ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT NARRATIVE AND APPENDICES. I. Overview

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1 ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT NARRATIVE AND APPENDICES I. Overview Phosphorus-efficient common bean and soybean are extremely useful in the low fertility soils of Mozambique. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is among the most important crops in Latin America and Southern Africa. In these regions, common bean has nutritional, ecological and economic values. Therefore, increased bean production has a direct impact on a) population s nutritional status, b) soil nutrient management, and c) welfare of rural farm households. To bring the technologies developed during the previous phase to farm households and their communities, the next phase of the project will focus on the following activities: 1) continued research in plant breeding and plant physiology (root traits) leading to further development of P-efficient common bean and soybean materials preferred by farm and local nonfarm households; 2) development of seed systems to ensure the availability of seeds of P-efficient materials in major bean production regions of Mozambique; 3) continued socio-economic assessment of farm household preferences as well as adoption/diffusion of the new technologies; and 4) degree and non-degree training as a continued IIAM effort for capacity building. In the current phase of the project, a significant effort is being devoted to the dissemination of the technologies developed during the previous phase to farm households and their communities, through a) seed multiplication of P-efficient materials, and b) seed promotion and dissemination of production technologies (such as intercropping), involving but not limited to NGOs (Word Vision, CLUSA, CARE, AfriCARE) working in the regions. Seed promotion and dissemination will be carried out using such approaches as participatory variety selection (PVS), demonstration plots and creation of communitybased seed production systems, distribution of small packets of new seed, and community promotion campaigns. In addition, a link will be established between our project and the existing CCRP project for seed systems, operating in the region. The long-term view of this effort is to empower farmers and their households to be selfsufficient in seeds of P-efficient cultivars, with P-efficient seeds being readily available within communities through the existence of seed production and seed distribution channels available locally. The long run goal is to enable rural households to have the means to participate in local markets - i.e., earn enough income to purchase seed. For households unable to participate in markets, the goal is to provide P-efficient seeds through NGOs or through alternative distribution systems that empower the poorest farm households to take those steps needed to benefit from bean production. 4

2 II. Narrative Project objectives The overall goal of the project is to improve food security and agro-ecosystems sustainability among bean-producing farmers in Mozambique through increased production and productivity of common bean and soybean in low-p soils. The specific objectives are: a. Research: conduct applied research in a) plant breeding, b) root physiology, c) agro-ecology and d) socio-economics to identify, select and develop P-efficient bean materials of various market classes according to farm household preferences; develop agro-ecologically sustainable farming systems; conduct socio-economic research to assess new seed acceptability by local farm households and consumers; develop approaches to seed dissemination that have the potential to rapidly and effectively result in widespread adoption and diffusion of new seed within local communities; and build bean and soybean supply chain access across rural communities. b. Seed system and technology transfer: Seeds of identified and well-adapted P- efficient bean genotypes will be multiplied, promoted and made available to farm households across the spectrum of income classes within rural communities. c. Training: Degree training at Penn State with a possible matching commitment from university funds in order to train two students from IIAM. In addition, shortterm training of IIAM staff/technicians in Honduras, possible English training prior to Penn State degree training, as well as field days and training sessions involving the broad spectrum of rural households that could benefit from bean and soybean production will occur. Personnel receiving training on seed production and dissemination and participatory plant breeding approaches will be involved in related activities to be conducted in Mozambique. III. A. Activities A.1. Continued research on plant breeding, plant physiology/nutrition and agroecology, with direct impact on communities. In the current project, we explore the potential utility of such traits as basal root whorl number, basal root angle, and presence of long root hairs for phosphorus acquisition in low-p soils. These root traits have great potential value for resource-poor farmers, but their impacts on productivity and sustainability of bean production systems need to be assessed. Currently, we have identified a number of root traits present in P-efficient genotypes responsible for the P-acquisition efficiency in those genotypes. Better 5

3 performance is assessed as increased total shoot dry weight, low root:shoot: allometric coefficient, increased P-uptake, etc. However, we need to better understand how these advantages translate into total grain yield on farmers fields, which is critically important for impact on households and communities. Therefore, experiments conducted to understand the functional value of specific root traits conferring P-efficiency (see Appendix A-Research Reports, physiology sub-component), include establishment of yield traits under farmers field conditions to assess the effect of these traits on yield increases under low soil fertility, given other stress factors in regional production systems. A.2. Introduction and evaluation of degree of adaptability and acceptability of small seeded Mesoamerican P-efficient bean materials in Mozambique. In the current phase of the project, in addition to traditional large-seeded Andean types, we will introduce/test new P-efficient and drought tolerant materials from Central America (e.g., small-seeded red and black beans), through establishment of on-station and on-farm evaluation plots to assess a) adaptability to agro-ecological conditions, and production systems in the region, and b) degree of acceptability among farm households and local consumers. This work is being carried out in collaboration with Escuela Agricola Panamerica (Zamorano), Honduras, which has developed a number of smallseeded varieties of common bean, which are P-efficient and drought-tolerant materials. Traditionally Mozambican farmers prefer large-seeded beans from the Andean gene pool rather than small-seeded beans from the Mesoamerican gene pool. In this activity we introduced small-seeded Mesoamerican seeds that have been bred by Dr. Juan Carlos Rosas to be high yielding, and in general have significantly higher grain yield under phosphorus stress compared to most Andean beans. The socio- economic benchmark survey conducted in phase 1 identified these beans of potential interest to some local farmers, if markets are assured. The small-seeded black beans have recently gained popularity and acceptability in urban markets in the region, which makes us believe that if farmers are exposed to the advantages that the materials offer, they may find Mesoamerican beans attractive, particularly when targeted to urban markets. An additional advantage of the Mesoamerican materials is that they provide a greater range of genetic material for adaptation, disease resistance, and other desirable traits to be deployed in future breeding programs for Mozambique conditions. A.3. Conduct socio-economic research to assess a) new seed acceptability and impacts on local households, b) alternative approaches to seed dissemination for widespread adoption and diffusion. Baseline (ex-ante) socio-economic surveys from phase 1 provide data to compare to phase 2 surveys (ex- post surveys) conducted after introduction of low-p bean; comparisons will help us to quantify impact. In the proposed new phase, bean seed selected by local villagers through PVS will be provided to farmers across the villages. We will then: 1) assess extent of adoption and constraints to adoption by farm households receiving seed, 2) document impacts of new low-p beans on households, differentiating among men, women and children (with particular reference to infants and young children), 3) test 6

