i o 1.75! ', , CEREAL MAIN -ADAPTATION Winter Grains

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1 27 CEREAL MAIN -ADAPTATION Winter Grains Where winter killing or severe spring frosts are not a factor, winter wheat is the most profitable cereal crop for Central Oregon. In this area, winter wheat is seeded from the end of September until the end of February. Most of the seedings are made following potatoes and consequently cannot be planted until the potatoes are harvested. This makes seedings in Noverber and December most common and some seedings as late as the first week of March. The date of seeding influences the choice of winter wheat variety acceptable to the area and to the individual farmer. Those varieties with pronounced vernalization requirements do relatively poorer than do those varieties with lesser vernalization requirements Aaen planted at the latter part of the growing season. Probably one of the reasons for the ready acceptance of Burt, Omar and Elmar is that the vernalization requirements for these varieties appear to be low and they can be planted quite late and still make acceptable yields. It is also true that under conditions of heavy frost and low moisture that the most hardy varieties such as Columbia, Kharkof (the hard red winter wheat type), which also possess the most vigorous vernalization characteristics, will give the highest yields providing the vernalization requirements are met. Gaines wheat apparently has greater vernalization requirements than Burt, Omar and Elmar and this fact will have to be considered if satisfactory yields are to be obtained. Local information is limited, however, it appears that probably Gaines should not be seeded much after the first week in February for acceptable yields. Fall seedings are preferable, It should be understood that higher yields will be obtained from fall seedings than winter seedings with any winter wheat variety. The 1962 winter wheat nurseries were seeded on the farms of Dwight Macy, Culver, Oregon and Claude Williams, 5 miles northwest of Prineville. The soil analysis for the two farms are shown below: Soil Analysis Dwight Macy Farm 1962 IDepth,Soil, P K Ca 1 Mg Total ON Inches i ph I Pd. /A.. 1 Pd./A. me/100 g. me/100 g, I me/100 g, Bases + i i o 1.75! ', ,

2 28 Soil Lnalysis - Claude Williams Farm 1962 Soil Depth, Soil I P K Ca Mg Total B OM Inches ' H ' Fd. /A. f Pd. A me /100g. me/100g..._ me /200g. i Pas es ppm, 1 o i i , 990.6! ' 3.7 ; ' t " : ,165o ' 4.8 ' Both locations appear to have a high level of fertilitt; the nurseries were seeded at approximately the same time: November 10, Dwight Macy and November 13, Claude Williams. Both nurseries were seeded following potatoes. The intense and frequent spring frosts in the Prineville area during the spring of 1962, coupled with the fact that the nursery had only one irrigation, drastically changed performance and relative production of the varieties in the two nurseries. Table No. 15 presents the average yield, multiple range test for significance, bushel weight and plant height for the Dwight Macy farm. Table No. 16 shows similar information from the Claude Williams farm. The data indicates first, a much higher yield of all varieties grown on the Macy farm, and seeond,that Gaines and lines with similar breeding are in the highest yield range and the hard. red winter varieties, Columbia ) Itana and Kharkof in the middle yield range. Under the more severe conditions which existed on the Milliams farm, Columbia, Itana and Kharkof were high yielding and Gaines plus lines similar to Gaines were in the mid-range. In both nurseries the top group of varieties was significantly higher yielding than other varieties or lines included in the nursery. The bushel weight and relative placing of the varieties in relation to bushel weight remained. remarkably constant at the locations considering the variable growing conditions between the two nurseries. Pulman Sel. 9 probably showed the greatest variation, dropping from pounds per bushel at the Macy location to at the Williams location. The plant height indicates the advantage of Gaines under high fertility conditions. At the Macy location, the plant height of Gaines was from 3 to 12 inches shorter than the other entries in the nursery. The yields of these two nurseries are presented by replicate in Appendix Tables Nose 14 and 15. Fifteen varieties of barley were seeded at each of the two above mentioned locations. The nurseries were made up of both winter and spring

