Livelihood Zones of Afghanistan: Updating and partners participation

Transcription

1 Famine Early Warning Systems Network Livelihood Zones of Afghanistan: Updating and partners participation Kabul, Afghanistan July 26, 2017

2 Contents Livelihood Products Background on livelihoods mapping and zoning Past FEWS NET livelihoods products for Afghanistan Livelihood mapping and zoning update Uses for early warning and development FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK 1

3 LIVELIHOOD PRODUCTS FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK 2

4 FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK 3

5 Livelihood Zone Map Map. No disaggregation within zone. Zone name indicates key LH activities. Map & Descriptions (Plus) Map. Seasonal & food access calendars. Livelihood products FEWS NET Profile Rapid Baseline Full or Standard Baseline Map. Seasonal & food access calendars. Map. Seasonal & food access calendars. Map. Seasonal & food access calendars. Wealth Wealth breakdown. Wealth breakdown. Wealth breakdown. Identify main foods, sources, income activities. Relative % food sources. Relative % cash sources. Absolute food, income, expenditure sources. No modeling. No modeling. No modeling. Model food access change, lower confidence. Absolute food, income, expenditure sources. Model food access change, higher confidence. FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK 4

6 LIVELIHOOD ZONING FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK 5

7 Definition of livelihood Livelihood capitals/assets and strategies 1: The means by which households obtain and maintain access to essential resources to ensure their immediate, medium-term, and long-term survival for all people at Livelihood protection basket all times Survival basket 2: The capabilities, assets (both material and social) and activities required for a means of living FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK 6

8 What are livelihood zones? A livelihood is the sum of ways that households secure the necessities of life. Therefore, livelihood zones are areas within which people share broadly the same pattern of livelihood, including options for obtaining food and income and market opportunities. FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK 7

9 What are livelihood zones? Livelihood Zones NW Millet and Sesame NW Millet, Cowpeas, and Groundnuts KATSINA NW Cotton and Maize Administrative boundary for Katsina District, Nigeria NW Cotton, Maize and Rice Livelihood Zones of Northern Nigeria Administrative boundaries can be overlaid on livelihood zones so that analysis and targeting of resources can take place on the basis of either. FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK 8

10 LIVELIHOOD ZONE APPLICATIONS FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK 9

11 How can livelihood zones be used? Livelihood zones help identify relevant indicators for monitoring household food security. Mauritania Nomadic pastoralist zone Rainfed agriculture zone What to Monitor Nomadic Pastoralist Zone Livestock producer prices Milk producer prices Staple food retail prices Rainfed Agricultural Zone Sorghum/cowpea yields Staple food retail prices Remittances Labor wages As shown in the example to the left, relevant indicators to monitor in a pastoral zone will be different from those in an agricultural zone. FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK 10

12 How can livelihood zones be used? They provide a sampling frame for field surveys and assessments. Livelihood zones can provide a logical starting point for emergency assessments, market assessments, nutrition surveys and other food security or livelihood-related investigations. Using homogenous zones as the foundation for field work helps reduce the risk of inconsistencies and unexplained anomalies in field data. FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK 11

13 How can livelihood zones be used? Livelihood zones, when combined with full Household Economy Baselines, can also provide the basis for targeting emergency relief or development assistance. Livelihood zones provide the geographical boundaries for Household Economy baseline data, which consists of quantified data on sources of food and cash income and patterns of expenditure for different wealth groups. This data can be used to determine how much assistance is needed and where if a hazard (such as drought or market failure) occurs. FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK 12

14 Livelihood zonings have been completed in all FEWS NET countries, from the Sahel, to Central America, to southern Africa and beyond. Malawi Chad Nicaragua LIBYA Tibesti NIGER Borkou 9 BET Ennedi 6 Bol LAC Nokou Iriba Arada BILTINE KANEM 8 Moussoro Djedaa Biltine Am-Zoer Guereda Mao BATHA Oum-Hadjer Abeche Ngouri Adre Massakory Bokoro Ndjamena 7 Ati Bitkine Massenya GUERA Abou-Deia SALAMAT 5 Melfi 3Am-Timan Bongor BoussoCHARI-BAGUIRMI Haraze-Mangueigne MAYO-KEBBI Lere Fianga 2 MOYEN-CHARI Lai Sarh Kyabe KeloBereBenoye Pala BeinamarBebedjia Koumra Moundou 1 Doba Baibokum Moissala Maro Gore Kilometers LOGONE-ORIENTAL 4 OUADDAI Mangalme Am-Dam Mongo Goz-Beida C.A.R. SUDAN FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK 13

15 LIVELIHOOD ZONING IN AFGHANISTAN FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK 14

16 When and how was the Afghanistan zoning done? In October of 2010, a livelihood zoning activity was carried out in Afghanistan by FEWS NET in collaboration with the Afghan Ministries of Agriculture Irrigation and Livestock and the Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development, FAO, GTZ, Afghanaid, ActionAid, MADERA, ADA and few other NGOs. FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK 15

17 When and how was the Afghanistan zoning done? Step One: Representatives from the regions came together in four regionally-focused workshops to delineate the national map into livelihood zones Step Two: Descriptions of each livelihood zone were drafted at the national workshop, identifying the key characteristics of livelihoods found in each zone, as well as the seasonal calendar for each zone. In a more secure situation, a third step with rapid field verification of the livelihood zone boundaries and descriptions would have been undertaken. FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK 16

18 What was produced? Livelihood zone map Brief description of each zone Seasonal calendars for each zone FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK 17

