Paddy Padi 稲, 籾. 1-1, Definition and genesis of technical terms of Paddy and Sawah. English Indonesian Chinese( 漢字 ) Plant Biotechnology

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1 Sawah Technology (2): Background and Sawah System Evolution for Rice Green Revolution(GR) in Sub Saharan () by T Wakatsuki, Shimane University (Sawah network URL: 3 rd and 8 th July 28, JICA Nagoya and Tsukuba. Definition, Genesis and Evolution of Sawah Technology 2. Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) of n and Latin American Green Revolution (GR) 3. Among three green revolution(gr) technologies, what will be the core technology to realize n GR? Or are there any other missing factors?what will be the core technology to realize n Green Revolution? 4. Characteristics of three green revolution technologies: High yielding varieties, 2 Irrigation and drainage, 3 Soil and Fertilizers as well as Agrochemicals, 5. Various Traditional Rice Farming Systems and 6 Stages of Sawah Systems Evolution in 6. Why are poor paddy yields in the st, 2 nd and 3 rd evolutionary stages of sawah system, i.e., non- sawah, ridge planting, and micro sawah, which are common in? -2. Sawah and Sawah System definition: Sawah is Malay- Indonesian term to describe man-made enclosed, demarcated, rice field by bunds, ridges, or levees, to facilitate water control and soil conservation. Basic characteristics are () Bunding with appropriate height, width with compaction and surface sealing to control leakage. Layouts of bunding are normally follow topographic contour lines. (2) Leveling less than cm height difference within one sawah plot surrounded bunds, (3) Ordinary soil surface of the sawah is puddled to facilitate leveling, weed and water leakage control, (4) Ordinary sawah plots have water inlet connecting irrigation canal and water outlet to drainage canal. Sometime outlet(s) of upper sawah(s) are the inlet(s) of lower sawah(s), (5) Rainfed sawahs have no man-made irrigation and drainage structures except for direct rainfall and natural water harvesting and drainage using topography. -, Definition and genesis of technical terms of Paddy and Sawah Table No concept and term Sawah or SUIDEN (in Japanese). No proper English/French and local language in West and to describe eco- technological concept and term to improve farmers rice fields, such as Sawah. 水田 SUIDEN(Japanese)=SAWAH(Malay-Indonesian) Plant Biotechnology Environment Ecotechnlogy English Indonesian Chinese( 漢字 ) Rice Nasi 米, 飯, 稲 Paddy Padi 稲, 籾 (Paddy)? Sawah 水田 -3. Bio-technology and Eco*-technology *Initially the target was to develop eco-technology in comparison with bio-technology described left side of the figure below. to improve rice growing ecology and environment, i.e, to improve soil condition and water cycling. However since the term sawah imply rice growing ecology and environment, sawah technology and sawah eco-technology can describe the same meaning. Multi-disciplinary targets of Sawah and Sawah Eco- Technology, which can () increase not only productivity, but also make possible sustainable creation and restoration of total watershed and/or landscape, (2) be viable to local socioeconomic and cultural settings, (3) integrate agronomy and agricultural engineering based on ecological sciences, (4) connect almost of all categories of core agricultural sciences.

