GRAIN EXPO Tuesday, November 22. e: A great Cropportunity for 2017

Transcription

1 GRAIN EXPO Tuesday, November 22 Chickpeas: A great Cropportunity for 2017 e: A great Cropportunity for 2017 by Dale Risula, Saskatchewan Ministry of Agriculture (Sponsored by Saskatchewan Pulse Growers)

2 In the 1970s, pulse crops on the Canadian prairies had few root rot problems. The root rot complex was always present. With repeated pulse cultivation, root rots can become a severe constraint to production.

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4 Components of the root rot Fusarium spp. Pythium spp. Rhizoctonia solani complex Aphanomyces euteiches A. euteiches has recently been identified, based on molecular assessments, as the cause of severe damage in pea and lentil across the northern Great Plains region.

5 Host range testing Crop Disease reaction Oospores Pea Susceptible Yes Lentil Susceptible Yes Cicer milkvetch Susceptible Yes Dry bean Variable Few Alfalfa Variable Yes Chickpea Resistant Few Sainfoin Resistant Few Faba bean Resistant No Soybean Non-host No Fenugreek Non-host No

6 Host range testing Crop Disease reaction Oospores Pea Susceptible Yes Lentil Susceptible Yes Cicer milkvetch Susceptible Yes Dry bean Variable Few Alfalfa Variable Yes Chickpea Resistant Few Sainfoin Resistant Few Faba bean Resistant No Soybean Non-host No Fenugreek Non-host No

7 Typically, inoculants come in three formulations: Peat powder inoculant: I. Applied directly to the seed, II. finely ground peat that contains over a billion rhizobia per gram. Liquid inoculant: I. also contains over a billion rhizobia per gram, II. applied directly to the seed, sticking agent included in the fluid. III. in bags easy to distribute evenly onto the seed while augured into a truck box or through a drill fill. Granular soil inoculant: I. Unlike peat powder or liquid inoculants, granular soil inoculant is not applied directly to the seed but, rather, with the seed in the II. seed row. Contains the same amount of rhizobia as both the powder and liquid inoculants and is gaining in popularity because of its convenience.

8 Generally, inoculate your seed the day you re seeding. Some types of inoculants can also be mixed with fertilizer or pesticides. When choosing the right chickpea inoculant, talk to your input supplier and read all labels carefully.

9 Chickpea Seed depth Soil temperature Seeding dates Chickpea plant population 2 3 inches 5 7 cm Desi - 5 degrees C Kabuli 10 degrees C Late April (Desi) Early May (Kabuli) 44 plants per square meter 1,000 Kernel Rate 200 (Desi) (Kabuli) grams Seeds Per Pound 3,300 (Desi) - 6,200 (Kabuli)

10 As with other larger seeded pulse crops, chickpea is susceptible to seed damage when air velocity with air seeders is high. Seed drills and air seeders can, however, be used effectively when seeding chickpea if ground speed is kept low and air velocity is just high enough to avoid line plugging.

11 Diseases of Chickpea Ascochyta in chickpeas is caused by the Ascochyta complex containing three fungi: Mycosphaerella pinodes, which causes leaf, stem, and pod spot and foot rot; Ascochyta pisi Lib., which causes leaf, stem, and pod spot; and Phoma medicaginis var. pinodella, which causes leaf spot, stem lesions and foot rot. The pathogen for this chickpea disease is seed-borne, air-borne, spread by rain splash, and can survive on stubble for many years. Causes Cool temperatures; high humidity in the canopy; rain splashed spores, air-borne spores

12 Treatment and Prevention Seed can be treated with various fungicides. Post-emergent fungicides can be applied prior to flowering and can be repeated up to three times if conditions favor disease development. Use disease-free, treated seed. Bury all crop residues. Avoid seeding next to the previous year s pulse fields.

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16 Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr., Grey Mold Can be seed-, stubble-, air- and soil-borne and can attack at various stages of plant growth. Infected seed produces infected seedlings, which die before emergence or soon after. On older plants, a greyish mold is observed, which quickly spreads under moist conditions. Causes Cool temperatures; high humidity; wet soils; dense canopies

17 Treatment and Prevention Treat seed or plant disease free seed. Widen row spacing or lower seeding rates to improve air circulation in the crop. No fungicides are registered for control in many of the pulse crops. Potassium fertilizer in potassium deficient soils reduces the severity of Grey Mold.