4 alternative approaches to bean seed introduction, and 4) explore approaches for building bean and soybean supply chain access, while making sure that building supply chains will not create detrimental impacts on household nutrition derived from beans. The baseline survey provides detailed household-level data on bean preferences, production of beans and constraints to production, bean consumption, and income from bean sales. In the proposed phase 2 project, we will resurvey the same individuals within households, after new low-p beans are introduced to them. The comparison of ex-ante and ex-post data will allow us to determine changes in bean production levels, bean income and importantly, bean consumption within households and who benefits. The new survey data will enable us to document both nutritional impact and income impact, and how households trade-off income for nutrition or vice versa as new low-p beans are introduced. Some of new lines are expected to be preferred for market, and others for home consumption; understanding this balance is critical to understanding the over all impact on nutritional status. The issue of how the beans are used (sold for market income or fed to infants, children or other family members, including sick family members) is of significant interest for phase 2. We collected detailed data on who within households makes decisions regarding new farm technologies, what to feed children, and other similar decisions, which provide background for understanding the outcomes that we will observe as the new seeds are introduced. In addition, the baseline survey included collection of social and economic network data at the village level, providing the foundation for designing a successful seed dissemination strategy. Access to seed systems in Mozambique is extremely limited, with broad segments of the population unable to access improved seeds. Seed sharing occurs but not as broadly across the communities as expected. Cross- community sharing is found to be limited, with the majority of the population not participating in the more formal seed distribution systems that now exist. The introduction of the now low-p seed allows us the opportunity to observe who benefits and to test the impacts of different distribution methods. One strategy is to provide packets of new seed to all farmers in a village. We will do this but will also design and test alternative approaches (e.g., radio, community- based training by NGOS or extension). The ex-post survey will help us to evaluate bean seed access, degree of adoption, documented patterns of diffusion across economic and social networks, and as discussed above intra-household impacts (men, women, children). Finally, using knowledge gained through comparison of the ex-ante and ex-post data, we will be able to assess changes in participation in supply chains attributable to new bean (and soybean) introduction. A.4. Seed multiplication of P-efficient and drought tolerant materials for testing and promotion to farm households. A major emphasis in this phase of the project is multiplication of seeds of P-efficient bean genotypes and drought-tolerant genotypes developed with the effort of other projects such as Pulse CRSP and GCP, so that the new varieties can broadly reach farm households. The socio-economic research described above will provide testing of alternative approaches for 7

5 providing low-p seed. To carry out the research, we engage partners in widespread promotion and distribution of the new seed. Partners whom target include: entrepreneurial local farmers interested in seed multiplication as a small business, NGOs operating in the bean-growing regions including World Vision International, CLUSA and SEMOC. We are aware of small seed companies such as Semente Perfeita and the MADD project in Zambezia and Manica. Semente Perfeita Company has an on-going collaboration with IIAM-Sussundenga, with the research station providing foundation maize seeds to the company for multiplication into certified seeds and sale in small packets in cabins installed in remote rural areas. A.5. Research and dissemination of P-efficient soybean varieties developed by SCAU. A smaller effort will be devoted to soybean testing and diffusion of new P-efficient soybeans developed by South China Agricultural University (SCAU) during the previous phases of the project. In addition to evaluation and characterization of P-efficient soybean materials, outstanding genotypes were available to farm households for further evaluation on agronomic performance and willingness to adopt. Depending on field performances, more seeds are being multiplied and made available to local communities. This effort is being carried out in collaboration with AGRA project at Beira Corridor. In the previous phase of the project, we evaluated almost 20 soybean genotypes for P- efficiency and adaptability to the different agro-ecological conditions. This work has been conducted in collaboration with a two-month soy promotion project funded by USAID/Mozambique, but conducted by IIAM and based in Sussundenga (final project report available upon request). Agronomic data of these evaluations show that in addition to increased yields, the materials being evaluated vary in terms of grain size, oil content and milk quality, as well as fertility management quality such as amount of residues (vegetative mass) produced. These characteristics may or may not be consistent with farmers preferences. Therefore, we continue conducting further evaluations to determine these secondary characteristics, with an assessment of how farmers view these characteristics. A. Results. Below we present results that are in accordance with the outcomes expected from the 2011 Workplan. Continuation of seed increase, technician training, farmer selection for small pack approach including a future PVS activity after training of the technicians are among the main activities planned for the reporting period of the project. Below are some of the milestones achived during the reporting period: Seed of selected genotypes increased and Bean germplasm maintained. More than 100 lines were evaluated for root traits in Chokwe. 8

6 The breeding component developed F4 and F5 lines of common bean with good root traits associated with P-acquisition efficiency. At least 15 lines were tested and promising lines will be selected. Genotypes with better root traits for better performance under low P soils identified. Outstanding materials received from Honduras and CIAT-Colombia identified and seeds sent for increase in Angonia and Sussundenga. Increased seed of outstanding materials that were used in seed distribution under small pack approach including mesoamerican materials. Root phenotyping and field experiments were established in Sussundenga and Ukulima Root Biology Center in South Africa. Better cropping systems involving P-efficient materials identified under agro-ecology activities. A total of 250 farmers in all 4 sites receiving P-efficient small pack seeds for diffusion and adoption. The adoption will be determined through the PVS activities to be conducted in the next project period. Increased the number of farmers testing P-efficient materials in the region, which will increase the number of farmers adopting the new varieties of common bean. Identified and implemented different dissemination approaches for small packs of P-Efficient materials involving small seeded, meso-american materials of common bean. Completion of structural modification of lab buildoing and acquisition of new chemicals and lab supplies for Plant Nutrition Lab in Sussundenga, with support of the AGRA project being implemented by the McKnight team in Sussundenga. B. Challenges. The challenges of the project pointed out in the last reporting period, namely, a) how to preserve the germplasm, including seeds being multiplied for demonstration and adoption activities, and b) how to reach an increased number of farmers per village so that the change in community s welfare due to the use of new, phosphorus efficient materials, should be easily notable and measurable, these challenges have been completely or partially addressed. We have received a financial support from the DGP CRSP, that enabled us to have funds for 9