3 2 9 Table No 15 Summary Table Presenting the Average Yield in Pounds and Bushels Per Acre, Multiple Range Significance, Bushel Weight and Plant Height for Fifteen Winter Wheat Varieties or Lines Dwight Macy Farm - Culver, Oregon Variety or Line Pedigree Average Yield Per Acre Pds. Bu. 5% Level (1) Multiple Range Significance Bu. Wt. Plant Height Inches 14X53 Selo r Pulman Sel X53 Sel )Th Gaines , [ _5.8 Nor in 10 X Staring I Burt T Itana j4' Columbia ` Rio Rex X Athena j P P63 Kharkof Orfed X Elgin X Elmar 380 i H Omar Rio RexXCheyenne ! Norin 10 X Staring ' i Orfed X Wasatch i i Nursery seeded November 10, 1961 Harvested August 28, 1962 Coefficient of Variation % (1) Any two varieties crossed by the same line are not signifcantly different in yield.

4 30 Table No. 16 Summary Table presenting the Average Yield in Pounds and Bushels Per Acre, Multiple Range Significance, Bushel Weight and Plant Height, for Fifteen Winter Wheat Varieties or Lines Claude Williams Farm - Prineville, Oregon Variety or Line Pedigree Average Yield 5% Leve1C T:7-- Per Acre Multiple Range Bu. Height Pds. 1 Bu. Si Wt. Inches Columbia Itana '-'- -, Kharkof o o X53 Sel. 58 i Rio Rex X "Cheysmne , , Burt i S Gaines I PulMan Sel x53 Sel I 23.8 Rio. Rex X Athena P ! Omar Norin 10 X Staring o Orfed X Wasatch L Orfed X Elgin X Elmar L, Norin 10 X Staringl Winter Killed Nursery seeded November 13, 1961 Harvested August 27, 1962 Coefficient of Variation % (1) Any two varieties crossed by the same line are not significantly 'different in yield.

5 31 varieties. For the most part, the spring varieties included were varieties which had exhibited frost hardiness in the spring seedings. The nursery at the Williams location was severely frosted and no yields were taken. Alpine and Rogers appeared to exhibit the greatest resistance to frost and winter injury. During the last nine years there has been about 60% survival of the winter barley nurseries. Most of the nurseries have been located in Crook and Deschutes counties. The frost resistant varieties such as Alpine and Rogers help on the borderline years by making a crop where others fail, but the hard facts are that Central Oregon?s winter and spring growing conditions are too severe for fall seeded barley. The main irrigated portions of Jefferson county can probably expect a higher rate of survival of winter barley seedings but the risk of complete winter kill or reduction in yield is still high. Table No. 17 presents the yields, multiple range significance, bushel weight and plant height for the fifteen varieties or lines grown on the Dwight Macy farm, There was no significant yield difference between the top four varieties and lines. In yield the top two entries were late maturing, frost hardy spring lines B571-2 and B The next two were the usual top performers of the winter barley varieties, Alpine and Wautauga. Wautauga has been previously listed as Upright. These four were significantly higher yielding than all varieties except the line Corvallis Rogers, previously identified as Oklahoma 1005, has excellent frost hardiness but apparently does not have the yield potential of other varieties under Central Oregon conditions. Trebi indicates in this nursery why it has been an outstanding spring variety in Central Oregon. It has the hardiness required to make it a dependable variety. By the same token Bonneville shows its weakness to severe conditions. The yields by replicate are presented in Appendix Table No. 16. Spring Grain The spring grain nursery was seeded on the farm of Willard Cyrus in the Cloverdale community of Deschutes county in The seeding was made on May 18 and 19, about two weeks later than planned. Approximately 40 pounds of N, 25 pounds of P205 and 25 pounds of K20 was applied to the plot area. The land had been seeded to grain the year before. The low fertilizer rate plus the innumerable frosts after seedling emergence combined to produce a near crop failure. The yields for the wheat, oats and barley are shown in Table Nos. 18, 19 and 20. The yields point out that late maturing varieties did,

