Natural Areas Weed Management Pesticide Applicator Certification Training

Transcription

1 Natural Areas Weed Management Pesticide Applicator Certification Training Kenneth Langeland Agronomy Department Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants

2 Chapter I: INTRODUCTION Weeds are plants growing where they are not wanted Crops Right of ways Forestry Aquatics Natural areas Invasive plants Invade natural areas and alter natural communities

3 Exotic (non-native) plants in Florida 4,500 plant species in flora Over 1,300 naturalized exotic (30%) Reproducing without cultivation ~155 considered invasive (FLEPPC)

4 Integrated Pest Management (IPM) The coordinated use of multifaceted pest and environmental information with available pest control methods to prevent unacceptable levels of pest damage by the most economical means and with the least possible hazard to people, property, and the environment. What IPM is not: Use of least toxic pesticides Minimum use of synthetic pesticides Maximum use of biological controls Alternation of control methods

5 Chapter II: Pest Plants in Natural Areas Regulatory Federal Noxious Weed List Florida Noxious Weed List Local ordinances Non-regulatory FLEPPC List of Florida s Most Invasive Plants IFAS Assessment

6 Chinese tallow Deciduous Milky sap Simple alternate, broadly Ovate leaves Small yellow flowers in spikes

7 Australian pine Bark: reddish brown to grey, rough brittle, peeling Pine nedle-like branchlets Leaves reduced to tiny scales in whorls

8 Brazilian pepper Odd-pinnate Native sea grape compound leaves to 7 inches long Toothed or entire margins Aromatic when crushed Red, shiny, smooth berries in clusters DACS Noxious Weed

9 Dahoon holly Leaves alternate, simple 1-6 inches long Leaf margins mostly smooth Leaf tipped with bristle

10 Provide specimens of uncertain identity to state a herbarium Fairchild Tropical Gardens Florida State University University of Florida University of South Florida

11 Chapter III: HERBICIDE CHARACTERISTICS Toxicity Solubility Absorption Foliar Root Stem Behavior in plants Translocation Mode of action Selectivity Environmental factors Environmental fate

12 Solubility Ability of a substance to form a solution (dissolve in) with another Absorption The process by which a [herbicide] passes from one system into another, e.g. soil solution into plant root Adsorption Process whereby a [herbicide] is retained on [soil] particle Translocation Movement of herbicide w/in plant Mode of action Basis for herbicidal activity Selectivity Control of one species more than another

13 Toxicity (LD50) Bobwhite quail Laboratory Rat Glyphosate >4,640 4,300 Triclopyr amine >10,000 2,574 Triclopyr ester 9,026 1,581 Aspirin 230 Nicotene 53 Caffeine 192

14 Solubility Water soluble Polar (electrical charge) Salts of acids (e.g. Amines) Cl N O CH 2 C Cl O Cl O CH 2 CH 3 + NH CH 2 CH 3 CH 2 CH 3 Triclopyr amine (Garlon 3A) Oil soluble Nonpolar esters Triclopyr ester (Garlon 4)

15 Water soluble products do not mix with oil diluents! Oil Garlon 3A

16 Foliar Absorption Leaf Cross-section

17 Overcoming Leaf Barriers Oil soluble herbicides - esters Dissolve through waxy layers Water soluble herbicides Surfactants Penetrants Organo-silicones - Long chain polymers that have extremely good spreading abilities.

18 Root Absorption Availability Adsorption of herbicide molecules to soil particles makes herbicide unavailable Polar herbicides more readily adsorbed e.g. glyphosate tightly bound Affected by organic matter (humus) in soil

19 STEM ABSORPTION Herbaceous Epidermis Woody Bark Corky Waxy Bark Inactive xylem Cambium and phloem Active xylem

20 Herbicide Translocation Inactivation Precipitated Physically bound (adsorbed) Hydrolysis Cunductive tissues Xylem Herbicides move upward with water Phloem Herbicides move down with photosynthate

21 Phloem Translocation Xylem and Phloem Translocation Phloem Xylem Xylem Translocation

22 Absorption, Translocation And Mode of Action Absorption Translocation MOA 2,4-D Foliage, roots Phloem Organo-auxin Glyphosate Foliage Phloem Protein synth. Hexazinone Roots Xylem Photosynthesis Imazapic Foliage, roots Xylem, phloem Protein synth. Imazapyr Foliage, roots Xylem, phloem Protein synth. Metsulfuron Foliage, roots Xylem, phloem Protien synth. Triclopyr Foliage, roots Phloem Organo-auxin Note: organo-auxin herbicides require additional record keeping under Florida Pesticide Law

23 Selectivity and Non-Target Damage Selective herbicides Allows for broadcast application Non-selective (broad spectrum) herbicides Selective application Method of application Spot foliar, basal bark, cut stump Be careful with root active herbicides Minimize drift Low pressure Large orifice Avoid inversion No wind, stable air

24 Methods to Reduce Particle Drift Drift Wind Avoid high winds - < 10 mph Spray with wind Particle size Maximum nozzle size Minimum pressure Drift retardants Orientation Side to side vs. up and down Keep nozzle close to target

25 Minimizing Vapor Drift Avoid potentially volatile herbicides Ester formulations Avoid inversions characterized by calm stable air Avoid high temperature/humid conditions Avoid impermeable surfaces

26 Endangered Species Occurrences of endangered species are maintained by the Florida Natural Areas Inventory. Florida snadlace American chafseed orida Ggolden aster