18 White Mold or pod rot, Sclerotinia rot Caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The critical infection period is during the flowering stage. While White Mold is of minor importance in most pulse crops, it can cause severe losses in bean, where the infection can spread quickly. Sclerotinia overwinters in infected crop debris and soil. Causes Cool temperatures; high humidity; dense canopies; growing pea and canola in the same rotation

19 Treatment and Prevention Bury all crop residues. Use wider row spacing and decreased seeding rates. Fungicide use for control of Sclerotinia stem rot in the majority of pulse crops is not cost-effective because, once the canopy closes, the fungicides cannot reach their target.

20 Control Measures 0.3% diseased seeds produce 480 diseased plants/ac, or 1 diseased plant per 3m x 3m square in field. Immature and damaged seeds are low in vigour, high probability of disease infestation in early growth stage Treatments with Crown & Apron significantly reduce disease level.

21 Control Measures 3 year break between chickpea crops is a guess, no research confirmed. Chickpea, lentil, and pea have different types of ascochyta, they do not have intercrop infections, but they do share root rot When seeded adjacent to the previously diseased field, the crop shows the disease symptoms starting from the edge strips.

22 The following tips will help you in combining your chickpeas: Combines may either be specialized units designed specifically for harvesting chickpeas or conventional units with either a cylinder or rotor threshing system. Chickpea is very susceptible to splitting and cracking, so the rpm of the cylinder and the clean grain elevators should be reduced as much as possible. Cylinder speeds between 170 and 350 rpm are satisfactory for most threshing conditions. Clearances between the cylinder and concave, and between the wires in the concave, must allow the seed to pass through freely. The use of perforated sheet metal (3/16 round) and slotted screens in the feeder housing or screening on the combine table will help eliminate dirt from the grain and save wear and tear on the equipment. The unloading auger should run at an idle speed to prevent damage to the seed. If you see evidence of seed damage or splitting, make immediate adjustments

23 Ideally, chickpeas should be harvested when most of the plants are yellow and pods are mature. Chickpeas are very sensitive to late season frosts, and seeds can be adversely affected by as little as 2 to 3 degrees of frost during the pod filling and ripening stage. Time your chickpea harvest appropriately to ensure the highest possible yield.

24 Storage Management Proper chickpea storage management is important to prevent a grade decrease. Handle chickpeas with care, using a conveyor instead of an auger if possible, as chickpeas are susceptible to breaking. Drying or aerating down to 14 per cent moisture should be done gradually. Chickpea seed becomes fragile if the seed moisture content goes below 13 per cent, so take care to ensure seed moisture stays above that number. Chickpeas will darken and deteriorate in quality the longer they're stored. This deterioration worsens if the seed moisture content, humidity, and temperature are high, so if you're considering longer-term storage of up to 12 months, reducing storage temperatures and aerating your seed can help maintain its quality.

25 Adaptation of pulse crops Pea, Lentil Pea. Pea, Lentil, Chickpea

26 The Area Seeded to Chickpeas in Saskatchewan

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28 Chickpeas Yields (kilograms per hectare) Sask 1,230 1,290 1,580 1,890 1,670 1,800 2,020 2,350 1,860 1,800 1,300 Manitoba Alberta 1,600 1,320 n.a. 1,810 n.a. 2,080 2,000 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. Prairie Provinces 1,280 1,290 1,580 1,870 1,670 1,830 2,010 2,350 1,860 1,800 1,300 Average Price in Saskatchewan ($/tonne) 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 15/16 $/tonne Canadian Exports (thousand tonnes) 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 15/16 '000 tonnes Source: Statistics Canada; Saskatchewan Agriculture

29 Benefits of chickpea in rotation: Break disease cycles (cereals and other pulses) Improvement in soil health and nitrogen supply for the succeeding crop Expand weed control options Careful management must be undertaken to control ascochyta blight disease in chickpea!

