EFFECT OF GENOTYPES AND METHOD OF ESTABLISHMENT ON ROOT TRAITS, GROWTH AND YIELD OF AEROBIC RICE

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1 Agric. Sci. Digest, 32 (1) : 13-17, 2012 Vol. 32, No. 1, AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATION CENTRE ccjournals.com / indianjournals.com nals.com EFFECT OF GENOTYPES AND METHOD OF ESTABLISHMENT ON ROOT TRAITS, GROWTH AND YIELD OF AEROBIC RICE C.J. Sridhara, H.E. Shashidhar,, K.T.. Gurumurthy thy and B.K. Ramachandrappa Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Shivamogga , India Received : Accepted : ABSTRACT The field experiment on the effect of genotypes and methods of establishment on root traits, growth and yield of aerobic rice was conducted during 2004 and The study consisted of two methods of establishment viz aerobic and puddled and five genotypes viz. BI-43, Rasi, BI- 27, KRH-2 and H-9 replicated four times. The results revealed that BI-43 under aerobic condition recorded significantly higher grain yield (40.2 q ha -1 ) as compared ed to BI-27, KRH-2-2 and H-9 under puddle conditions. Significantly higher root volume (67.00 cc), root weight (9.1 g), root length (27.9 cm) and root number (155.2) were recorded under aerobic condition compared to puddling. From the study it is concluded that genotype BI-43 under aerobic situation is the better practice to increase yield under rainfed upland situations. Key words :, Method of establishment, Aerobic condition, Root traits, Grain yield. INTRODUCTION Rice is a major food crop of India. Asia s food security mainly depends on irrigated rice fields, which produces three fourth of all rice harvested. Rice provides per cent dietary energy and per cent of the dietary protein(anonymous, 2006). In India, rice is grown in an area of 44.6 m ha with a production of mt and average productivity of 2.62 t per ha. Projection of India s rice production target of 2025 AD is 140 mt, which can be achieved only by increasing rice production by over 2.0 mt per year in the coming decade. Traditional rice consumes around 5000 lit water to produce 1 kg of grain which is three times higher than other cereals (Anonymous, 2006). Along with higher water requirement, traditional system of rice production in long run leads to destruction of soil aggregates and reduction in soil volume (Shashidhar, 2007). Sound root system is the basis for healthy crop through increased feeding zone of the crop. Puddling and water logging practices destroy soil structure and degenerate about 70 per cent of the root system (Tuong and Bouman, 2002). Available reports in the literature indicated that continuous flooding is not required to raise rice crop and practice of E mail : cjsridhar_a@rediffmail.com intermittent flooding at critical stages yielded comparable results to continuous flooding with significant saving of irrigation water (Balasubramanian and Krishnarajan, 2000). Water is becoming increasingly scarce and most of the Asian nations including India are expected to face serious water shortage in next years, thus threatening the sustainability of irrigated rice production. In order to reduce percolation loss direct seeded rice and drill sown rice practice was followed at different places. These practices were very difficult under heavy rainfall due to improper distribution of seeds. Hence, alternate ways of growing rice using minimum water must be explored to safeguard the food security and to preserve precious water resources. Aerobic rice production is one such alternate method which is known to use less water than lowland rice (Tabbal et al., 2002). Performance of rice genotypes under different growing situation is different. Root trait is also influenced by genotypes and method of establishment of rice crop. Information on the performance of genotypes under different growing situation and their effect on root traits and yield of aerobic rice is very limited. Keeping these points in