27 Factors That Adversely Affect Herbicide Activity Low relative humidity Spray droplets dry quickly High or cold temperature Stress Drought Stress Rainfall immediately after application Wash-off High winds Coverage

28 Fate of Herbicides in the Environment Inactivation in soil Adsorption Leaching Breakdown Hydrolysis Reaction with water Photolysis Reaction with sunlight Microbial

29 BREAKDOWN AND PERSISTANCE Breakdown Half-life Mobility 2,4-D Microbial 10 days Low Glyphosate Microbial 47 days Bound (none) Hexazinone Microbial Photolysis 90 days High Imazapic Microbial 120 days Moderate Imazapyr Microbial days Moderate Hydrolysis Metsulfuron Microbial 30 days Moderate Triclopyr Microbial Hydrolysis 30 days Moderate

30 Chapter IV: Application Methods Foliar Basal bark Hack and squirt Cut stump Soil (basal)

31 Foliar Applications Herbicides Water soluble or oil soluble Adjuvants Drift contol agents Control droplet size Surfactants Penetrants Spreaders Yer gonna die -

32 Basal Bark Applications Herbicides Oil soluble (EC) Diluents Vegetable oil Most readily breaks down Mineral oil Diesel fuel - not recommended

33 Hack and Squirt Applications For thick bark-species Herbicides Water or oil soluble Equipment Spray bottles

34 Cut Stump Application Cut as close to ground as possible Cut as level as possible Water or oil soluble herbicides Concentrate herbicide just inside bark Remove sawdust Treat entire circumberence Treat within 15 minutes

35 Equipment/Application Method Selection Chemical resistant seals Choose to suit conditions Density of target/non-target vegetation Mobility Soil/hydrology conditions Minimize soil disturbance

36 Chapter V: Herbicides Used in Natural Areas Herbicide Labels Can be applied only to label-listed cites E.g: specific crops, non-cropland Can apply to any weed, listed or not Types of labels Federal label (Section 4) Special Local Need (SLN, 24c) Must have SLN labeling in possession DACS makes final legal interpretations Florida Wildlife Conservation Commission issues permits for Application to aquatic sites

37 Herbicide Label Information Manufacturer and trade name Active ingredient name and quantity Signal words First aid Precautionary statements PPE Directions for use Use rates Tank mixes

38 Chapter VI: Mixing Loading, and Application Diluents Water Polar herbicides, e.g amines (L) Emulsifiable concentrates (EC) Oils Vegetable oils Mineral oil Diesel fuel Toxic additives

39 Adjuvants Surfactants Spreaders Organosilicones Penetrants Crop Oils Nonnionic uncharged Anionic - positive charge Anionic negative charge Water conditioners/buffers Deposition aids/drift control agents Control droplet size Colorants Helps track of spray

40 MATH

41 Label Directions Herbicide product per acre (gal, lbs, oz) Percent solution of herbicide Gallons of herbicide product per 100 gallons of spray mixture. Pounds or ounces of herbicide product per acre Pounds or ounces of herbicide product per 100 gallons of diluent

42 KNOW! Square feet per acre = 43,560 Quarts per gallon = 4 Pints per gallon = 8 Ounces per gallon = 128 Grams per ounce (dry) = 28

43 % Solution gal herbicide=gal of spray mixture x %solution 100 oz herbicide=oz spray mixture x %solution 100 oz herbicide=1.28 x gal spray solution x %solution

44 Example: % given How much Garlon 4 should you add to prepare 4 gal of 1.5% spray solution? 1.5% 100= gal x.015=.06 gal.06 gal x128 oz/gal=7.7 oz or 4 gal x 1.28 oz/gal x 1.5=7.7

45 Product per 100 Gallons of Spray Mixture (Proportion) Product=gal spray mix x product per 100gal 100 Proportion Amount needed is to desired spray mixture as recommended amount is to 100 gal. X amount spray mixture volume=recommended amount 100 gal X amount=spray mixture volume x recommended amount 100

46 Example: Gallons per 100 gallons given How much Garlon 4 should you add to prepare 4 gal of spray solution equivalent to mixing 20 gal Garlon 4 in 100 gal spray mix? Product=gal spray mix x product per 100gal 100 Product=4 gal x 20 gal 100 Product=.8 gal.8 gal x 128 oz/gal=102 oz

47 Example: Ounces per 100 gallons given How many ounces of Escort XP should be added to 3 gallons of spray mixture if the label recommends 2 oz per 100 gallons? Product=gal spray mix x product per 100 gal 100 Product=3 x 2 oz 100 Product=.06 oz

48 Spray Volume Per Acre How many gallons spray mix would be applied per acre if 60 oz are applied to 400 sq ft? 400 sq ft 43,560 sq ft/acre=.009 acres 60 oz 128 oz/gal=.47 gal.47 gal.009 acres=52 gal/acre

49 Herbicide Per Tank How much Roundup (oz) should be added to a 3 gallon spray tank to apply 7 pints of Roundup per acre for a sprayer that delivers 167 gal per acre? 3 gal/tank 167 gal/acre=.02 acres/tank 7 pt/acre x.02 acres/tank=.14 pt/tank

50 Chapter VIII. Other methods (non-herbicide) Classical biological control Include insects or disease organisms Take years to develop Target only a small number of worst problems Typically implemented by state/federal agencies Manual removal Mechanical removal Prescribed Burning Water level Restoration

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