30 Available Varieties NAME TYPE Long term yield % Amit Asco. Blight (0-9 scale) Seed weight (g/1000 seeds) 2015 Days to maturity Amit K CDC Consul D CDC Orion K CDC Leader K CDC Palmer K CDC Orion CDC Leader CDC Palmer CDC Consul

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32 Weed Control Select fields with a historically low weed seed-bank Avoid seeding broadleaf crops back-to-back in the same fields Use high seeding rates in chickpea, to increase crop competitiveness to weeds

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35 Conclusions Environments in the south-western Saskatchewan and south-eastern Alberta are favourable for chickpea production. Whoever wants to grow chickpea must be prepared for ascochyta disease control. Choices of weed control are limited, but manageable. Need good strategy.

36 Other Issues to be Addressed Fallow vs Stubble Seeding date vs soil temperature Plant density vs seed rate Seed size in Kabuli chickpea Inoculation, fertilization

37 Land Selection: Stubble or Summer Fallow

38 Days to Maturity for Chickpeas ---- grown on fallow vs stubble Days fallow stubble Year

39 Soil Temperatures Measured in fallow vs stubble fields Soil temperature (0C) May 4 May Julian days fallow stubble Blooming 1065 C 1008 C 57 C

40 Grain Yield of Kabuli Chickpeas ---- grown on fallow vs stubble Yield, bu/ac Year fallow stubble

41 Soil Nitrogen in fallow vs stubble fields Year Fallow N (lb/ac) Stubble Total

42 Clay Loam Crusting reducing field emergence in pulse

43 Stubble a protector for pulse seedlings

44 Tall Stubble Improves Harvestability Lowest pod height, cm by increasing lowest pod height Cultivated Short Tall Stubble height 17.1 Chickpea Lentil

45 Tall Stubble Increases Chickpea Yield Yield (bu/ac) (Swift Current, ) Cultivated Short Tall Stubble height 24.4 Chickpea Lentil

46 Seeding Dates Determined by Soil Temperatures in Chickpea Year Early Seeding Date Late 1998 SC May 5 ( C) May 22 ( C) 1999 SC May 4 (9.2 0 C) May 19 ( C) 2000 SC Apr 24 ( C) May 15 ( C) 2000 SV Apr 25 (8.0 0 C) May 16 ( C)

47 Grain Yield of Desi-Chickpea Early vs Late Seeding Yield (bu/ac) Early Late 10% 16% 21% 3% 1998 SC 1999 SC 2000 SC 2000 SV Year and site

48 Grain Yield of Kabuli-Chickpea Early vs Late Seeding Yield (bu/ac) Early Late 5% 12% 26% 4% 1998 SC 1999 SC 2000 SC 2000 SV Year and site

49 Early Seeding Increased Days from Flowering to Maturity Early Late 40 Days % -1% +19% +11% 1998 SC 1999 SC 2000 SC 2000 SV Year and site

50 Early-Seeded Chickpeas Produced More Fertile Pods Variety Year Seeding date Early Late Early/late B Sanford

51 Different Plant Densities for Kabuli and Desi Chickpeas

52 Plant Density vs Grain Yield for Desi-Chickpeas Yield (bu/ac) site/yr Seeding Rate plants / m 2 seeds / m, 10

53 Plant Density vs Grain Yield for Kabuli-Chickpeas Yield (bu/ac) site/yr Seeding Rate plants / m 2 seeds / m, 10

54 Optimal Seed Rates Type Variety 1000 seed w (g) Seed rate (lb/ac) Desi Myles Desiray CDC Nika Kabuli (small) B-90 CDC Chico Kabuli (large) CDC Yuma Sanford CDC Xena Dw elley

55 Price Premiums for Large-Sized Kabuli Today Week Ago Year Ago $ per cwt Chickpeas Desi $30.50 $30.50 $26.57 Kabuli 9mm $52.00 $50.75 $29.25 Wednesday, November 2, 2016

56 Seeds needed to produce 35 plants/m 2 in CDC Xena Seed size Over 9-mm Below 9-mm Difference Seeding Rate 190 lb/ac 134 lb/ac 56 lb/ac