2 Why have modern scientific technologies of breeding, fertilizers and irrigation never been effective in farmers rice fields of? Non-Sawah upland paddy field Guinea, Aug.3 Non-sawah rice fields in inland valley at Kumasi, Ghana(2) Sawah was developed using hundreds years by Chinese farmers themselves(otsuka 24) Irrigated Sawah system was developed by farmers self-support efforts, which realized >4t/ha(2) -4, Sawah technology for irrigated sawah system and rice farming -5, Genesis and Evolution of sawah technology from initial target of inland valleys to large scale flood plains and deltas This technology has been developed by trial and error processes by sawah network teams in Japan, Ghana and Nigeria, targeting initially numerous small inland valleys where water control is easy during 986 and 2. This technology, the Inland Valley Sawah Technology, had reached a level where technology could transfer to international research institutes, such as JIRCAS, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, during 28-2 (DIITRPA by Fujimoto 2) and Rice Center during (SMART-IV, Sawah, Market Access and Rice Technology, smart-valleys, changed name from 25, Rice). Since 23 it became the core technology of the rice revolution of the Kebbi state (Dakingari 23), northwest Nigeria through the inventions to combine with the pump irrigation technology for the use of shallow groundwater of the floodplain and the inland Delta in savanna zones during As a result, it was discovered that the development of irrigated sawah system by sawah technology could reach to the scale of million ha in various large scale lowlands in. Thus it has evolved to the (n) Sawah Technology. Farmers diverse and chaotic open fields:. Scientific soil, water and crops managements are difficult 2. Land is shared with diverse peoples. 3. Standard post-harvest technology can not apply. Sawah Fields are demarcated by bund based on topography, hydrology and soils. Water, soil and crops can be managed 2. Privately owned lands can be improved 3. Market competitive paddy can produce Arugungu, Flood Plain, December 987 Inland Valley The contribution on Kebbi Rice Revolution made evolve the sawah technology from inland valleys to Flood plains and Deltas (Kebbi, Nigeria) This is an example of micro sawah plots common in and Nigeria, showing sawah evolution from nonsawah to irrigated standard sawah system. Niger state APCDEFAFIZPCM GMDUGHIGKCDILMBN NPQTBBAACIGHOLKJDBV IRNJUAHGDNVAPCDEFAFT GMDUGHIGKCDILMGHOLNH NPQTBBAACIGHXLKJDHGLP IRNJUAHGDNVGHOLKNPSD TBBAACIGHYLKJDIRNJHG UAHGDNVAPCDEFKLG ABGHIGKCDIMB Sawah Technology Green revolution technologies of fertilizers, irrigation, and high-yielding varieties are not effective in bushy open fields AAA BBB OO PP FFF EEE CC DD J J HHH I I I KK KK MM LL NN Sawahs are somewaht similar to British enclosed lands, which became foundation for scientific technologies for Agri. revolution. Fig. Sawah hypothesis () for Scientific Platform: Farmers Sawah should come the first to realize Green Revolution. Farmers fields have to be classified and demarcated ecotechnologically. Then scientific technologies can apply and evolve effectively. s bushy open field systems have been long sustained till now. This might come from more than hundreds years of long history of slave/colonial rule. September 2. The location is the Advanced sawah technology training at the same site of Arugung, June 25 same above Fig. Evolution of Sawah Ssytem through the evolution of Sawah Technology at Kebbi State during 987 to 25. Non sawah open rice fields at Arugunu in 987 evolved to standard irrigated sawah system by sawah technology in 2, which is further improving sawah system of rice growing environment in 25.

3 Bunded & Enclosed Landscapes in UK(unit area >ha) Japanese Sawah area.-ha). Open and no demarcated fields in Sierra Leone -6, Sawah Hypthesis (): Both Sawah and British Enclosure land are the Platform for Scientifc Technology -7, Function 2 and Factors to determine the quality of sawah, which determines the quality of water control, then quality of soil management and performance of various agronomic practices for rice production Quality of a Sawah was determined by the quality of leveling and bunding. Puddling, irrigation, drainage, and ground water recharge practices can also improve water cycling Water depth 5-m Drainage canal, or surrounding sawahs Width of top of bund 3-4m 5-cm 5-6m -m Ground water recharge Dam function in bunded field P: Irrigation canal, surrounding sawahs, seepage, spring, and/ or upland fields -2m Figure. Sawah System: A bunded, leveled, and puddled rice field with inlet of irrigation and outlet to drainage, thus control water and weeds as well as manage soil nutrients ENCLOSURE OF A VILLAGE, UK Before enclosure (Open Field system) Farmers strips of land are scattered around villages in large unfenced fields Strips of land owned by one farmer Open fields Because of animal plowing, fields are long and Narrow. ( rabia/notes/22/enclosureacts.pdf) After enclosures Farmers land is all together and fenced A Farmers Land now enclosed New Farm buildings Road Hedge Slender Fields were reclaimed Progress of Selective Breeding Changes in Norfolk four crops rotation ENCLOSURE Agriculture (Wheat/Turnips/Barley/Cover) (no more common (Scientific No more grazing lands lands, Farm lands Improvement were privatized) & Evolution. Land reclamation & fertilizers Rich and Co-evolution between Poor) Mechanization and farm lands 2 Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) of n and Latin American Green Revolution (GR) 2-. Dr. G. Inazuka, Japan, bred Norin of semi dwarf wheat variety in 935. Basic technology for Green revolution Dr. N. Borlaug, US, bred and released 5 HYV (High Yielding Varieties) using the Norin in 957. IRRI(International Rice Research Institute) bred IR8, Miracle rice, in 966. IRRI and CIMMYT(Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo) were established international research and extension system of rice and wheat under CGIAR, Consultative Group of International Agricultural Research). Green revolution Innovation Prof. M. Matsuoka, identified semi-dwarf gene, sd, in 22 (2) Water control through Irrigation/Drainage, and (3) Soil and Pest management through Fertilizers and Agrochemicals. Core technology was HYVs in n Green Revolution.

