Food and Nutrition Security in Nepal: Status, Trends and Challenges

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1 Food and Nutrition Security in Nepal: Status, Trends and Challenges Anjani Kumar Praduman Kumar Ramesh Sharma P. K. Joshi South Asia Office, New Delhi

2 Outline Trends and patterns Share of food Consumption of food items Deficiency in energy and protin Level of analysis Newly formed Provinces and all-nepal level Income group (expenditure quartile) Farmers & non-farmers Different categories of farmers ( Marginal, small, medium and large)

3 Dimensions of food security Accessibility Availabil ity Food Security Utilization Vulnerability

4 Trends in cereals production in Nepal on a per capita basis, in kg Paddy Maize Wheat Potatoes Lentils Mustard Soybeans Cereals Total

5 Trends in food expenditure as %of TCE Urban Rural Nepal Income class Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Farmer Non-farmer

6 Annual per capita consumption of food in Nepal (kg) in Kg Cereal Pulses Milk Edible oil Veg Fruits MFE Sugar Beverages

7 Changes in consumption of different food items in Nepal Rural Urban Cereal Pulses Milk Edoil Veg Fruits Eggs Fish Meat MFE Sugar Beverages, % of food expenditure

8 Dietary diversification in Nepal during Percent change in consumption

9 Changes in the composition of food expenditure % of food expenditure Cereal Pulses Ed. Oil Milk Veg & Fruits MFE Sugar Other food Total food

10 Composition (%) of food expenditure by income group, Nepal, 2011 Food Quartile 1 Quartile 2 Quartile3 Quartile4 Cereal Pulses Edible oil Milk Vegetables & fruits Meat, fish & eggs Gur & Sugar Beverages & others

11 Extent of reliance on own food production, Chart Title Urban Rural Nepal Purchased Produced Away from home Other

12 Trends in calorie intake and incidence of undernourishment across proposed provinces in Nepal Provinces Calorie intake (kcl/cap/day) Change,% Undernourished population, %

13 Trends in protein intake and incidence of undernourishment across proposed provinces in Nepal Provinces Protein intake (g/cap/day) Change,% Malnourished population, %

14 Distribution of calorie intake by source in Nepal ( ) Food Quartile 1 Quartile 2 Quartile3 Quartile4 Cereal Pulses Edible oil Milk Vegetables & fruits Meat, fish & eggs Gur & Sugar Beverages & others Calorie intake (cal/capita/da y) Undernourishe d population, %

15 Distribution of protein intake by source in Nepal (2011) Food Quartile 1 Quartile 2 Quartile3 Quartile4 Cereal Pulses Meat, fish & eggs Milk Vegetables & fruits Beverages Protein intake (g/capita/day) Malnourished Population, %

16 Nutrition status by provinces in Nepal Province 1 Province 2 Province 3 Province 4 Province 5 Province 6 Province 7 Nepal Calorie intake (Kcal/capita/day) Protein intake (gram/capita/day) Undernourished population, (head count ratio,%) Malnourished population (head count ratio,%)

17 Nutrition status by farm size in Nepal Marginal Small Medium Large Farmers (<0.25 ha) ( ha) ( ha) (>1.00 ha) Calories intake (Kcal/capita/day) Protein intake (gram/capita/day) % of farmers undernourished (deficit in Calories) % of farmers malnourished (deficit in protein intake)

18 Characteristic of farms in Nepal Marginal Small Medium Large All farm (<0.25 ha) ( ha) ( ha) (>1.00 ha) Distribution of farmers Average farm size, ha % irrigated area

19 Determinants of nutritional intake Socio-demographic characteristics Age Household size Education Social group Economic characteristics Land holding Occupation Income Policy instruments Functioning of support programme Prices of food commodities Regional characteristics

20 Trends in calorie intake and incidence of undernourishment across proposed provinces in Nepal Provinces Calorie intake (kcl/cap/day) Change,% Undernourished population, %

21 Trends in protein intake and incidence of undernourishment across proposed provinces in Nepal Provinces Protein intake (g/cap/day) Change,% Malnourished population, %

22 Import dependency ratio (%) Chart Title Energy Protein Fats From cereals From non-cereals From all products

23 To sum-up. Food consumption pattern A gradual change in dietary pattern Cereal-dominated food basket is diversifying towards horticultural and livestock products. The demand for highvalue food commodities will increase much faster than for cereals. Nutrition status Nutrient intake pattern has also undergone significant change over time. The numbers of poor, malnourished and undernourished households have been declining, but pace is slow. Owning a small piece of land, irrigation facilities makes a huge difference to decline numbers of poor, malnourished and undernourished households.

24 Newly formed Provinces of Nepal Provinces Taplejung Saptari Dolakha Gorkha Nawalparasi Rukum (Westtern part) (Western part) Bajura Panchthar Siraha Ramechap Lamjung Rupandehi Salyan Bajhang Ilam Dhanusha Sindhuli Tanahun Kapilvastu Dolpa Doti Sankhawasa Mahottari bha Kavrepalanchok Kaski Palpa Jumla Accham Terathun Sarlahi Sindhupalchowk Manang, Argakhanchi Mugu Darchula Dhankuta Rautahat Rasuwa Mustang Gulmi Humla Baitadi Bhojpur Bara Nuwakot Parbat Rukum (Eastrn part) Kalikot\ Dadeldhura Khotang Parsa Dhading Syangja Rolpa Jajarkot Kailali Solukhumb Chitwan Myagdi Pyuthan Dailekh Kanchanpur hu Okhaldhun ga Udayapur Makawanpur Baglung Dang Surkhet Bhaktapur Nawalparasi (Eastern part) Banke Jhapa International Food Policy Research Lalitpur Institute Bardiya