6 32 Table No. 17 Summary Table Presenting the Yield of Fall Seeded Barley in Pounds and Bushels Per Acre, Multiple Range Significance, Bushel 'Neight and Plant Height for Fifteen Barley Varieties Dwight Macy Farm - Culver, Oregon Variety or Line 1 Pedigree Average Yield ;5% Level (3) Per Acre IMuatipIeEnge Pds. Bu. isi nificanoe Bu. Wt. Plant Height Inches B571-2 (2) ' , B570-8 (2) ; Alpine Wautauga (Upright)(1) I. _ Corvallis ' ' Winter Club W Trebi (2) (4) B (2) ! Rogers (Oklahoma ' 46, ) (1) 1 Wocus (B ) (1) (2 ) B567-3( ) (4) Olympia i Hudson Bonneville (2) i B Winter Killed Nursery seeded November 10, 1961 Harvested August 28, 1962 Coefficient of Variation % (1)Name or number in parenthesis indicates listing used in 1961 report. (2) Generally considered spring barleys. (3)Any two varieties crossed by the same line are not significantly different in yield, (4) Frost damage apparent at harvest.

7 relatively better than would be expaoted. In the case of wheat and barley, the results show again why Federation wheat, and Trebi and Hannchen barley are favored by many farmers in Central Oregon, especially in Deschutes and Crook counties. These varieties will produce well under good conditions and at least a part of a crop under adverse conditions. Phis nursery also points out that fertilizer in relatively large quantities is necessary to produce satisfactory grain crops in the loamy sand soils of Central Oregon. Yields of the spring wheat, oats and barley nurseries by replicate are shown in Appendix Table Nos. 17, 18 and

8 34 Table No. 18 Average Yield in Pounds Per Acre ; and Multiple Range Significance of Fifteen Spring Iheat Varieties or Lines Willard Cyrus Farm - Cloverdale, Oregon Variety or Line Pedigree I Ave. Yield 1 Pds. Per i Acre 5% Level (1) Multiple Range Significance Kenya X Lemhi I Kenya X Lemhi 2 50, Federation 4734 I Lemhi 11/425 I T Lemhi 62 (52AB9702) (2) ' Idaed f 1 Kenhi i Lemhi )4.7 Marfed :- Onas o5.4 Idaed 59B i 1 - Svenno Wells 5)46.2 1, Langdon , 1 1 Orfed _ 1 Nursery seeded May 18, 1962 Harvested September 22, 1962 Coefficient of Variation % (1) Any two varieties crossed by the same line are not significantly different in yield. (2) Name or number in parenthesis is the identification used in the 1961 report.

9 35 Table No. 19 Average Yield in Pounds Per Acre, and the Multiple Range Significance of Tuenty Spring Oat Varieties or Lines Willard Cyrus Farm Cloverdale, Oregon 1962 Ave. Yield 1 5% Level Pds, Per i 1 Multiple Range Acre Variety... or... Line Pedigree i Significance 4 Centore Marne Cody (BXA) Iogold (V)R) Clinton x Overland2 Basin (Clinton x Ove land' Park C.I X Overland 56AB AB AB AB AB AB2784 Weibulls 1004 Victory Overiarid Nursery seeded May 18, 1962 Harvested September 22, , ! Not :9735:: S ,9 i a i.) 66661_31, 111;39; n i f ,6 = i c ! a , n Q0..!., ,3, 1008,5 ' E , , Coefficient of Variation 193% (1) Name in parenthesis was used as the identification in the 1961 report.

10 36 Table No. 20 Average Yield in Pounds Per Acre, and the Multiple Range Significance of Twenty Spring Barley Varieties or Lines Willard Cyrus Farm - Cloverdale, Oregon Ave. Yield (1) 5% Level Fds. Per Multiple Range Variety or Line Pedigreed Acre Significance Hanndnen 531 Trebi, 936 Firlbecks III (2) Unitan (Glacier X Titan) Piroline E A B ?5 E Bonneville 7248 Vale (B298-3) AB B B Hulless Ezond X Frontier 9184 Wyo. Sel B Hulless Nursery seeded May 18 $ 1962 Harvested September 22, , , Coefficient of Variation % (1) Any two varieties crossed by the same line are not significantly different in yield. (2) Name or nuilt. cr in parenthesis is the identification used in the 1961 report. 4-

