Effects of first harvest time on total yield and yield components in twice harvesting of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Rasht, Iran

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1 International Journal of Biosciences IJB ISSN: (Print) (Online) Vol. 4, No. 5, p , 2014 RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS Effects of first harvest time on total yield and yield components in twice harvesting of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Rasht, Iran Hassan Akhgari 1, Seyyed Ali Noorhosseini-Niyaki 2* 1 Department of Agronomy, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran 2 Department of Agronomy, Gorgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gorgan, Iran Key words: Ratoon crop, main crop, harvest time, Oryza sativa L. Article published on March 10, 2014 Abstract An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect first harvest time on ratoon crop and main crop yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Rasht, north of Iran during 2011 crop year. This experiment was done as a randomized complete block design (RCBD) in four replications. The treatments were harvesting main plant in six levels (7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 days after 50% fertilizing). Result showed that effect of first harvest times on main plant yield, ratoon yield and total yield of rice were significant (p<0.01) that maximum average of ratoon was in treatment of harvesting two weeks after 50% fertilizing main plant with mean of However, maximum average of main plant yield and total yield were in four weeks after 50% fertilizing (M=379.60g/m 2 and g/m 2, respectively). * Corresponding Author: Seyyed Ali Noorhosseini-Niyaki noorhosseini.sa@gmail.com 210 Akhgari and Niyaki

2 Introduction Rice (Oryza sativa) was spread origin tally from its main outbreaks such south and southeast Asia and west and southwest china toward were scattered over the length and latitude. Following the its distribution is occurred in other locations such Far from West Africa, North America, Australia, Portugal, Spain and southern Italy have been reported (Bienvenido and Juliano, 1993). Rice's cultivated area were ranged hectares, producing tons of paddy crops after wheat is the main cereal crops (Buletine, 1994). Rice's Average production per hectare in the world is equal to 3651 kg grain (Bollich et al., 1982; Chauhan et al., 1985). Paddy rice was imported the first time in nearly 531 years until 579 AD, so it was imported from India to Iran. But a report in the year 512 AD, there are rice (Niloufari, 1992). Rationing is newest practical way to increase rice panicle per unit area per unit time, with the ability to produce new tillers after harvest is original. In areas where a rice culture by water deficit and low temperatures at the end of the growing season is limited, rationing can grow a new plant by short growth period. Until 1970 no systematic use of ratoon was not the only farmers traditionally rationing exploited.today, in many countries, such as China's rice- rich world, America, the Philippines, Burma, Brazil, Dominican Republic, India, Madagascar and Bangladesh use ratooning process to cultivate in the economic levels in rice farming. Ratooning systems having many advantages as a substitute for rice twice in warm and humid areas of Asia where rice cultivation is possible up to three times the offer has been developed. These advantages can be produced at very low cost Ratoons (deleting the Treasury making, transplanting, and preparing field, etc.), short duration Ratooning deal and consuming less water due to the short duration of vegetative growth cited (Bollich et al., 1982; Chauhan et al., 1985). Ratoon morphology has important differences with the main plant. Plant height is usually less than (Balasubramanian et al., 1970). Effective tillers per plant ratoon are less than the original plant. But some plants can produce more total tillers Ratoon than the main plant (Bahar and Datta, 1977). Ratoon plant tillers are ineffective (Balasubramanian et al., 1970, Evatt, 1958) and metabolic activity of this deal will be a valuable aid in grain filling. Genetic ability to produce Ratoons is important so that you have a strong root system in main plant, the conditions for successful manufacturing plant enables Ratoon.Crop management, light, heat, moisture, dust and dirt of the major factors affecting food production capability can be Ratoon. During the growth period, which is a genetic trait is the