7 acquisition of a small motor pump and refrigerators for seed increase and storage at Chokwe Research Station; we have increased the outstanding materials previously available in small amount to a relatively greater amount that enabled us to reach a greater number of farmers in all 4 research sites. The current challenge is the delay of fund transfer of leveraging funds, which some times compromise timely activities during the growing season. The delay is observed due to the bureaucratic procedures in getting counter-part signatures from institutional officials at IIAM. However, this issue has been addressed with IIAM local leadership and progress has been made toward a faster and less bureaucratic process for funds transfer and flow. The other challenge is to train a larger number of technicians and extension workers collaborating with the project once the two project technicians return from the initial training in PVS and related subject in Honduras in collaboration of Dr. Juan Carlos Rosas of EAP. Due to inability of conducting the training last reporting period, this training has been re-scheduled for July, The next and follow up training in PVS and other related socio-economic issues will be conducted by Dr. Jill Findeis in Sussundenga, Mozambique in September, C. Insights and lessons learned. In the current phase of the project increased portion of project resources should be devoted to seed multiplication, packing and distribution to the farmers for diffusion and adoption. Therefore, we should seek for additional funding on this effort through other potential supporting entities working with IIAM. We have prepared a proposal for a funding solely in seed distribution to small scale farmers and submitted to FAO representative in Maputo, but we had no answer. Next phase of the McKnight project (if there will be one) we will still focus more in costs related to seed multiplication, distribution and adoption assessment, so that we could have a major impact of the use of these highly yielding materials at household level. 10

8 IV. Annual Workplan. OBJECTIVE 1. Research on Common Bean and Soybean ACTIVITIES Date RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATIO N / INDIVIDUAL OUTCOMES MILESTONES (e.g. How will you know the progress toward outcomes?) 1.1. Research activities on Plant Breeding Seed multiplication of promising bean lines September 2012 IIAM - Celestina Jochua Increased seed of promising bean lines Seed of selected genotypes increased and available Germplasm maintenance September 2012 IIAM - Celestina Jochua Bean germplasm increased and maintained Local and introduced bean germplasm maintained Phenotype root traits and identification of P efficient and drought tolerance lines September 2012 IIAM - Celestina Jochua Evaluated root traits of several lines More than 200 lines will be evaluated for root traits Advance generations of selfing September 2012 IIAM - Celestina Jochua Advanced F5 generations of selfing Developed several F6 lines Testing F5 from lines under low P conditions September 2012 IIAM - Celestina Jochua Assessed yield data of several bean lines Eighty bean lines will be tested under low P and promising lines will be selected Evaluate Andean lines developed December 2012 IIAM - Celestina Jochua Evaluated several bean lines for adaptability and yield performance At least 40 promising lines will be selected Screening parents and Introgression of root traits Dec 2012 IIAM - Celestina Jochua Screened several lines to identify parents with 3 4 basal root whorls At least 8 parents will be identified F1 generation developed 2.2. Research on Plant physiology Started introgression of root traits Seed Increase September 2012 IIAM M Miguel Increased seed of outstanding materials Seed of selected genotypes increased and available Germplasm maintenance September 2012 IIAM - M Miguel Bean germplasm increased and maintained under cold conditions Local and exotic bean germplasm maintained 11

9 Phenotype root traits and identification of P efficient and drought tolerance lines Evaluation and quantification of trait contribution to P acquisition through tissue analysis at Sussundenga Lab Materials testing under field conditions (on farm trials) Febrary 2013 IIAM - M Miguel Evaluated root traits of all materials maintained at Sussundenga September Research activities on Agro-ecology IIAM - M Miguel Tissue analysis of promising materials conducted at Sussundenga lab February 2013 IIAM - M Miguel Variation of genotype performance on station and on-farm conditions established More than 200 lines evaluated for grain yield last year will be evaluated for root traits Tissue analysis of genotypes with greater effect of their root traits conducted Seed of promising materials made available in greater quantities and proposed for release Conduct on-station and on-farm trials to develop and deploy to farm households better intercrop systems of beans and maize considering their P- efficiency (root architecture) and crop cycle. Dec 2012 IIAM Soares Xerinda Better cropping systems involving P-efficient materials identified On-farm trials conducted Conduct on-station and on-farm demo trials to demonstrate and promote the usefulness of inoculation of beans and soybean to take advantage of biological N2 fixation. Rock Phosphate collection in Monapo and grinding in Posto Agronómico de Nampula Conduct on-station and on-farm trials to evaluate and promote the use of rock phosphate (RP) and lime in cropping systems of beans and maize where the P soil test is below critical levels for superior performance of P- efficient genotypes. Jan 2013 August 2012 August 2012 IIAM Soares Xerinda IIAM Soares Xerinda IIAM Soares Xerinda Better N-fixing among P P-efficient materials identified Available RP for research The importance of RP as P source determined and quantified On-farm trials conducted RP Acquired in sufficient quantities for multi-local evaluations Evaluation trials both in the field and in the greenhouse conducted, reports presented 12

10 OBJECTIVE 2: Technology Transfer and Dissemination Gerplasm maitenance and seed increase at Sussundenga station Small Pack demostration and difussion On station and On farm evaluations of promising P- efficient soybean materials May 2012 IIAM Magalhaes Miguel Dec 2012 IIAM Magalhaes Miguel Jan 2013 IIAM Magalhaes Miguel OBJECTIVE 3: Socio-economic studies 3.1. Under a quasiexperimental framework, differentiate between those dissemination and promotion approaches work and those that don t Design and conduct research surrounding the year-to-year PVS activities under the proposed project 3.3. Design followon surveys of farm and local households to determine P- efficient bean technology adoption, scale of diffusion, and impacts on food security and income September 2011 September 2011 May 2011 OBJECTIVE 4: Short Term Training 4.1. Short term training in EAP Penn State-Jill Findeis Penn State Jill Findeis Penn State Jill Findeis Availability of sufficient seeds of the materials in good storage conditions The number of farmers with access of P-efficient seeds doubled Increased the number of farmers adopting new varieties Training on PVS and other socioeconomic issues in Sussundenga Conduct PVS in at least 3 sites Conduct surveys in seed distributed villages located in Angonia, Lichinga and Gurue sites. August 2012 J. C. Rosas Technicians conducting PVS in Mozambique Additional refrigerator acquired for seed storage Increased demand for P-efficient seeds in 5 sites Technicians trained on PVS Conducting survey Technicians trained in Honduras and Sussundenga will conduct the PVS Report on socio economic data on seed adoption available At least 2 IIAM technicians trained at EAP Honduras 13

