Best orchard practices now for best biosecurity later Dr Andrew Miles R&DPI and UQ QAAFI

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2 Australia is an island biosecurity is not Category Endemic Exotic Moved by Bacteria ~1 ~10 Virus/viroid ~15 ~11 Fungi ~14 ~14 Nematodes ~1 ~2

3 Mandatory Budwood, Nursery & Screenhouse Best orchard practices now for best biosecurity later Budwood scheme + nursery scheme + screen!!!! Category Endemic Exotic Moved by Bacteria ~1 ~10 Virus/viroid ~15 ~11 Fungi ~14 ~14 Nematodes ~1 ~2

4 But once a tree is in the ground Category Endemic Exotic Moved by Bacteria ~1 ~10 Virus/viroid ~15 ~11 Fungi ~14 ~14 Nematodes ~1 ~2

5 1) Pest and disease monitoring Category Endemic Exotic Moved by Bacteria ~1 ~10 Virus/viroid ~15 ~11 Fungi ~14 ~14 Nematodes ~1 ~2

6 1) Pest and disease monitoring Endemic: - routine assessment of pest and beneficial populations, and disease levels, to determine changes and the need for corrective action. Exotic: - ongoing surveillance of commercial citrus for exotic pests and diseases (provided adequate training is provided).

7 1) Pest and disease monitoring What is the potential exotic surveillance impact: case study of the Central Burnett using Epitools (Miles 2011) Assumptions: 75% adoption of scouting in industry 12 scouting rounds per year 10% of the time the exotic pest is seen and reported An exotic pest is present on one orchard with 500 symptomatic trees. Miles, A. K Review of surveillance for exotic citrus disease threats to Australia. The University of Queensland and AgriScience Queensland - a part of the Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation Brisbane, Australia.

8 1) Pest and disease monitoring What is the potential exotic surveillance impact: case study of the Central Burnett using Epitools (Miles 2011) Results: 94% probability that an exotic pest/disease would be detected once 500 trees had become symptomatic in a single orchard. Excellent potential rate of detection by better utilising an existing industry resource deployed for endemic pest/disease management.

9 2) Having the right tools e.g. fungicides Category Endemic Exotic Moved by Bacteria 3 10 Virus/viroid Fungi Nematodes 1 2

10 2) Having the right tools e.g. fungicides Can existing and developing fungicide registrations assist with exotic fungal disease control? Fungicide Registration Other endemic diseases Exotic diseases Copper Black spot, melanose, scab, septoria spot, phytopthora diseases, brown spot + more Most covered Citrus canker, Exotic forms of scab, Post-bloom fruit drop Mancozeb Black spot Brown spot Mal secco Azoxystrobin Black spot, brown spot Scab, melanose Exotic forms of scab Post-bloom fruit drop Captan Emperor brown spot Phytophthora brown rot, melanose SDHI Emperor brown spot Melanose, scab (maybe), greasy spot (maybe) Exotic forms of scab (maybe)

11 2) Having the right tools e.g. fungicides Captan latest permit Potential of captan for brown spot first shown in early 2000 s under project CT00021 (Miles et al. 2005) Revisited in ~2012 under CT07012, and back into field trials under project CT13020 (project completed Dec 2016) Minor use permit issued late 2016

12 2) Having the right tools e.g. fungicides Captan latest permit Not effective for citrus black spot control Do not mix with oil - unless work is done to show crop safety Captan about twice as effective as mancozeb. Captan access could result in a return of $5 p.a. for every dollar invested into project CT13020.

13 3) Area wide pest management Category Endemic Exotic Moved by Bacteria ~1 ~10 Virus/viroid ~15 ~11 Fungi ~14 ~14 Nematodes ~1 ~2

14 3) Area wide pest management Fruit fly area wide management lays the foundation for area wide management of key exotic pest: ACP The long running battle between Qld citrus and Queensland Fruit Fly provides the benefit of established area wide management concepts. Florida and Brazil have had to adopt area wide management of Asian citrus psyllid, to reduce spread of HLB. Ariel Singerman from the University of Florida spoke on the economic benefits of area wide management for ACP.

15 3) Area wide pest management Fruit fly area wide management lays the foundation for area wide management of key exotic pest: ACP Key findings were: Lower ACP numbers in areas adopting AWM Adopters of AWM are ~$5,000 per hectare better off In a post ACP/HLB Australia, area wide management will be crucial to managing HLB along with a mandatory budwood/nursery scheme! Search Ariel Singerman on youtube to watch the full seminar.

16 To recap Pest and disease monitoring Having the right tools developing these tools Area wide pest management Survey questions Would you be willing to participate in the area-wide coordination of insecticide sprays for a pest like the Asian citrus psyllid? Do you think your neighbours would be willing to participate?