!"#$%&"'(")*+,-./)('/,*"0,-&1$()$(/

Transcription

1 Worksheet 3.5 Additional Practice questions for Chapter 3 1 The figure below shows changes in the fertility rate between different age groups of women in Canada between 1941 and (Based on statistics from The Vanier Institute of the Family, Profiling Canada s Families III, 2004; Statistics Canada; available from (a) What is the difference between a birth rate and a fertility rate? [2] Describe the differences in birth rates between women of different ages in Canada, as shown in the graph above. [4] (c) Comment on the changes in the birth rate over time. [4] (d) With the use of examples, outline the factors that influence the birth rate. [6]

2 2 (a) Outline some of the impacts of soil erosion. [6] Soil erosion in Brunei. Evaluate the main methods of soil conservation. [10] Soil conservation in Tenerife

3 3 The figure below shows some of the environmental problems caused by a demand for greater agricultural production. (a) With reference to two specific problems from the figure above, explain the environmental consequences of increasing agricultural production. [8] Suggest ways in which agricultural productivity can be increased without detrimental effects on the environment Expression of ideas [5] [2] International Baccalaureate Organization [2003]

4 4 (a) Identify the two methods of resource conservation shown in the photographs. [2] Comment on how each method can help to conserve resources. [6] (c) Draw a diagram to suggest how sustainability may change carrying capacity. [2]

5 5 The table below shows progress in achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) by Millennium Development Goals United Nations, Reproduced with permission.

6 (a) (i) Which areas have the highest levels of poverty? [3] (ii) Which areas have the highest rates of hunger? [2] (iii) In which areas are women most equal to men? (iv) In which areas are women least equal to men? (v) Which regions have best access to reproductive healthcare? (vi) Which regions have least access to reproductive healthcare? (vii) Which region has the highest prevalence of AIDS? (viii) Which region has the highest TB mortality? [3] Comment on the performance of the regions in meeting, or not meeting, their targets for the MDG. [4] (c) Which categories have made: (i) Most progress in achieving the MDG? (ii) Least progress in achieving the MDG?

7 Answers 1 (a) birth rate: number of births per thousand people per year; fertility rate: number of births per woman of child-bearing age (or any specified age group); [2] birth rates for all ages increased between 1941 and 1961 then decreased to 2002; the year-old group showed the most extreme changes; the and year-old cohorts (i.e. the oldest and the youngest) showed least variation; peak ages for having children were (apart from in 1961) and the groups either side i.e and 20 24; [4] (c) (d) birth rates increased from 1945 to 1961 possibly a post-war baby boom; they peaked in 1961; rates fell in the 1960s (introduction of the contraceptive pill, more working women Canada is a rich country and so women s educational levels are likely to be high, and many women have careers); levels have fallen more slowly since the 1970s; [4] many factors affect the birth rate: educational level of the mother; government policies i.e. anti-natalist or pro-natalist; economic prosperity; the need for children e.g. to work on the land or look after their parents in retirement; as replacement births in areas of high death rates; [6] 2 (a) soil compaction, a decrease in infiltration, an increase in overland runoff and surface erosion; sandification is a process of selective erosion; raindrop impact washes away the finer particles of clay and humus, leaving behind the coarser and heavier sand; as a result of the intense surface runoff and soil erosion, rivers have a higher flood peak and a shorter time lag; in addition, crop yields decline; the environmental carrying capacity is reduced; rivers become polluted and water quality decreases; reservoirs may silt up; [6 max] Some measures are regional in scale e.g. watershed management and afforestation schemes; others are more localized e.g. wind breaks and embankments; wind breaks are useful but are costly and use up productive land; land-use changes to permanent pasture or forest reduce soil erosion but also reduce farm produce and income; use of organic protection such as manure and sewage sludge may be restricted by environmental health regulations; [10] A case study of soil conservation in the Great Plains, Tennessee Valley Authority or by the Popoluca Indians of Mexico would be relevant. 3 (a) Answer will, of course, depend on the problems chosen. [4] for each problem. Credit should be given for use of examples and case studies. e.g. soil erosion: use of heavy machinery leads to compaction of soil, so soil structure is lost; top soil is more easily removed by the agents of erosion (wind or water); even more erosion likely if wind breaks (hedgerows and walls) are removed; once top soil is lost, organic material is gone and the fertility of the soil is reduced; this occurred during the 1930s in the USA due to intensive farming on the prairies; leading to the dust bowl as vast quantities of soil were blown away; leads to lower yields and a vicious cycle as remaining soil may be even more intensively farmed by farmers to compensate; [8 max]

8 Answers may be general, covering a variety of strategies or more specific, addressing strategies related to a particular problem. Credit should be given for use of examples and case studies. e.g. a general answer: use of natural fertilizers (e.g. manure) rather than chemical fertilizers; controlling the amount of fertilizers that are applied to ensure excess is not washed into water bodies; organic farming methods applied and marketed effectively to consumers to compensate for higher production costs; biological pest control rather than chemical control; keeping stores of genetic material to ensure species diversity is not lost; encouraging polyculture to reduce vulnerability to disease; agro-forestry to reduce soil erosion; specific strategies to reduce soil erosion e.g. terracing; [5 max] Expression of ideas [3 max] Total [16 marks] 4 (a) re-cycling of water; re-use of tyres; [2] (c) re-use of grey water / recycling of water means that the resource is partially renewable i.e. used more than once; lower quality water may be used for removing sand from people s feet, for example, or for irrigating plants; using tyres for planting means they are being used as a long-term resource to help grow food; they are neither polluting a landfill site nor releasing CO 2 through burning; [6] Diagram should show an increase in the carrying capacity i.e. instead of the normal horizontal line, it rises. Realistically, the increase will not be very steep. [2] 5 (a) (i) Eastern Asia, South eastern Asia, European CIS [3] (ii) North Africa, European CIS [2] (iii) Eastern Asia (iv) Sub-Saharan Africa (v) Eastern Asia (vi) Oceania (vii) Western Asia (viii) Sub-Saharan Africa, European CIS, Asian CIS [3] In some areas progress has been very good. Such areas include Eastern Asia and North Africa. In contrast, progress has been quite poor in Western Asia, European CIS, Oceania and Sub-Saharan Africa. [4] (c) (i) Equal girls enrolment in primary school. (ii) Reverse the loss of forests.