11 V. Budget. The Budget spreadsheet is presented separately. VI. Appendices. 1. Statement of the problem or opportunity Phosphorus-efficient common bean and soybean are extremely useful in low fertility soils of Mozambique. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is among the most important crops in Latin America and Southern Africa. In these regions, common bean has nutritional, ecological and economic values. Common bean is a principal source of protein and micronutrients, since the majority of the rural population cannot afford to get protein from animal sources; beans also provide a key protein source in food supplements given to populations weakened by disease. Common bean also plays an important role in many agronomic systems, helping to improve soil fertility mainly through incorporation of nitrogen from the atmosphere in the biological nitrogen fixation process, larger leaf area index (% of soil surface covered by vegetation in cultivated fields) enabling soil conservation by reduced erosion, in fields planted by phosphorus efficient genotypes (Henry et al., 2008). Common bean has economic value because in most production systems of small-scale farmers in southern Africa, it can serve as a cash crop with better market values compared to cereals (i.e. maize, sorghum) and cassava. Farm households usually reserve part of their bean production to sell in local markets and can use the income to pay for such basic needs as education of children, health care including medicine, and household consumption goods. Soybeans also have market value, being increasingly used to feed chickens. Therefore, increased bean production has a direct impact on a) population s nutritional status, b) soil nutrient management, and c) household welfare of rural farm households. To bring the technologies developed during the previous phase to farm households in their communities, the next phase of the project will focus on the following activities: 1) continued research in plant breeding and plant physiology (root traits) leading to the development of P-efficient common bean and soybean materials preferred by farm households; 2) development of seed systems to ensure the availability of the seeds of P- efficient materials in major bean production regions of Mozambique; 3) continued socioeconomic assessment of farm household preferences as well as the adoption/diffusion of the new technologies; and 4) degree and non-degree training as a continued IIAM effort for capacity building. During the implementation of the first phase, significant progress has been made leading to the achievement of project goals, which can be highlighted as evaluation and development of P-efficient common bean and soybean genotypes adapted to local conditions; completion of the baseline socio-economic assessment of bean production among farm households (both men and women) in 8 villages in central and northern Mozambique; completion of degree training of three PhD host country scientists by mid and training of IIAM socio-economic staff in network and GIS analysis; improvement of infrastructure and facilities at the IIAM research station at Sussundenga, including the establishment of a plant nutrition lab with basic equipment at Sussundenga. 14

12 This initial effort, made possible through the McKnight Foundation s CCRP in collaboration with other related projects recently funded by USAID-CRSP and Generation Challenge Program (GCP), can only be capitalized if the outcome of developed technologies can reach the hands of the ultimate beneficiaries the farmers and farm households, rural communities more generally, and bean consumers. For the next phase of McKnight Foundation funding, we propose to bridge the existing gap between technology development and bringing and promoting these technologies to farm households for widespread adoption and diffusion. Therefore, in the current phase of the project, a significant effort will be devoted to the dissemination of the technologies developed during the previous phase to farm households and their communities, through a) seed multiplication of P-efficient materials, and b) seed promotion and dissemination of production technologies (such as intercropping), involving but not limited to NGOs (Word Vision, CLUSA, CARE, AfriCARE) working in the region. Seed promotion and dissemination will be carried out using such approaches as participatory variety selection, demonstration plots and creation of community-based seed production systems, distribution of small packets of new seed, and community promotion campaigns. In addition, a link will be established between our project and the existing CCRP project for seed systems, operating in the region. The goal is to help farm households have the means to participate in local markets, i.e., earn enough income to purchase seed. For households unable to participate in markets, the goal is to provide P-efficient seeds through NGOs or through alternative distribution systems that empower the poorest farm households to take those steps needed to benefit from bean production. A. Appendix A - Research Report(s). 1.Breeding component. People involved Celestina Jochua, PhD candidate, IIAM/CZS-Chokwe, Mozambique Jonathan Lynch (Professor, plant nutritionist), Penn State University, USA Dr Steve Beebe, CIAT, Colombia Dr Mathew Blair, CIAT, Colombia Dr Roland Chirwa, CIAT, SABN, Malawi Project title: Increasing Bean Productivity and Household Food Security in Stressful Environments in Mozambique - Through the Use of Phosphorus-efficient Seeds by Farm Households Breeding component IIAM Mozambique Introduction 15

13 Phosphorus-efficient common bean is extremely useful in regions of Mozambique with low fertility. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is among the most important crops in Latin America and Africa. In these regions, common bean has nutritional and economic values. Common bean is a principal source of protein and micronutrients, particularly for the majority of the rural population that can not afford proteins from animal sources. Beans also provide protein for people weakened by diseases. Low soil fertility, particularly low phosphorus (P) and drought are primary constraint to common bean production in many developing countries of Africa and Latin American. To improve bean yield in low input agrosystems without the addition of fertilizers, breeders need to identify and develop bean genotypes with root system suitable to the target region. Root architectural phenes influence P and water acquisition from the soil. Common bean genotypes with shallow roots, many basal root whorls, adventitious roots and basal roots have advantages in acquiring P from low P soils, while genotypes with deeper basal roots and longer primary roots will acquire water from deeper soil horizons. The appropriate approach for variety improvement in developing countries where the used of molecular technologies for breeding is limited could be selection through root phenotyping. In the present project, we are developing common bean genotypes with root system adapted to low P environments and drought stress. The main activities conducted under breeding component in Mozambique including the continuation of 2010 activities are described below. We also present workplan for activities planned for year 2012 as well poster abstracts presented in scientific meetings. Activity 1. Identification of bean genotypes with root traits adapted to low P conditions Low phosphorus (P) availability and drought are major constraints to common bean production in many developing countries. Root architectural phenes influence P and water acquisition from the soil. Common bean genotypes with shallow roots, many basal root whorls, adventitious roots and basal roots have advantages in acquiring P from low P soils, while genotypes with deeper basal roots and longer primary roots will acquire water from deeper soil horizons. More than 160 bean genotypes from the bean core collection and other introduced lines from CIAT were screened in 2010 and The objective of the present study was to identify sources of tolerance for drought and low P adaptability. First the experiment was planted in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications in PSU, and a subset of the genotypes evaluated in PSU was planted in January 2012 in Ukulima, South Africa with the purpose of comparing results from different environments and soils (Figure 1). All field activities such as weed control, irrigation and pest and disease management were applied as needed. Fifteen root phenes were evaluated from one root crown: adventitious root number, length, branching and diameter, basal root number, length, branching and diameter, basal root growth angle, primary root length, branching and diameter, basal root whorl number, number of nodules, and root rot infection (Figure 2). Results: Substantial phenotypic variation in root traits among genotypes was found in adventitious, basal and primary root traits. Variation among genotypes within gene pool, genotypes within race, and genotypes within country of origin were significant for all root 16