2 14 AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE DIGEST - A RESEARCH JOURNAL view, field experiments were planned and conducted during 2004 and MATERIALS AND METHODS Field experiments were carried out for two years (2004 and 2005) during kharif season at College of Agriculture, Navile, Shivamogga. The soil and the experimental site was red sandy loam and acidic in nature (ph 6.2), medium in organic carbon (0.43%), low in nitrogen (260kg per hectare, high in available phosphorus (194 kg ha -1 ) and medium in potassium (178 kg ha -1 ). The experiment was laid out on a randomized block design replicated three times. The treatment comprised of combinations of two factors viz. genotypes and methods of establishment. These treatments were laidout in factorial RCBD. Genotype consists of BI-43, BI- 27, Rasi and KRH-2 and H-9, while method of establishment consists of aerobic and puddled condition. The field was thoroughly prepared by tractor, cultivator and leveler to make fine tilth. Plots were prepared with a dimension of 4.5 m x 3 mt. For puddled treatments, light puddling was done in presence of water, levelled and seeds were sown as per treatment. Aerobic condition is created by giving irrigation and ploughing just like other aerobic crops. Seedrate at 5kg per hectare was used in aerobic rice. In puddled rice,transplanting was done with 25cm x 25cm spacing. Lines were opened at 25 cm x 25 cm spacing and seeds were sown as per treatment. Recommended package of practices were followed for growing the crop. A common fertilizer dose of 100:50:50 kg N, P 2 O 5 and K 2 O ha -1 was adopted. Half of the fertilizer was applied as basal and the remaining quantity was applied in two equal splits at 30 and 50 days after sowing. The weeds were managed by passing wheelhoe two times at 30 and 50 days and hand weeding two times at 20 and 40 days after sowing. The crop was grown purely on rainfed situation and irrigation was given during dry spells. During crop growth period,total rainfall of 847 mm and 1409 mm was recorded with 67 and 83 rainy day respectively for 2004 and Blast and stemborer were the major disease and pest observed during experimentation. Plant protection measures were taken by the application of Bavistin and Monocrotophos at right time. Periodical observation on growth, yield and root traits were recorded. The data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis and were tested at five per cent level of significance to interpret the treatment differences as outlined by Snedecar and Cocoharan (1967). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION had significant influence on growth and yield of rice. Higher tillering ability is one of the most important desirable factor for increased yield potential in upland varieties. Grain yield is a function of yield attributes such as number of panicles per plant, number of grains per panicles, panicle length, panicle weight and test weight. TABLE 1. Growth parameters as influenced by genotypes and method of establishment in aerobic rice (pooled data for two years). Methods Tillers/sq.m at90 DAS Leaf area/plant at90 DAS TDM (g. pl -1 ) Pooled Pooled Pooled Aerobic Puddled S.Em % BI Rasi BI KRH H S.Em % Interaction (M x G) S.Em % NS NS NS NS NS NS

3 Vol. 32, No. 1, Among the different genotypes tested, genotypes BI-43 recorded higher grain yield (40.2 q ha -1 )followed by KRH-2 and H-9. The reduction in yield in Rasi, BI-27, KRH-2 and H-9 were 12.0, 33.3, 46.2, 72.8 per cent respectively compared to BI-43. Tillring capacity varied with genotypes and tiller producing ability is dependent on dry matter production and accumulation (Honda and Okazima, 1969). In the present study also, higher number of tillers was recorded in BI-43 (17.3) and this was followed by Rasi (15.8), BI-27 (12.1), KRH- 2 (9.8) and least number of tillers was in H-9. Higher number of tillers in BI-43 was also due more dry matter production (55.2 g plant -1 ) followed by Rasi and other genotypes. Tillering pattern is a characteristic of a variety and is influenced by cultural practices and nutrient status of the soil (Rautaray, 2004). Higher yield in BI-43 was mainly due to superior yield attributing parameters like number of panicles per plant, number of grains per panicle, higher panicle weight, more panicle length and thousand grain weight. Number of panicles per plant is an important yield component governing the grain yield. It may be mentioned here that number of panicles per plant was found highest in BI-43 (13.8) followed by Rasi (12.0), BI-27 (8.5), KRH-2 (7.0) and H-9 (2.8) (Table). More number of panicles (13.8) in BI-43 was due to more number of effective tillers and also better survival of tillers (Srilaxmi et al., 2003). The per cent reduction in number of panicles in Rasi, BI-27, KRH-2 and H-8 was 14, 39.4, 49.3, 79.8 respectively, as compared to BI-43. Higher yield in BI-43 was also due to more number of grains per panicle. The grain number per panicle was highest in BI-43 (155.3) and was significantly superior to all other genotypes. Higher yield in BI- 43 was also due to better root traits. Significantly higher root weight (9.0 g plant -1 ), root length (32.2 cm), root number (150.6) and root volume (64.7 cc) were observed in BI-43 which might be helped in better absorption of nutrients and water which in turn leads to higher yield (40.2 q ha -1 ). Number of grains per panicle depends on panicle length. Among the genotypes significantly higher panicle length was noticed in BI-43 (20.7 cm) as compared to all other genotypes. Panicle weight is yet another important parameter contributing to grain yield. The highest panicle weight (3.2 g) was found in BI-43 followed TABLE 2. Yield parameters as influenced by genotypes and method of establishment in aerobic rice (Mean data for 2 years). Methods No. of grains panicle -1 No. of panicle/sq.m. Panicle length (cm) Panicle weight (g) Test weight (g) Gr Yield (q ha -1) Pooled Pooled Pooled Pooled Pooled Pooled Aerobic Puddled S.Em % BI Rasi BI KRH H S.Em % Interaction (M x G) S.Em % NS NS NS NS NS NS NS