11 72 Appendix Table No. 14 Yield in Pounds Per Acre by Replicate for Fifteen Winter Wheat Varieties or Lines Dwight Macy Farm - Culver, Oregon Variety or Line Po.igE2p Yield in Pounds Per Acre By Replicate - Ave. 1 II III IV Yield Burt Omar , Rio Rex x Cheyenne Norio 10 x Staring Norio,10 x Staring Puiman Sel Itana Columbia Kharkof * Orfed x Elgin x Elmer (380) Rio Rex x Athena (P63) , Orfed x Wasatch ,6 4208_ X53 Sel , Gaines )(53 Sel , * Estimated yields Nursery seeded Nov, 10, 1961 Harvested August 28, 1962

12 73 Appendix Table No. 15 Yield in Pounds Per Acre by Replicate for Fifteen Varieties or Lines of Winter Wheat Claude Williams Farm - Prineville, Oregon Variety or Line i Yield in Pounds Per Acre By Rulicate i Ave. Pedigree I ' II i III IV I Yield --r---- Burt ; ! Omar , i i 523.3! Rio Rex x Cheyenne i Norin 10 x Staring ! 649.8! ; Norin 10 x Staring Winter Killed Putman Sel ! ! Itana i Columbia ! i Kharkof i Orfedx Elgin x Elmar (380) ' Rio.Rex X Athena (P63) i Orfed x Wasatch ! x53 Sel ! Gaines x53 Sel ; Nursery seeded November 13, 1961 Harvested August 27, 1962

13 74 Appendix Table No 16 Yield in Pounds Per Acre by Replicate for Fifteen Fall Seeded Barley Varieties Dwight Macy Farm - Culver, Oregon Variety or Line Pedigree Yield in Pounds Per Acre By Replicate III IV Ave. 1 II Yield Winter Club , Olympia , Corvallis Wautauga (Upright) Rogers (Oklahoma 1005) Hudson Bonneville , B , B ,9 6838, Wocus (B ) Alpine Trebi , B , B , B855-1L Frosted Out Nursery seeded - November 10, 1961 Harvested - August 28, 1962

14 75 Appendix Table No. 17 Yield in Pounds Per Acre by Replicate for Fifteen Varieties or Lines of Spring Nheat Willard Cyrus Farm - Cloverdale, Oregon I Yield in Pounds Per Acre I BEleplicate Ave. Variet Lor Line Pedigree I i II III IV Yield! i Federation Lemhi I Marred ' 745.7! Orfed KenyaxLemhi Svenno Ones Lemhi i Kenhi i Lemhi 62 ( ) i Idaed 59B, Kenya x Lembi _ , Idaed i i Wells Langdon 1365 J : Nursery seeded May 18, 1962 Harvested September 22, 1962

15 76 Appendix Table No. 18 Yield in Pounds Per Acre by Replicate for Twenty Spring Oat Varieties or Lines Willard Cyrus Farm - Cloverdale, Oregon Yield in Pounds Per Acre Ave. i BY Fhplicate I Yield!Variety or Line :edigree I 1 II, III V 1 Victory i Overland Centore ! Cody ! 0verland 2 ) Clinton x Overland ! Park , (B x A) Iogold (V x R) ! C.I x Overland ! Marne ! 58 AB I694.o AB AB : 58 AB ! 58 AB AB i 58 AB AB l'leibu11s i Nursery seeded May 18, 1962 Harvested September 22, 1962

16 77 Appendix Table No 4 19 Yield in Pounds Per Acre by Replicate for Twenty Spring Barley Varieties of Lines Willard Cyrus Farm - Cloverdale, Oregon Variet or Line Pedivi ee Yield in Pounds Per Acre B Re licate I II III IV Ave. Yield Trebi Hannchen , Bonneville Ezond x Frontier (Wyo Sel. 462) Vale (B298-3) P B , B AB B (Hulless) P (Hulless) AB Firlbecks III , AB Unitan (Glacier x Titan' I Piroline )x B AB AB Nursery seeded May 18, 1962 Harvested - Sept. 22, 1962