14 phene measured. Accessions from Andean races had greater number of whorls and basal roots, more lateral branches on basal and primary roots, and shallower basal roots than accessions from Mesoamerican gene pool. Mesoamerican accessions had long and dense root hairs, greater number of adventitious roots and deep basal roots. Positive correlation was detected between root hair length and root hair density (R 2 = 0.69, significant at 1%), and between basal root number and basal root whorl number (R 2 = 0.9, P-value < ). Tradeoffs between adventitious root number and basal root number and between adventitious root number and BRWN were detected. Sources of tolerance to low P adaptability and drought were identified and these genotypes could be used in breeding programs for development of bean genotypes adapted to specific stress. We identified 29 genotypes with 3 whorls and 9 to 13 basal roots as source for P efficiency. Most of these genotypes also have shallow basal root growth angles. For drought tolerance we identified 31 genotypes with long and deeper roots. Examples of root genotypes with root system adapted to low P soils and drought tolerance are illustrated in Figures 3 and 4. Genotypes with root traits associated with adaptation to low P availability were found in both gene pools, and traits associated with adaptation to drought stress were mostly evident in the Mesoamerican gene pool, although some Andean genotypes expressed extensive lateral branches on basal and primary roots that may improve water acquisition from deeper soil horizons. Useful root traits for breeding for edaphic stresses were identified in both Andean and Mesoamerican gene pools. Breeding for multiple root phenes could enhance acquisition of multiple soil resources, particularly in developing countries. Implications of the research findings: Preliminary results from this study indicate the existence of substantial variation in root traits among bean genotypes in both Andean and Mesoamerican gene pools. Thus, useful root traits for breeding for edaphic stresses can be found in two gene pools. Breeding for multiple root phenes could enhance acquisition of multiple soil resources, particularly in developing countries. Combinations of traits such as long and dense root hairs with deep basal roots, or many adventitious roots with long primary root may potentially result in increased crop performance and yield in regions where multiple stresses such as low P availability and drought occur. Since phenotypic diversity was found within races of Andean and Mesoamerica gene pools, intragene-pool crosses and intergene-pool crosses to improve tolerance to edaphic stresses in common will be feasible. Activity 2. Evaluation of common bean genotypes As part of our activities on development of bean varieties adapted to stressful environments, 21 genotypes introduced from CIAT and local germplasm were evaluated for yield performance under drought stress. Genotypes known to be drought tolerant and P efficient selected from previous studies were included. The objective of the study was to evaluated yield performance of 21 selected genotypes under drought stress. The trial was installed during the dry season at the IIAM Agricultural Research Station of Chokwe, Mozambique in Genotypes with 2 and 3 basal root whorls were also included in the present study. The experiment was planted in a RCBD with 4 replications. Seeds of each genotype were sown in three rows of 5 m, and the planting space was 0.7 m between rows 17

15 and 0.15 between plants in a row. Weed and pest management and irrigation were applied as needed. Registered data included phonological data such as days to flowering and maturity. We counted the number of pods per plant, and the grain weight per plot was collected and than converted in yield in Kg per hectare. Results: Although we did not have strong drought stress due to the abnormal rainfall that occurred off season in Southern Mozambique, we found significant differences among genotypes in yield (P-value < 0.000), and number of pods per plant (P-value <0.000). The yield varied from 2233 to 1017 Kg/ha. SEQ 1003 had the highest yield (2233 Kg/ha), followed by BAT 477 (2218 Kg/ha) and VTTT 924/2 (1999 Kg/ha (Table 1). Doctor, a local variety had the lowest yield (1017 Kg/ha). This variety had problem of germination that resulted in low plant density. The number of pods per plant varied from 17 to Tio Canela and BAT 477 had 44.8 and 44.6 pods per plant, respectively. G had an average of 31.7 pods per plant. Tio Canela and BAT 477 are drought tolerance genotypes and previous study showed that these genotypes have deeper basal roots, this aspect, probably influenced their good performance. The local check Bonus were among the genotypes that had relatively good yield (1762 Kg/ha), while SUG 131, a variety recently released by IIAM had 1636 Kg/ha. The yield of G was 1432 Kg/ha. Over all, genotypes with deeper roots as SEQ 1003, BAT 477 and Tio Canela were among the best genotypes in terms of yield performance, confirming the importance of root architecture for water acquisition. Selected and promising genotypes will be used in advanced trials for yield performance and adaptability in both drought and low P conditions. Activity 3. Development of bean populations and phosphorus efficient common bean lines adapted to Mozambique The objective of this study was to develop P efficient lines adapted to Mozambique. Crosses using parents contrasting in root hair traits were made in previous years to incorporate good root hair traits into adapted bean varieties. Root hair traits of F3 and F4 lines were than evaluated in the laboratory in 2010 at PSU. Variation in root hair length among F3 and F4 lines were found. In 2011, we planned to advance F4 and F5 lines in order to obtain sufficient seed for yield evaluation in However, part of the lines from all 3 populations lost seed viability due to poor storage conditions, and we only selected part of the lines that were in good conditions. Three hundred F5 lines from 3 populations were planted in Chokwe in 2011 for seed increase (Figure 5). The seed produced per line varied from 50g to 500g. Eight six lines were selected and planted in February, 2012 in Sussundenga to test their yield performance under low P conditions. 3 Evaluation of yield performance of F5 lines Introduction: Low phosphorus (P) availability affects the majority of the bean production areas in Africa including Mozambique. Root hair elongation is one of the adaptability to low P soils that plants evolved. Root hair proliferation and elongation increase the volume 18