57 Plant Height of Kabuli-Chickpea grown from small vs large seeds Plant height, cm Small Large 1998 SC 1999 SC 2000 SC 2000 SV Year and site

58 Grain Yield of Kabuli-Chickpea grown from small vs large seeds Yield (bu/ac) Small Large 1998 SC 1999 SC 2000 SC 2000 SV Year and site

59 Seed Fraction of Harvested Grains from small- vs large-seeded crops Percentage, % >8-mm >9-mm >10-mm Seed Size Fraction Small Large

60 Inoculation, Fertilization

61 Without Inoculation, Chickpea Reduced Yield by 13 to 50% Trials Inoculation Yield (bu/ac) Desi Kabuli SPARC, 99,00 Yes No SPOKE, 99,00 Yes No

62 Granular Inoculants are equal to or better than peat-based powder in Chickpea Trials Form Desi Yield (bu/ac) Kabuli SPARC, 99,00 Powder Granular SPOKE, 1999 Powder Granular

63 Fertilizer N increases vegetative growth, but not necessarily final yield in chickpea Trials Fertilizer N (lb/ac) Desi Yield (bu/ac) Kabuli SPARC, 99, SPOKE,

64 Phosphate Fertilizers have positive effects in Chickpea N-fixation requires a sufficient amount of P supply, low P may reduce nodule formation 15 lb/ac of P 2 O 5 resulted in equal or better yield depending on the year 15 lb/ac of P 2 O 5 consistently increased the proportion of the >9-mm sized seeds in kabuli chickpea Soils with low P, fertilizer P is needed; Soils with high residual P, Tagteam would be a good choice

65 Will chickpeas fit in your crop rotation? Chickpeas: You have 110 to 120 frost-free days. High day and night-time temperatures. Soil is medium-textured and loamy. Fields have good drainage and low salinity. Soil has a neutral to slightly alkaline ph of 7.0 to 8.0. High soil moisture and good pre-season soil moisture reserves. With several chickpea varieties to choose from, chickpeas could be a good fit in your crop rotation.

66 Thanks to Yantai Gan Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Bruce D. Gossen, S. Chatterton, R.L. Conner, K.F. Chang, J.S. Pasche, D.L. McLaren & S.F. Hwang & Bunyamin Taran Crop Development Centre

67 Also thanks to!

68 Control Measures 0.3% diseased seeds produce 480 diseased plants/ac, or 1 diseased plant per 3m x 3m square in field. Immature and damaged seeds are low in vigour, high probability of disease infestation in early growth stage Treatments with Crown & Apron significantly reduce disease level.

69 Control Measures 3 year break between chickpea crops is a guess, no research confirmed. Chickpea, lentil, and pea have different types of ascochyta, they do not have intercrop infections, but they do share root rot When seeded adjacent to the previously diseased field, the crop shows the disease symptoms starting from the edge strips.

70 Adaptation of pulse crops Pea, Lentil Pea. Pea, Lentil, Chickpea

71 The Area Seeded to Chickpeas in Saskatchewan

72 Available Varieties NAME TYPE Long term yield % Amit Asco. Blight (0-9 scale) Seed weight (g/1000 seeds) 2015 Days to maturity Amit K CDC Consul D CDC Orion K CDC Leader K CDC Palmer K CDC Orion CDC Leader CDC Palmer CDC Consul

73 Weed Control Select fields with a historically low weed seed-bank Avoid seeding broadleaf crops back-to-back in the same fields Use high seeding rates in chickpea, to increase crop competitiveness to weeds

74 Conclusions Environments in the south-western Saskatchewan and south-eastern Alberta are favourable for chickpea production. Whoever wants to grow chickpea must be prepared for ascochyta disease control. Choices of weed control are limited, but manageable. Need good strategy.

75 Thanks to Yantai Gan Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Bruce D. Gossen, S. Chatterton, R.L. Conner, K.F. Chang, J.S. Pasche, D.L. McLaren & S.F. Hwang & Bunyamin Taran Crop Development Centre

76 Also thanks to!