer From the results, it cn lso e concluded tht conservtion tillge nd direct seeding cn e esily pplied fter lentil for second crop soyen. Protein, oil nd sh content of soyen were not ffected sttisticlly (p>0.05) y tillge method. According to our results, conventionl tillge method, CT hd the highest fuel consumption nd lowest field efficiency s compred to the other tillge method. Direct, seeding method, NT hd the lowest fuel consumption with mximum field efficiency. The conventionl method requires five times more fuel compring the NT method. Beside this, NT methods hd six times more field efficiency compring the conventionl method. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The uthors wish to express their sincerest grtitude pprecition to Dicle University scientific reserch found J. Cent. Eur. Agric. (2008) 9:4,

12 ABDULLAH SESSIZ, TAHSIN SOGUT, AYDIN ALP, RESAT ESGICI (Project numer: DUAPK-ZF-62) for providing the finncil support for this study. REFERENCES [1] Brzegr, A. R., Asoodr, M. A., Khdish, A., Hshemi, A. M. nd Herert, S. J., Soil physicl chrcteristic nd chickpe yield response to tillge tretments. Soil Tillge Res. (2003)71: [2] Byhn, Y. Kyisoglu, B. Gonulol, E. Ylcin, H. nd Sungur, N., Possiilities of direct drilling nd reduced tillge in second crop silge corn. Soil Tillge Res. (2006) 88: 1-7. [3] Bilro, J.D. nd Wnjur, D.F., Soil crust nd cotton emergence reltionships. Trns. ASAE. (1982)25(4): [4] Chen, Y., Monero, F.V., Lo, D., Tessier, S. nd Cvers, C.,. Effects of six tillge methods on residue incorportion nd crop performnce in hevy cly soil. Trns. ASAE. (2004)47(4): [5] De L Veg, A.J. nd Hll, A.J., Effects of plnting dte, genotype, nd their interctions on sunflower yield: ii. Components of oil yield. Crop Science.(2002) 42: [6] De Vit, P. Di Polo, E. Fecondo, G. Di Fonzo, N. nd Pisnte, M., No-tillge nd conventionl tillge effects on durum whet yield, grin qulity nd soil moisture content in southern Itly. Soil Tillge Res. (2007) 92: [7] Frizzi, K.P., Grci, F.O., Cost, J.L. nd Picone, L.I., Soil wter dynmics, physicl properties nd corn nd whet responses to minimum nd no-tillge systems in southestern pmps of Argentin. Soil Tillge Res. (2005) 81: [8] Fernndez, R.O., Fernndez, P.G., Cerver, J.V.G. nd Torres, F.P., Soil properties nd crop yields fter 21 yers of direct drilling trils in southern Spin. Soil Tillge Res. (2007) 94: [9] Gencsoylu, I.nd Ylcin, I., Advntges of different tillge systems nd their effects on the economiclly importnt pest, Thrip tci Lind. nd Aphis gossypii Glov. in cotton fields. J. Agronomy nd crop science. (2007) 190: [10] Hmmd, E.A. nd Dweleit, M.I., Effect of tillge nd field condition on soil physicl properties, cne nd sugr yields in vertisols of Kenn Sugr Estte, Sudn. Soil Tillge Res. (2001) 62: [11] Htfield, J.L., Allmrs, R.R., Rehn, G.W., nd Lowery, B., Ridge tillge for corn nd soyen production: Environmentl qulity impcts. Soil Tillge Res. (1998) 48: [12] Ksp, A., Effects of the conventionl nd direct seeding on soil properties, opertionl time, consumption nd yield. 20 th Ntionl Congress on Agriculturl Mechniztion (2001) Snlıurf, Turkey. [13] Lipiec, J., Kus, J., Slowinsk-Hurkiwich, A. nd Noslewicz, A.,Soil porosity nd wter infiltrtion s influenced y tillge methods. Soil Tillge Res. (2006) 89: [14] Logsdon, S.D. nd Krlen, D.L., Bulk density s soil qulity indictor during conversion to no- tillge. Soil Tillge Res. (2004)78: [15] Lopez, M. V., Moret, D., Grci, R., nd Arrue, J. L., Tillge effects on rley residue cover during follow in semirid Argon. Soil Tillge Res. (2003) 72: [16] Morrison, J.E., Strip tillge for no-till row crop production. Applied engineering in griculture. (2002) 18(3): [17] Nkmto, T.J., Ymgishi, F. Miur., Effect of reduced tillge on weeds nd sil orgnisms in winter whet nd summer mize cropping on humic Andosols in centrl Jpn Soil Tillge Res. (2006) 85: [18] Oloye, J.O., Influence of tillge on crop residue cover, soil properties nd yield components of cowpe in derived svnnh ectones of Nigeri. Soil Tillge Res. (2002)64: [19] Osunitn, J. A., Oyedele, D. J. nd Adeklu, K. O., Tillge effects on ulk density hydrulic conductivity nd strength of lom snd soil in southwestern Nigeri. Soil Tillge Res. (2005)82: [20] Ozpinr, S. nd Cy, A., Effect of different tillge systems on qulity nd crop productivity of cly-lom soil in semi-rid north-western Turkey. Soil Tillge Res. (2006) 92: [21] Rper, R. L., The influence of implement type, tillge depth nd tillge timing on residue uril. Trns. ASAE. (2002)45 (5): [22] Roscoe, R. nd Buurmn, P., Tillge effects on soil orgnic mtter in density frctions of cerrdo oxisol. Soil Tillge Res. (2003)70: [23] Smrjeew, K.B.D.P., Horiuchi, T. nd O, S Finger millet (Eleucine corocn L. Gretn) s cover crop on weed control, growth nd yield of soyen under different tillge systems. Soil Tillge Res. (2006)90: [24] Ulusoy, E.,Ojectives of griculturl techniques in chnging conditions nd conceptions in 2000 Yers. in 20. Ntionl Agriculturl Mechniztion Congress. (2001), Snliurf, Turkey. 708 Journl of Centrl Europen Agriculture Vol 9 (2008) No 4

13 TILLAGE EFFECTS ON SUNFLOWER (HELIANTHUS ANNUUS, L.) EMERGENCE, YIELD, QUALITY, AND FUEL CONSUMPTION IN DOUBLE CROPPING SYSTEM [25] Vyn, Tony J., Opuku, G., Swnton, C.J.,. Resude mngement nd minimum tillge systems for soyen following whet. Agron J. (1998) 90: [26] Wilkins, D.E., Simens, M.C., Alrecht, S.L., Chnges in soil physicl chrcteristics during trnsition from intensive tillge to direct seeding. Trns. ASAE ( 2002)45(4): [27] Ylcin, H. nd Ckir, E., Tillge effects nd energy efficiencies of susoiling nd direct seeding in light soil on yield of second crop corn for silge in western Turkey. Soil Tillge Res. (2006)90: [28] Yusuf, R. I., John, C., Siemens, D. nd Bullock, G., Growth nlysis of soyen under notillge nd conventionl tillge systems. Agron. J. (1999)91: J. Cent. Eur. Agric. (2008) 9:4,

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