16 of soil exploited by plants with low carbon cost. Development of bean genotypes with long and dense root hairs would increase bean productivity and production in marginal regions of Mozambique where most farmers do not afford fertilizers. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the yield performance of 86 F5 lines and develop P efficient varieties adapted to Mozambique. Materials and Methods: Eighty six lines from 3 different crosses between parents contrasting in root hair traits were planted in Sussundenga in February, Twenty six lines are from cross SEA 5 x SXB 418, thirty six from SEA 5 x VAX 2 and twenty three from AFR 298 x PVA 773. Lines from each cross were planted in a RCBD with 3 replications. The planting space between rows is 0.6m and between plants in a row is 0.2 m. The trials were planted under low P conditions. Data from these 3 trials will be collect during this bean season. The data to be collected include days to flowering and maturity, color of the flower, seed, growth habit, number of pods per plant, weight of 100 seeds and yield performance. All these 3 trial still in the field in Sussundenga. 4. Evaluation of root traits of common bean genotypes Six genotypes that were contrasting in basal root growth angle (BRGA), basal root whorl number (BRWN) and basal root number (BRN) were planted in Chokwe in The objective of the study was to compare if genotypes with deeper BRGA also have steeper basal roots, and compare yield performance of these genotypes under drought stress. The six genotypes were planted in a RCBD with 4 replications. Root traits measured in the field included adventitious root number, length and branching, BWRN, BRN, BRGA, basal root branching, primary root length and branching, number of nodules and root rot infections (Figure 6). Root phenes were evaluated 45 days after planting. Soil cores were taken in different soil depths: 15, 20 and 30 cm. Findings: Due to irregular rainfall that occurred during the dry season we could not have consistent yield results to correlate with yield data. Significant differences in root phenes among genotyoes were detected for adventitious root number, length and branching, BRGA, BRWN. BRN and basal root length, primary root branching and number of nodules ate 5 % level of significance. Bat 477, Tio Canela anad SEQ 1003 had deeper BRGA than BRGA of Bonus, LIC and LIC , and differences were statistically significant at 5% level of significance. The number of BRWN varied from 2 to 4, and the number of BRN varied from 7 to 14 (Table 2). Variation in basal root branching and primary root length among genotypes was not significant at 5% level of significance. Significant differences among genotypes were detected for yield (P value = ), indicating that the performance of the 6 genotypes were different. BAT 477 had the highest yield (1784 Kg/ha), followed by SEQ 1003 (1644 Kg/ha) (Table 2 and Figure 7). Although the drought stress was not sufficient to compare the effect of deep root under drought stress, our preliminary results indicate that some of the genotypes that had deeper BRGA also had relatively higher yields. We also found a positive correlation between BRGA and yield. 19

17 5. Seed multiplication and germplasm maintenance Seed of several promising common bean lines were increased in Chokwe and Sussudenga Research Stations. The objective of this activity was to increase seed of selected lines for next seasons and germplasm maintenance. Several bean introduced and local lines were increased and maintained in Chokwe and Sussundenga Reseach station. About 50 Kg of the following were produced in Chokwe: SUG 131, Bonus, Kaki and Ica Pijão. We also produced small amounts of several lines received from CIAT, local germplasm and genotypes in Chokwe and Sussundenga.. Results: Seed of several lines were harvested and stored for future on station and on farm trials in different sites. Our collaborators such as extension services also received this seed for testing with farmers. We also increased seed of recently released varieties SUG 131 and Cal 143 that we selected as tolerant to low P soils, because they have root traits adapted to low P conditions. 20

18 Table 1. Mean of yield and number of pods per plant of 21 bean genotypes evaluated in Chokwe. The results are average of 4 replications. Genotype N. pods/plant Yield (Kg/ha) BAT BONUS DOCTOR G KHAKI LIC LIC LIC LIC LIC LIC-O SAB SAB SAB SAB SEQ SUG TIO CANELA VTTT 924/ VTTT 924/ VTTT 925/ Table 2. Description of selected root phenes and yield of 6 bean genotypes evaluated in Chokwe. Root phenes: Adventitious root number (ARN), adventitious root length (ARL), adventitious root branching (ARB), basal root length (BRL), basal root whorl number (BRWN), primary root length (PRL), and primary root branching (PRB). The root lengths were measured in cm, branching corresponds to the number of lateral roots in 2 cm of a representative root segment, and number of roots was actual counts. The results are average of 4 replications. Yield of Tio Canela was not included because plots of two replications were considered lost. Genotype ARN ARL ARB BRL BRWN BRN BRGA PRL PRB Yield (Kg/ha) BAT Bonus LIC LIC SEQ Tio Canela

19 Figure 1. Trial installed to evaluate root traits of the common bean core collection in South Africa. Adventitious root traits Basal root whorl number Basal root traits Primary root 22

20 Figure 2. Common bean root traits evaluate from one root crown in the field: Adventitious root number (ARN), length (ARL), branching (ARB), Basal root whorl number (BRWN), basal root number (BRN), length (BRL), branching BRB) and BRGA; PRL = Primary root length (PRL) and branching (PRB). The other traits that we evaluated were number of nodules and root rot infection. Figure 3. Root system of bean with shallow basal root growth angle for low P adaptability Figure 4: Root system of bean with deep basal root growth angle for drought tolerance 23

21 Figure 5: F5 lines from 3 bean populations planted in Chokwe Research Station 24

22 Figure 6: Evaluation of root phenes of a trial installed in Chokwe Research Station Yield (Kg/ha) BAT 477 Bonus LIC LIC SEQ 1003 Tio Canela Genotype Figure 7: Yield in Kg/ha of six genotypes evaluated in Chokwe. BAT 477 and SEQ 1003 had superior yields. Standard error of the mean are presented. Appendix 1. Workplan for breeding component activities in Mozambique for year