19 Seasonal calendar What was produced? Seasonal calendars visually present the timing of important key activities during the year. They are used to: judge the likely impact of a hazard according to its timing during the year assess whether a particular activity is being undertaken at the normal time in the current year interpret trends in and analyze monitoring information develop seasonally appropriate interventions. FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK 18

20 1. Eastern Mixed Agriculture & Forest 2. Eastern Agro-Pastoral & Forest 3. Southeastern High-Migration Forest Product & Livestock 4. Eastern Semi-Arid Agriculture 5. Eastern Intensive Irrigated Agriculture 6. Eastern Cross-Border Trade & Labor 7. Eastern Deep-well Irrigated Agriculture 8. Kabul & Logar Irrigated 9. Southern Intensive Irrigated Vegetable & Orchard 10. Southern Semi-Arid Pastoral 11. Northern Kandahar Agriculture & Livestock 12. South-Central Mixed Farming 13. Western Intensive Irrigated Agriculture 14. Western Semi-Arid Agro-Pastoral 15. West-Central Highland Agro-Pastoral 16. Western and Southern Cross-Border Trade and Labor 17. Northeastern Highland Agro-Pastoral 18. Takhar-Badakshan Mixed Agriculture 19. Kunduz-Baghan High Cereal Production 20. Northwest Agro-Pastoral 21. Northern Rain-fed Mixed Farming 22. Northern Intensive Irrigated Agriculture 23. Amo River Irrigated Cereals & Oilseed Afghanistan s Livelihood Zones 24. East-Central Vineyard, Cereal & Horticulture 25. East- Central Orchard & Agriculture 26. East-Central Mountainous Agro-Pastoral 27. South-Central Mountain, Wheat, Dried Fruit & Livestock 28. Southeastern Zabul Rain-fed Cereal & Orchard 29. Helmand Intensive Irrigated Wheat & Cash Crop FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK 19

21 Main influences on livelihoods in Afghanistan The livelihood zones are composites of various combinations of the following factors: 1. Source of water for agriculture: rainfed or irrigated 2. Importance of livestock (pastoral, agro-pastoral, mixed) 3. Importance of crop production 4. Prevalence of cross-border trade Each of these factors is explored in more depth on the following slides. FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK 20

22 Source of water for agriculture Irrigated zones rely on water from snowmelt and/or rivers. Rainfed zones depend almost entirely on seasonal precipitation. Irrigated Zones Rainfed Zones FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK 21

23 Number of months covered by own crop production Households in all but one zone rely on crop production to meet at least some of their annual food needs Better off Households Poorer Households Pastoral zone Number of months FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK 22

24 Where crop sales are the most important source of cash In 18 of the livelihood zones crop sales is the most important source of cash income for better off households. Crop sales are also most important for poorer households in 2 irrigated zones. Better off Households Poorer Households FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK 23

25 Zones at particular risk when rainfall is poor All areas will be negatively affected with low levels of rainfall. But the areas in yellow on the map below have a particularly high risk of food insecurity when rains fail. Areas where rainfed cultivation is the norm AND crop production and/or local agricultural labor are the main sources of food and cash income FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK 24

26 Zones at particular risk when staple prices increase A proportion of households in every zone purchases food. But the areas colored in on the map below will face a particular risk of food insecurity if staple prices increase because they have an especially high dependence on the market Areas where better off households cover over 3 months and poor households cover over 6 months of their annual needs with purchased food FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK 25

27 Where livestock sales are the most important source of cash Livestock is a source of income in every zone. The map below shows where it is the most important source of income. Better off Households Poorer Households FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK 26

28 Zones at particular risk when livestock prices fall Given the prevalence of livestock, everyone is negatively affected with a drop in livestock prices. However, the zones below have a particularly high risk of food insecurity when livestock prices fall because of their high dependence on food purchase and livestock sales as source of income Areas where livestock sales are the most important source of cash income AND better off households cover at least 3 months and poor households cover over at least 6 months of their annual needs with purchased food FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK 27

29 Other most important source of cash income for better off hhs Crop and livestock sales are the most important sources of cash for better off households in most of the zones. Two other sources of income, forest product sales and trade, are the most important source of cash income for better off households in a small number of zones. Forest product sales Trade FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK 28

30 Where agricultural labor is most important for poorer hhs Paid work on the farms of better off neighbors is especially important for poorer households. The 16 zones in yellow below show where local agricultural labor is the most important source of cash for poor households. FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK 29

31 Other most important sources of cash income for poorer hhs FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK 30

32 Putting it all together: the risk of food insecurity FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK 31

33 LIVELIHOOD ZONING UPDATE IN AFGHANISTAN FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK 32

34 Process and outputs 2017 Same process a 2010, i.e. regional workshops with field-based representation, building consensus in updating map Similar out puts: Updated map, zone descriptions, disaggregated food and income sources (poor and better-off groups only), seasonal calendars New outputs: Food and income access calendars for poor households, WFP coping strategy classification Expected start date Early November 2017 FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK 33

35 Partner participation 2017 The Livelihood Zoning update will be performed in four phases across one month Each phase will cover specific areas of the country, i.e. first phase will cover the Northeast provinces, second phase will cover the Northwest provinces, third Southern Provinces, fourth Eastern and Central, etc. Partners will send key informants from each of the provinces to help update the map and descriptions Key informants need to either live or worked in the areas of concern for many years and can speak to the livelihood situation on the ground FEWS NET livelihood experts will facilitate each workshop FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK 34

36 For more information on livelihood zones and/or HEA

37 Mohammad Fahim Zaheer Country Rep./National Tech. Manager To subscribe to FEWS NET s reports, please visit FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK 36