TABLE OF CONTENTS. Chapter 1 THE ORIGIN OF POTATO PRODUCTION SYSTEMS Distribution to the World Famous Idaho Potatoes The Need to Know More

Transcription

1 Chapter 1 THE ORIGIN OF POTATO PRODUCTION SYSTEMS Distribution to the World Famous Idaho Potatoes The Need to Know More Chapter 2 POTATO GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Plant Structure and Terminology Growth Stages Chapter 3 VARIETY SELECTION AND MANAGEMENT Russet Varieties for Fresh Use or French Fry Processing Bannock Russet Gem Russet Russet Burbank Umatilla Russet Russets for French Fry Processing Ranger Russet Russets for Fresh Use Russet Norkotah Long Whites for Processing CalWhite Shepody Varieties for Dehydration Processing Alturas Round White Varieties for Processing into Chips Atlantic ix

2 Chipeta NorValley FL 1533 Ivory Crisp Specialty Varieties for Fresh Market (Red Skin) Chieftain IdaRose NorDonna Norland Red LaSoda Sangre Specialty Varieties for Fresh Market (Yellow Flesh) Yukon Gold Chapter 4 SEED PRODUCTION AND CERTIFICATION Producing High-Quality Seed Potatoes Production of Pre-Nuclear Mini-Tubers Harvest and Storage of Pre-Nuclear Tubers Production of Nuclear Seed Production from Mini-Tubers Production from Pre-Nuclear Transplants Vine Killing and Maturing the Nuclear Seed Crop Harvesting and Storage Producing Later Generations Gl to G6 Seed Tuber Crops Certification of Seed Potatoes Definition of Certified Seed Application for Certification Certification of Greenhouse Pre-Nuclear Stocks Idaho Certification Standards for G1 to G6 Seed Differences in State Certification Programs x Chapter 5 FIELD SELECTION, CROP ROTATIONS, AND SOIL MANAGEMENT Field Selection Soil Texture and Organic Matter Soil Compaction Topography Soil Chemical Characteristics Field History Crop Rotations Crop Sequences in Idaho Tillage and Soil Management

3 Chapter 6 MANAGEMENT OF GREEN MANURES IN POTATO CROPPING SYSTEMS Nitrogen Contributions from Legume Crops Potato Root Disease and Nematode Suppression Selecting a Green Manure Crop Cultural Practices for Green Manure Production Comparison of Costs of Production with and without Green Manure Chapter 7 SEED AND PLANTING MANAGEMENT Guidelines for Selecting Seed Selection of High Quality Seed Examination of Certification Records Seed Tuber and Seed Piece Size Seed Tuber Size Average Seed Piece Size and Distribution Determining Average Seed Piece Size Determining Seed Piece Size Distribution Seed Age Physiological Age Performance of Physiologically Aged Seed Factors Influencing Physiological Age of Seed Estimating Physiological Age of Seed Management Considerations Seed Cutting and Seed Piece Treatments Seed Cutter Maintenance and Adjustments Seed Piece Treatments Pre-Cutting Seed Planting Establishing a Uniform Plant Stand Planting Depth Planting Seed Pieces Accurately Determining Planting Accuracy and Average Seed Piece Spacing Examples of Determining Planting Accuracy Chapter 8 NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT Nutrient Management Efficiency Nutrient Uptake Patterns Factors Affecting Nutrient Requirements Soil and Environmental Factors Plant Diseases Determining Nutrient Requirements Soil Analysis Plant Tissue Analysis xi