23 OBJECTIVE 1. Research on Common Bean Research activities on plant breeding Activities Dates Responsible /Organization Seed multiplication of promising bean lines Germplasm maintenance Phenotype root traits and identification of P efficient and drought tolerance lines Advance generations of selfing Testing F5 from lines under low P conditions Evaluate Andean lines developed Screening parents and Introgression of root traits September 2012 September 2012 September 2012 September 2012 September 2012 December 2012 Dec 2012 IIAM - Celestina Jochua IIAM - Celestina Jochua IIAM - Celestina Jochua IIAM - Celestina Jochua IIAM - Celestina Jochua IIAM - Celestina Jochua IIAM - Celestina Jochua Outcomes Increased seed of promising bean lines Bean germplasm increased and maintained Evaluated root traits of several lines Advanced F5 generations of selfing Assessed yield data of several bean lines Evaluated several bean lines for adaptability and yield performance Screened several lines to identify parents with 3 4 basal root whorls MILESTONES (e.g. How will you know the progress toward outcomes?) Seed of selected genotypes increased and available Local and introduced bean germplasm maintained More than 200 lines will be evaluated for root traits Developed several F6 lines Eighty bean lines will be tested under low P and promising lines will be selected At least 40 promising lines will be selected At least 8 parents will be identified F1 generation developed Started introgression of root traits 26

24 Appendix B. Abstract of the posters 1. Abstract of the poster presented in the African Crop Science Society Conference (ACSS) in Maputo, Mozambique, October 2011: SHOVELOMICS: A METHOD FOR RAPID EVALUATION OF ROOT TRAITS OF COMMON BEAN IN THE FIELD C. N. JOCHUA 1 AND J. P. LYNCH 2 1 Instituto de Investigação Agrária de Moçambique (IIAM), Mozambique 2 The Pennsylvania State University, USA JPL4@psu.edu Low phosphorus availability and drought are major constraints to common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) production in many developing countries. The root system is an important factor for plant productivity. Plants have evolved a range of adaptations to enhance phosphorus (P) acquisition from the soil. Common bean genotypes with shallow roots, large number of basal root whorls and adventitious roots have advantages in acquiring P. Root systems are difficult to evaluate directly in the field and most root studies are conducted in controlled environments. The objective of this study was to develop a simple method to evaluate root traits of common bean in the field. Fifty genotypes were evaluated in RCBD with 4 replications in Chokwe and Umbeluzi, Mozambique and Pennsylvania, USA from 2008 to Four plants per genotype were excavated 45 days after planting, and a 1 to 9 visual scale was used to score 12 root traits. Analyses of variance showed significant differences among genotypes in adventitious, basal and primary root traits. The number of adventitious roots varied from 4 to 43, basal root whorls varied from 1 to 4 and basal roots varied from 3 to 15. Root angles varied from shallow (score < 3) to deep rooted genotypes (score > 6). A positive correlation was observed between whorl number measured in the laboratory and basal roots evaluated in the field (R 2 = 0.8). The environment and year did not affect the ranking scores of most of the root traits. Correlations between scored and measured root traits indicate that the visually scored traits were good estimators of the measured traits. High correlation between measured and scored traits was found for basal root angle (R 2 = 0.76), adventitious root length (R 2 = 0.73), primary root length (R 2 = 0.64), and basal root length (R 2 = 0.6). On average, 2 min were required to evaluate 12 traits in one root crown. We have developed and validated a visual method for rapid evaluation of the common bean root traits directly in the field. This method can be modified for phenotyping root systems of other crops. Field phenotyping using shovelomics is an appropriate tool for breeding for low soil fertility and drought tolerance in developing countries of Africa and Latin America. Keywords: common bean, root traits, low phosphorus, root system. 2. Abstract of the poster presented in Kigali, Rwanda DIVERSITY OF ROOT PHENES OF COMMON BEAN (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS L.) FROM ANDEAN AND MESOAMERICAN GENE POOLS. Jochua, C.N. 1*, J. D. Burridge 2, S. Beebe 3 and J. P. Lynch 2. 1 Instituto de Investigação Agrária de Moçambique (IIAM), Mozambique. 2 The Pennsylvania State University, USA. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Colombia. *Presenter (celestina_jochua@hotmail.com). Low phosphorus (P) availability and drought are major constraints to common bean production in many developing countries. The root system is an important factor for plant productivity. Bean genotypes with shallow roots, large number of basal and adventitious roots have advantages in acquiring P from low P soils, while genotypes with deeper and longer roots will acquire water from deeper soil horizons. Information on root diversity is crucial for development of varieties adapted to a specific region. To assess the diversity of root phenes in beans, 165 accessions from 27

25 the bean core collection from CIAT were planted in the laboratory and field in Pennsylvania, USA. Substantial variation in root traits between and within gene pools in adventitious, basal and primary root traits was found. The root hair length (RHL) varied from 0.19 to 0.78mm. Twenty one percent of the 165 accessions had long root hairs. RHL and density were positively correlated (R 2 = 0.69). Significant differences between and within gene pools were detected for most root phenes. We found tradeoffs between adventitious and basal roots. Useful root traits for breeding for edaphic stresses were identified in both Andean and Mesoamerican gene pools. Breeding for multiple root phenes could enhance acquisition of multiple soil resources, particularly in developing countries. 28

26 1. Physiology and trait evaluation Functional role of basal root whorl number for phosphorus acquisition efficiency in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) People involved: Magalhães Miguel, Reseacher IIAM-Mozambique Katheleen Brown, Professor, Penn State- UISA Jonathan Lynch, Professor, Penn State- USA Project title: Increasing Bean Productivity and Household Food Security in Stressful Environments in Mozambique - Through the Use of Phosphorus-efficient Seeds by Farm Households Physiology component IIAM Mozambique Introduction Low phosphorus (P) availability and drought are among the most important limiting factors for crop production and productivity in most of tropical agro-ecosystems, including in sub-saharan Africa and Latin America. Several root traits are known to be associated with P acquisition efficiency in low P soils. These root traits include root hairs, basal whorl number (BRWN), number of basal roots (BRN), basal root growth angle (BRGA), adventitious rooting and cortical aerenchyma. Genotypes with better performance in soils with low phosphorus exhibit one or more root traits. When these traits are in a particular phenotype they may be synergistic, antagonistic or neutral. We conducted a study showing that root hairs and BRGA can be synergistic in common bean genotypes (see abstract in appendix section). The effect of a particular root trait, responsible for P-efficiency, might not be beneficial under optimal P availability, but this might cause significantly greater shoot dry weight, shoot phosphorus content and ultimately greater grain yield when the genotype is grown under limited conditions. During the previous planting season, we conducted a series of experiments where common bean genotypes from different origins and gen pools were tested under low phosphorus availability in red soils of Sussundenga, and grain yields were evaluated. In addition, we conducted seed increase of more than 200 genotypes from Meso and Andean gen pools. These seeds were later used for distribution to farmers in 8 villages, an activity under socio-economic component. Outstanding genotypes are currently planted in the field for root genotyping in order to determine the root traits associated to their better yields in low P soils. Activities 1. Physiological evaluation of common bean genotypes for root traits associated to phosphorus acquisition efficiency in low P soils. 29