4 16 AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE DIGEST - A RESEARCH JOURNAL by Rasi (3.0 g), BI-27 (2.6 g), KRH-2 (2.5 g) and H- 9 (1.9 g). Higher panicle weight in BI-43 was due to more number of grains per panicle (155.3) as compared to other genotypes. Test weight in rice has been reported to be more or less stable character (Venkateshwaralu, 1982). Among the genotypes, significant higher test weight (24.4 g) was recorded in BI-43 compared to all genotypes. Variation in test weight among the genotypes was reported by Wada, The increased 1000 grain weight in BI-43 was attributed to better supply of photosynthates during grain filling period. The results of present study are in agreement will that of Majid et al., (1976). Method of establishment had significant influence on growth and yield of aerobic rice. In the present study, significantly higher grain yield (34.3 g ha -1 ) was recorded under aerobic condition as compared to puddled condition (22.6 q ha -1 ). Higher grain yield under aerobic condition was due to significantly higher number of panicles (11.3 plant -1 ), more number grains (138.8 panicle -1 ), more panicle length (19 cm), panicle weight (2.7 g) and test weight (22.6 g). Tillering is one of the important components influenced by crop establishment methods. Early and synchronous tillering resulted in the crop to perform better under aerobic condition which leads to more tillers (14.8) as compared to puddled condition (9.4 plant -1 ). The reduction in yield in puddled condition was 34.2 per cent as compared to aerobic condition. Most of the tillers produced under direct seeding were early tillers compared to other methods which might be resulted in more yield (De Datta and Beachell, 1972). Higher number of panicles in direct seeding was due to better growth condition,better aeration and better root growth than puddled condition. Due to better condition under aerobic situation, more panicle length and panicle weight was noticed. Higher panicle weight is one of the important yield components contributing towards higher yield (Parihar,2004). Higher grain yield was also due to higher dry matter production. Higher dry matter production was observed in aerobic condition (50.5 g plant -1 ) as compared to puddled condition (46.4 g plant -1 ). Higher dry matter production was also due to higher leaf area ( cm 2 /plant) in aerobic condition as compared to puddled condition ( cm 2 /plant). Higher yield in aerobic condition was due to better utilization of nutrients and probably less competition and also due to vigorous root growth and root volume. Under aerobic condition, favourable condition helps in better development of roots, thereby increased root length (27.9 cm), root weight (9.1 g plant -1 ), root number (155.2) and root volume (67.0 cc), which inturn leads to more contact of soil with nutrient and water resulted in higher yield. These results are in confirmation with the findings of Uphoff and Randriamihanisoa (2007). Hence, from this study it is concluded that genotype BI-43 under aerobic situation, is the better practice to increase yield under rainfed upland situations. TABLE 3. Root traits as influenced by genotypes and method of establishment in aerobic rice. Methods Root weight (g) Root length (cm) Root number Root volume (cc) Pooled Pooled Pooled Pooled Aerobic Puddled S.Em % BI Rasi BI KRH H S.Em % Interaction S.Em % NS NS NS NS NS

5 Vol. 32, No. 1, 2012 REFERENCE Anonymous, (2006) Annual report, International Rice Research Institute, Philippines pp Haryana J.Agron.,20(!); Balasubramanian, R. and Krishnarajan, J. (2000). Influence of irrigation regimes on growth, water use efficiency in direct seeded rice. Res. Crops, 1(1): 1-4. Dedatta, S.K. and Beachell, R.M. (1972). Varietal response to some factors affecting production of upland rice. In : Rice Breeding. International Rice Research Institutes, Los Banos, Philippines, pp Honda, T. and Okazima, H. (1969) Environmental light condition and tiller development in rice. Bull., Insti. Agric. Res., 21: Majid, A, Zai-ur, Rahuman and Athar, (1976) Comparative studies on direct seeding Vs transplanting technique of paddy. Pakistan J. Bot., 18(2): Parihar, S.S, (2004), Effect of nutrient, puddling on productivity of rice. Indian J. Agron., 49(2): Rautaray, S.K. (2004), Tillering behaviour and yield of rice varieties in Assam. Oryza, 41(4): Shashidhar, H.E, (2007), Rice root system under aerobic condition. Euphytica, 129 : Snedecor, G.W. and Cochran, W.G. (1967) Statistical Methods 7 th ed. Iowa State Univ. Press., Ames, USA. Srilaxmi, G, Subbaiah, G. and Chandrashekhar, K., (2003), Performance of direct seeded rice affected by variety and nitrogen levels. Andhra Agric.J.,52 52(3);32. Tabbal, D.F, Bouman, B.A. and Safdos, M.A, (2002), On farm strategies for reducing water input in irrigated rice. Agric. Water Mng., 56(2): Tuong, J.P. and Bouman, B.A.M., (2002), Rice production under water scarce environment. Haryana J.Agron.,., 20: Uphoff, N. and Randriamiharisoa, (2002), Evaluation of aerobic rice genotypes under stressed conditions. Proceedings of International Rice Research report, 2007, Manila. Venkateshwaralu, B., (1982), Underutilized potential for increasing crop productivity Seminar Dept. Atomic Energy, Bangalore. March 17-18, 1981 pp Wada, G., (1985), Rice cultivation in south Malaasia, yield and yield componenets in major paddy area. Japan Agric. Res. 18(4):