4 xii Fertilizer Application Methods Nitrogen Management Crop Nitrogen Uptake Available Nitrogen Sources Nitrogen Fertilizer Recommendations Split Nitrogen Management In-Season N Applications Monitoring Crop N Status Irrigation Management Winter Cover Crops Phosphorus Management Soil Phosphorus Availability Preplant Phosphorus Recommendations In-Season Phosphorus Applications Potassium Management Yield and Quality Potassium Uptake Preplant Potassium Fertilizer Recommendations In-Season Potassium Applications Petiole K Responses Sulfur, Calcium, and Magnesium Management Sulfur Calcium and Magnesium Micronutrient Management Zinc Manganese Boron Iron Copper Chloride Chapter 9 CONCEPTS OF INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT Benefits of Using IPM How to Use IPM Principles Principle No. 1: No Silver Bullet Principle No. 2: Treat Causes of Pest Outbreaks, Not Symptoms Principle No. 3: Pest Presence Does Not Mean a Pest Problem Principle No. 4: If You Kill the Natural Enemies, You Inherit Their Work Principle No. 5: Just-in-Time vs. Just-in-Case Economic Injury Levels and Economic Thresholds Non-Economic Pests Occasional Pests Severe Pests

5 Pest Scouting Rule 1: Examine Every Field Rule 2: Sample Randomly Rule 3: Sample Across the Entire Field Rule 4: Take Enough Samples Rule 5: Keep Records of Scouting Data and Management Actions Minimize Harm to Natural Insect Enemies When Using Convention Insecticides Cultural Practices for Managing Weeds, Insects, and Diseases Before Planting During Planting During the Growing Season After Harvest Other IPM Practices for Managing Certain Pests Physical Pest Control Biological Control Summary and Grower Involvement in Using IPM Chapter 10 DISEASE MANAGEMENT The Disease Triangle General Disease Management Strategies Other Factors to Consider Diseases Caused by Viruses Potato Latent Mosaic (PVX) Potato Mosaic (PVY) Potato Mosaic (PVA) Potato Leafroll, Tuber Net Necrosis Corky Ringspot Potato Mop Top Virus-Vector Relationships Virus Management Strategies Diseases Caused by Bacteria Bacterial Ring Rot Blackleg-Soft Rot Disease Complex Common Scab Witches Broom Diseases Caused by Fungi Dry Rot Early Dying Early Blight Late Blight Rhizoctonia/Black Scurf White Mold Pink Rot, Water Rot xiii

6 Pythium Leak, Watery Wound Rot Silver Scurf Powdery Scab Black Dot Powdery Mildew Timeline for Disease Management Decisions Before Planting Planting Growing Season Vine Kill and Harvest Activities Storage Chapter 11 NEMATODE MANAGEMENT History of Potato Nematodes in the U.S. Common Nematodes in Idaho on Potatoes Root-Knot Nematodes Stubby-Root Nematodes Root-Lesion Nematodes Potato-Rot Nematodes General Strategies for Managing Nematodes Green Manures Chemical Control Advantages of Fumigation Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Soil Fumigation xiv Chapter 12 INSECT PESTS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT General Principles of Insect Management Avoiding Insecticide Resistance Major Pests for Potatoes Colorado Potato Beetle Identification Biology Management Green Peach Aphid Identification Biology Management of GPA Relationships of Green Peach Aphid to PLRV Transmission Factors Affecting Spread of Net Necrosis PLRV/GPA Control Recommendations Wireworms Identification Biology Management

7 Secondary Pests for Potatoes Blister Beetles Cutworms and Armyworms Flea Beetles Garden Symphylan Grasshoppers Leafhoppers Leather Jacket Loopers Lygus Bugs Potato Aphid Thrips Twospotted Spider Mite White Grubs Chapter 13 WEED MANAGEMENT Weed Identification Weed Life Cycles Seedling Weed Identification Major Weeds in Potato Cropping Systems Hairy Nightshade Cutleaf Nightshade Common Lambsquarters Kochia Russian Thistle Redroot Pigweed Common Cocklebur Prickly Lettuce Annual Sowthistle Prostrate Knotweed Common Purslane Shepherd s-purse Flixweed Tumble Mustard Common Mallow Canada Thistle Field Bindweed Yellow Nutsedge Green Foxtail Wild Oat Barnyardgrass Quackgrass Weed Ecology Dormancy, Seed Bank, and Germination Weed Competition xv