27 During the 2010/11 growing season, we received both from Honduras and CIAT headquarters common bean genotypes for evaluation in Mozambique. These genotypes were planted for seed increase so that the seeds can be sufficient to establish an experiment with two P treatment levels with four replications and for destructive phenotyping in the field at Sussundenga Research Station. During this growing season these genotypes were planted and soon we will be conducting destructive phenotyping in the field, where root traits associated to P acquisition efficiency will be evaluated. In addition, an experiment with objective of testing the performance of genotypes contrasting for a number of root traits, grown under multiple stresses, including low P availability, drought and the combination of the two stresses (Jimmy s experiment). 2. Seed increase of Andean and Mesoamerican materials for distribution to farmers. More than 200 genotypes were increased during the 2010/11 growing season. This activity was crucial for the implementation of socio-economic studies that would start by seed distribution to a larger number of farmers in 8 villages across the central and northern region of Mozambique. The seed increase plants were planted in two cycles. The first planting was done in February and the second was in August. Therefore, we were able to obtain enough seed to distribute to an average of 50 farmers in 8 villages, at same time ensuring the germplasm maintenance at Sussundenga Research station. Field Evaluation of Mesoamerican and Andean genotypes for performance under low P availability People involved: Magalhães Miguel, Researcher IIAM-Mozambique Jonathan Lynch, Professor, Penn State- USA Introduction Plant genotypes differ in their response to environmental conditions. In the same way that genotypes vary in response to high soil fertility (genotype response to fertilization), they also vary in response to low soil fertility. Several plant traits, especially root traits are often responsible to plant response to low soil fertility. Recent studies have identified and validated a number of root traits associated to the relative ability of a certain genotype to acquire soil (nutrients and water) and perform better when they are scarce in the soil. Low soil fertility, and especially low phosphorus availability is a primary constraint to crop production and productivity in most tropical soils in Africa, Latin America and eastern Asia. For example 85% of all bean-cultivated areas in southern Africa are affected by low phosphorus availability (CIAT 1987). In these regions, soils are often highly weathered, acidic (ph ranging from 3.8 to 5.8), and have small percentage (<5%) of organic matter content. Usually, crops yield well below their genetic potential, often as low as 10% of genetic potential for a given genotype. Therefore, root traits that can help genotype to acquire resources efficiently, such as phosphorus from the soil, are of great importance for low-income farmers in developing countries. Materials and Methods Plant Materials 30

28 5 sets of experiments involving a total of 191 genotypes were established in the field in Sussundenga Research Station during 2011/12. The experiments included yield evaluation under low P availability of 49 Mesoamerican and 24 Andean materials received from CIAT in Colombia; evaluation of 46 Mesoamerican materials received from Honduras, 32 Andean materials from BILFA collection and 40 lines from bio-fortification project. Because of limited amount of seeds available, the biofortified materials were only increased under optimal P availability (fertilized plots) without assessment of their yields. All the other materials were planted under low P availability (6 ppm of P), with the spacing of 60 cm between the lines and 10 cm between the plants in the line. Yield data was recorded at harvest. Results. 1. Mesoamerican materials received from CIAT-Colombia Data analysis of 49 Mesoamerican materials received from CIAT Colombia had field yields under low P availability varying from 0.16 (Meso 40) to 4.87 ton/ha (Meso 85), with an average of 1.75 ton/ha. Most of genotypes had yields of 1.5 ton/ha while 5 genotypes had less than a ton/ha. 14 genotypes out of 49 had yields of more than 2 ton/ha and only two had 3.72 and 4.87 ton/ha respectively (Figure 1). Genotypes with more than 2 ton/ha under low P we consider that had a degree of P efficiency. Next evaluations will determine the root traits associated to P acquisition efficiency among the outstanding genotypes. 2. Mesoamerican materials received from Honduras under collaboration with Dr. Juan Carlos Rosas at Escuela Agricola Panamericana. Yield assessment of 46 Mesoamerican genotypes (small reds, blacks and whites) received from Honduras showed yield variation from 0.37 to 6.03 ton/ha, with average of 1.70 ton/ha, under low P. In this experiment, 12 out of 46 genotypes had yields of more than 2 ton/ha and we consider them as P-efficient genotypes (Figure 2). 3. Evaluation of BILFA materials under low P availability. Most of BILFA materials are noted to be P-efficient materials when grown in low P soils. We evaluated a total of 32 materials in the field, where grain yield was recorded. The performance of the materials was not superior to other materials especially for Mesoamerican materials that were tested under same conditions. Grain yield varied from 0.16 to 2.68 ton/ha, with an average of 0.93 ton/ha (Figure 3). Only one genotype (MR ) had yield more than 2 ton/ha (2.68), and 9 genotypes had yield more than a ton, while the rest 21 genotypes had yield less than a metric tone per hectare. These genotypes, although less P-efficient, they have very good color and large seeds, among other agronomic attributes that might be of preference to the farmers. 4. Evaluation of Andean Genotypes from CIAT- Colombia Twenty-four common bean materials from Andean gene pool received from CIAT Colombia was evaluated under low phosphorus availability at Sussundenga Research Station. Grain yield varied 31

29 from 0.29 ton/ha to 2.47 ton/ha, with average yield of 0.87 ton/ha. These genotypes although with superior characteristics in terms of coat color and seed size they are less P efficient compared to other set of genotypes that have been evaluated under the same field conditions. All the genotypes valuated during the last growing season have been planted again in the field in Sussundenga where they will be phenotyped for root traits and phenotypic data will be correlated to grain yield. In addition to root phenotyping, grain yield data will again be recorded for assessment of yield stability of the genotypes across seasons. Yield,ton/ha Genotype Figure 1. Yield data of 49 Mesoamerican bean materials planted under low P fields at Sussundenga Research Station during the 2011 growing season. 32