ability to produce Ratoon and yield impact. But the important ability to produce dormant buds on the stubble living Ratoon the remainder of the first plant, the buds may be at different heights (Nair and Sahadevan, 1961). Ratoon claws aphids remaining on the stubble grow. Growing claws of nodes grow very rapidly (Prashar, 1970), but usually have fewer leaves (Aubin, 1979). Paws and claws fewer filled grains lower nodes have high nodes (Sun et al., 1988). Generally, height remained straw explains at numbers of regrowing shoots at rice plant (Volkova and Smetanin, 1971) and the most numbers of stems that initially are produced them originate from stems that height main plant was high (Haque, 1975; Fixieh and Young, 1959; Prashar, 1970; Ouddus, 1981). It can also be very relevant and in line with the main rice crop is harvested. So that the main plant maturity at harvest time on producing effective ratoons (Haque, 1975). The best time to harvest is when the stem is still green for good Ratoon. In other words, before they fully reach the plant (Balasubramanian et al., 1970). Late harvest makes up the main plant growth Ratoon period of decline. Although it has been reported that the removal of 30, 35, 40 and 45 days after flowering plants have significant effect on the core product does not Ratoon (Haque, 1975). But check the other steps of the main plant can be harvested to determine the best product Ratoon. In addition to increase economic benefits, Ratoon is an appropriate solution. Ecological conditions in the north of Iran, allowing the rice plant is capable of producing Ratoon. But, lack of proper agricultural management has hindered its development. The main crop harvest time is one of 211 Akhgari and Niyaki

3 the most important factors influencing the Ratoon production. Ratoon production increase is a good solution to solve the food shortage with population increase. The study also aims to examine the effects of harvesting time on yield Ratoon main plant rice is done. Materials and methods Location and Experimental Design An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect first harvest time on Ratoon crop and main crop yield in rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Rasht, north of Iran during 2011 crop year (situated at / N and / E). The climate of the area is mild and Mediterranean. This experiment was done as a randomized complete block design in four replications. The treatments were harvesting main plant in six levels [H1=7, H2=14, H3=21, H4=28, H5=35, H6=42 days after 50% fertilizing]. The experiment was conducted in 3 4 m plots. In transplanting, the distance between rows and two plants was 25 25cm with 3-4 seedlings per hill. In addition; Sowing in nursery was done April 15 and transplanted to field 22 May. According to soil analysis amount of fertilizers N, K and P were implemented. In direct seeding were seed per m 2 that in linear direct seeding was seeded with the distance between rows was 30cm. Traits and Statistical Analysis The studied characteristics were plant height, panicle length, number of total tillers, number of productive tillers, number of grains per panicle, hollow grain (%), 1000-grain weight and grain yield. To calculate the plant height, ten plants were randomly selected from each plot with the height of each plant measured and when these ten heights were averaged, the plants' height at the time of harvest was obtained. Also, ten Panicles were randomly selected from each plot with the length of each panicle measured. The average of ten obtained lengths gave the panicles' length at the time of harvest. In addition, ten panicles were randomly selected from each plot and their grains were counted. The average of ten counts gave the number of grains per panicle. When the plants reached the harvest stage, one m 2 from each plot were selected with their grain yield. In order to do the analysis of variance and means comparison (Duncan test at the probability level of 5%) was used from MSTAT-C. Results Plant height Result showed that there was no significant difference between harvest times regarding main plant height. However, there was a significant difference between first harvest times regarding ratoon plant height at the probability level 1% (Table 1). The maximum average of ratoon plant height (M=107.55cm) was in first harvest of two weeks after 50% fertilizing (Table 2). Panicle length Result showed that there was a significant difference between harvest times regarding panicle length of main plant (p<0.05). Also, there was a significant difference (p<0.01) between first harvest times regarding panicle length of ratoon plant (Table 1). The maximum panicle length of main plant (M=28.30cm) and ratoon (M=19.02cm) were in first harvest of three and two weeks after 50% fertilizing (H3 and H2), respectively (Table 2). Number of total tillers In this study, result showed that there was no significant difference between harvest times regarding tillers number of main plant. However, there was a significant difference between first harvest times regarding tillers number of ratoon plant at the probability level 1% (Table 1) that maximum tillers number of ratoon plant (M=24.77 in plant) was in first harvest of two weeks after 50% fertilizing (Table 2). Number of productive tillers Result showed that there was no significant difference between harvest times regarding number of productive tillers of main plant. Nevertheless, there was a significant difference (p<0.01) between first harvest times regarding number of productive tillers of ratoon 212 Akhgari and Niyaki

4 plant (Table 1). The maximum number of productive tillers of ratoon plant (M=24.77 in plant) was in first harvest of two weeks after 50% fertilizing (Table 2). Number of grains per panicle In this study, result showed that there was a significant difference (p<0.01) between first harvest times regarding number of grains per panicle in main plant and ratoon (Table 1). The maximum number of grains per panicle in main plant (M=85.40) and ratoon (M=31.65) were in first harvest of 7 days after 50% fertilizing (Table 2). Table 1. Variance analysis of effects of first harvest time on yield and yield components of rice (Oryza sativa L.). S.O.V df Mean squares Plant height Panicle length No. of total tillers No. of productive No. of grains per Hollow grain (%) 1000-grain weight Grain yield tillers panicle Main Ratoon Main Ratoon Main Ratoon Main Ratoon Main Ratoon Main Ratoon Main Ratoon Main Ratoon Total Block ns ns 0.3 ns 0.76 ns ns ns ns 3.85 ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns Harvest ns ** 3.65 * 6.68 ** 2.24 ns ** 2.68 ns ** ** ** ** ** ns ns ** ** ** times Error CV (%) ns Non significant, * significant at P<0.05 and ** significant at P<0.01. Hollow grain (%) Result showed that there was a significant difference (p<0.01) between first harvest times regarding percent of hollow grain in main plant and ratoon (Table 1) that maximum hollow grain in main plant (M=37.50%) and ratoon (M=71.15%) were in first harvest of 7 days and 28 days after 50% fertilizing (H1 and H4), respectively (Table 2) grain weight In this study, result showed that there was no significant difference between first harvest times regarding 1000-grain weight in main plant and ratoon (Table 1) Grain yield Result of this study in table 1 showed that effect of first harvest times on main plant yield, ratoon yield and total yield of rice were significant (p<0.01) that maximum average of ratoon was in treatment of harvesting two weeks after 50% fertilizing main plant with mean of g/m 2. However, maximum average of main plant yield and total yield (M= and g/m 2, respectively) were in four weeks after 50% fertilizing (Table 2 and Fig. 1). Discussion and conclusion On the gathered results, the plant will be at ripen physiologic before H1 and H2 phases that harvesting main plant at the stage causes to decrease grain yield although the two stages were indicated to increase Ratoon grain yield and its output components. However, these two steps are removed, the significant increase in grain yield and yield components Ratoon it shows. In addition, grains output of main plant together ratoon plant were being increased very high level. In addition, the two stages have difficulties such grain's high moisture and exchange low level. In addition to the main plant, grain yield, total yield Ratoon down and picked up the first impression is the maximum amount. In general these problems, such as high moisture grain harvest at harvest and have the possibility of poor quality conversion It can be said that the first stage of harvest (H1) due to stage performance is good, the second harvest (H2) There is also a high performance and reliable due to the aforementioned problems is not recommended. But it can be an important application and that the flowering and ripening stage of the rice crop in years with problems such as pests and diseases, floods or any other factor that may cause the loss of key crops could be harvested early product ratoon the extent that it can be used to offset the damage. 213 Akhgari and Niyaki