8 xvi Integrated Weed Management Weed Mapping Cultural Controls Chemical Controls Selective Use Herbicides Registered for Weed Control in Potatoes Eptam Treflan Prowl Dual Magnum /Dual II Magnum Sencor Matrix Poast Non-Selective Use Herbicides Registered for Weed Control in Potatoes Gramoxone Max /Boa Roundup Herbicide Resistance Management Herbicide Classification System Herbicide Resistance Management Strategies Recommendations if Resistance Is Suspected Chapter 14 IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT Potato Growth and Soil Water Availability Irrigation Management Soil Water-Holding Capacity Optimum Soil Moisture Evapotranspiration and Yield Irrigation Method Irrigation Scheduling Soil Water Measurements Irrigation System Operational Parameters Irrigation System Management Center-Pivot Management Set-Move Sprinkler Management Furrow Irrigation Irrigation Uniformity Summary Chapter 15 PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS Foliar Physiological Disorders Frost Injury Chemical Damage Nutrient Imbalances Hail Damage Windburn/Leaf Tip Burn

9 Lightning Damage Air Pollution Damage Waterlogged Soils Tuber Physiological Disorders External Physiological Disorders Malformed Shape Heat Sprouts/Tuber Chaining Tuber Cracking Feathering/Skinning Enlarged Lenticels Greening Internal Physiological Disorders Brown Center/Hollow Heart Internal Necrosis Stem-end Discoloration Sugar Ends/Translucent Ends Blackheart Freezing/Chilling Injury Internal Sprouting Bruise Damage Blackspot Bruise Shatter Bruise Pressure Bruise Summary of Physiological Disorder Management Chapter 16 TUBER QUALITY Processing Quality Carbohydrate Production and Storage Tuber Specific Gravity Environmental Factors Cultural Factors Tuber Sugar Content Measuring Tuber Sugars Factors That Affect Tuber Sugars Using Sugar Measurements to Predict and Manage Tuber Quality Assessing Current Quality Chemical Maturity and Storage Monitoring Storage Maintenance Skin Development and Set Skin Development Skin Set Chapter 17 HARVEST MANAGEMENT Management Practices Before Harvest to Minimize Bruise Damage Field Selection xvii

10 xviii Field Preparation Planting Fertilizer and Irrigation Management Vine Kill Minimizing Bruise Damage from Vine Kill Through Harvest Soil Condition Hydration Level Pulp Temperature Variety Preparing Harvest Equipment Harvester Inspection Adjusting Harvester Conveyor Speeds Calculate Ground Speed Determine Current Conveyor Speeds Set New Conveyor Speeds Windrower Operation Minimizing Bruise Damage After Potatoes Are Harvested Tarping Trucks Unloading Trucks Even-Flow Bins Conveyors Dirt Eliminator Piler Educating Harvest Personnel Chapter 18 STORAGE MANAGEMENT Storage Principles Storage Structures Preharvest Decisions Storage Cleaning and Maintenance Filling the Storage Early Storage and Wound Healing Air Circulation Storage Temperatures Relative Humidity Sprout Inhibition Storage Disease Management General Control Methods Checklist for Storage Management 1 to 3 Months Before Harvest 1 Week Before Storage At Potato Delivery During the First 2 Months During the Holding Phase Before and During Removal

11 Chapter 19 PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS AND MARKETING Grower Marketing Decisions What to Grow Where and How to Sell When to Sell Principles of Economics and Marketing Demand Advertising and Promotion Supply Market Structure Market Information Pricing Mechanisms Market Channels Fresh Potatoes Processed Potatoes Seed Potatoes Market Issues Regional and Seasonal Production Patterns Global Markets Market Power Futures Markets New Products Biotechnology Chapter 20 COST OF PRODUCTION Cost and Returns Estimates Enterprise Budgets Idaho s Costs and Returns Estimates Basic Assumptions Budget Procedures and Assumptions Model Farm Enterprise Budget Structure Operating and Ownership Costs Estimated Operating Costs Calculating Individual Operating Costs Ownership Costs Calculating Individual Ownership Costs Summary INDEX xix