5 Table 2. Means comparison effects of first harvest time on yield and yield components of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Harv Plant height (cm) Panicle length No. of total No. of productive No. of grains per Hollow grain (%) 1000-grain weight Grain yield (g/m 2 ) est times (cm) tillers in plant tillers in plant panicle (g) Main Ratoon Main Ratoon Main Ratoon Main Ratoon Main Ratoon Main Ratoon Main Ratoon Main Ratoon Total H ab a 26.40ab 18.10ab 16.07a 20.47a 15.62a 20.47a 85.40ab 31.65a 37.50a 25.85d 19.1c 20.29a d a ab H ab a 26.35ab 19.02a 17.27a 24.77a 16.68a 24.77a 77.55bc 30.60ab 17.55b 23.17d 20.63b 19.45a bc a a H a 92.90b 28.30a 16.80bc 16.97a 6.60b 16.40a 6.60b 97.10a 24.92bc 13.95bc 44.38c 23.45a 19.92a ab 30.34b a H ab 68.36d 26.15b 15.80c 16.62a 1.30b 16.50a 1.35b 77.95bc 21.57c 11.05bc 71.15a 23.06a 13.73b a 9.18b a H b 78.42cd 26.92ab 16.10c 17.42a 2.10b 17.27a 2.10b 75.20bc 23.07c 8.40bc 47.20bc 23.87a 13.42b cd 5.11b b H ab 80.47c 25.47b 16.00c 18.27a 1.20b 18.02a 1.20b 67.30c 25.73abc 7.47c 58.59b 22.50a 13.88b ab 2.94b a Each row with same letters was not significantly different (p< 0.05). Note that the figure is Hashemi varieties with delayed harvest the main crop maturity Ratoon there is the possibility of prolongation. This delaying and reducing loss and increasing the performance. Fig. 1. Effect of first harvest times on total yield of rice plant. In the third and fourth harvest (H3 and H4) in a rice plant developmental stage of the plant, its stage of maturity at this stage to say that its main plant has a maximum production of grain and yield ratoon the plants, the is normal and will gradually decline. Overall performance in the second stage of the main plant and ratoon is at its maximum. References Aubin JP Rice and Its Ratooning in Richard- Toll, Senegal, Montpellier. Institut de Recherché Agronomics Tropical s Et Des Cultures Verviers. Bahar FA, De.Datta SK, Prospecs of increasing total rice production through rationing. Agronomy Journal 68, Balasubramanian B, Morachan YB, Kaliapa R Studies on Ratooning in Rice. Growth Attributes and Yield. Madras Agriculture Journal 57(11), In the fifth and sixth harvest stage (H5 and H6) in the full maturity of the plant was undertaken in this phase of the plant is fully grown plant is completely dry. The problems such as difficulty falling grain harvest come. Farmers usually harvest in the neighborhood V (H5) are doing and if bad weather conditions and delays in harvesting farm farmers sixth stage (H6) will be. The total yield in the main plant and Ratoon is also minimal. In conclusion, the best time to harvest the main crop in order to have maximum performance at the main plant and harvest Ratoon main plant about 7 to 10 days earlier than normal harvest conditions are farmers. The third and fourth stages (H3 and H4) Total yield is at its highest. Bienvenido B, Juliano D Rice in Human Nutrition Food and Nutrition (F.A.O.), 1993 Series, No. 26. Bollich BD, Schott JE, Breeding and testing for superior Ratooning ability of Rice in Texas. Texas Agriculture experiment station. Route 7, Box 999, Beaumot, TX Buletine (F.A.O.) Production and Area Harvest. Chauhan JS, Vergara BS, Lopez FSS Rice Ratooning. IRRI, Res. Rap. Ser p. 214 Akhgari and Niyaki

6 Evatt NS Stubble rice production test. Rice Journal 61(6), Fixieh CF, Young FP Studies on the cultivation of ratoon rice (in Chinese, English Summary). Agricultural Research (Renamed as Journal Taiwan Agriculture Research) 8(3-14), Haque MM Varietal Variation and Evaluation Procedures for Ratooning in Rice (Oryza sativa) M.Sc. thesis, University of the Philippines at los Banos, Philippines, 110 p. Nair NR, Sahadevan PC A note on Vegetative propagation of Cultivated rice. Curr. Sci. 30, Niloufari P The word of rice and its history in Iran and ancient world. Sonboleh, No. 37. Ouddus MA Effect of several Growth Regulators, Shading and Cultural Management Practices on Rice Ratoonings. M.Sc. thesis, University of the Philippines at Los Banos, Philippine, 100p. Prashar CRK Paddy Ratoons. World crops, 22(3), Sun X, Zheng JG, Liong YJ Ratooning with Rice Hybrids. Pages in Rice Ratooning International Rice Research Institute P.O Box 933. Nanila, Philippines. Volkova NP, Smetanin AP On Ratooning Characters of Rice CV Adapted to the Kubun Region, By Letten Nun Chno Tec niches Koi Informatsii Usesoyuznyi. Nauch No Issleadovatel Skii in Stiut Risa, 3, Akhgari and Niyaki