4 Norin was bred by Dr G Inazuka at Iwate Agricultural Experimental Station, Japan on 935 ( Photographs by Senda 996) Similar breeding concept of the Norin was applied to breed IR-8, Miracle Rice, at IRRI to realize Rice Green Revolution in (Photo left by Senda 996, the IRRI lower by IRRI, ) Right: Turkey Red Center:Fruit DARUMA Left: NORIN was bred on 935 Similar breeding concept was applied to breed IR-8 at IRRI Dr. N. Borlaug was awarded Nobel Prize in Peace at 97 Dr. INAZUKA bred Norin of wheat on 935. The Norin was collected by US occupied force in 95. Dr. N. Borlaug bred and released 4 HYVs using Norin in 957. The start of CG center IR 8 Miracle Rice Rice PETA Indonesian origin Maize Wheat DGWG Taiwan Dwarf High Yielding Varieties for Green Revolution in and Latin America have the same gene, i.e., Sd. Left: traditional old variety (Photo Tollenaar & Wu 999) Right: Semi-dwarf high yielding variety (Sd) Rice Millet Sugar cane (Matsuoka 24) Sorghum Maize Wheat Sd=Semi-dwarf gene The Norin, wheat variety, was the first variety that identified the Sd character in rice, wheat & maize varieties

5 Table 4. Mean values of fertility properties of top-soils of inland valleys (IVS) and flood plains (FLP) in West in comparison with lowland top-soils of tropical (T. ) and Japan. Location Total C (%) Total N (%) Available P (ppm)** Exchangeable Cation (cmol/kg) Ca K Mg ecec Sand (%) Clay (%) CEC /Clay IVS FLP T. * Japan West map showing selected sampling sites of lowland soils(buri and Issaka et al.). *Kawaguchi and Kyuma (529 sites), 977, Kyuma 24, ** Bray II. Source: Hirose and Wakatsuki (268 sites in West n IVS and FLP by Issaka et al 997 and Buri et al 2), 997 and Among three green revolution(gr) technologies, what will be the core technology to realize n GR? Or are there any other missing factors? 4. Characteristics of three green revolution technologies: High yielding varieties, 2 Irrigation and drainage, 3 Soil and Fertilizers as well as Agrochemicals High Yielding Varieties (HYV) were the core technology for n and Latin America s Green revolution. Will this also be true in? : River flood plains : Inland valley swamps Fig. Frequency distribution of topsoil (-5cm) available nutrients within West lowlands(buri et al. 2). After the success of n Rice GR, many good HYVs have been available and have been developed through IRRI, IITA, and Rice during last 5yeras. NERICA varieties have been available since 2, it is now clear that good variety alone never makes possible GR in. Are there any missing factors? to increase sustainable productivity in?: Sawah Hypothesis and 2

6 N+P2O5+K2O Fertilizer (kg/ha) N+P2O5+K2O Fertilizer (kg/ha) N Fertilizer (kg/ha) P 2 O 5 Fertilizer (kg/ha) Although has no indication of increase fertilizer use. Although still minor, Irrigated rice fields, sawah system, will be a platform to increase fertilization N Fertilizers+Arable land N Fertilizers+Arable land 22-2 Nitrogenous Fertilizers Nitrogen Fertilizers America Sub-Saharan America America (FAOSTAT 28) Although has no indication of increase fertilizer use. Although still minor, Irrigated rice fields, sawah system, will be a platform to increase fertilization Phosphate Fertilizers P Fertilizers+Arable land P2O5 Phosphate Fertilizers+Arable land America America A Sub-Saharan America (FAOSTAT 28) N+P+K_Arable land N+P2O5+K2O_Arable land Eastern Eastern Eastern 8 8 Middle Middle Middle America 7 ern ern 7 ern Western Western 6 6 Western N+P+K_Arable land N+P2O5+K2O_Arable land Eastern Eastern Eastern Middle Middle America Middle Western Western Western (FAOSTAT 28) Date Source: FAO 27, fertilizer trends and outlook to 22, Table. Output prices, fertilizer price index, fertilizer and oil prices Output price index (22-24=) Cereals Dairy Meat Oils Sugar Food Fertilizer price index 2 (2=) Fertilizer Index Fertilizer price 2 (US$/metric tonne) Urea, E. Europe bulk DAP Phosphate rock Potassium chloride TSP Crude oil price 2 (US$/bbl) Brendt-crude Source: Food Situation: Food Prices Index, FAO, Rome. ( 2 Global Economic Monitor (GEM) Commodities, Bank * =January/May *. Food Price Indices (22-24 =, *=Jan/May) (Source: FAO Figure. Annual food price indices (22-24=) 27) (Source: Food Situation: Food Prices Index, FAO, Rome. Table. and regional growth in fertilizer demand, 25 to 22 Annual growth rate (compound) Region Total (%) N (%) P 2O 5 (%) K 2O (%) (N+P 2O 5+K 2O) North Sub-Saharan Americas North America Latin America & Caribbean West East Europe Central Europe West Europe East Europe & Central Oseania Date Source: FAO 27, fertilizer trends and outlook to 22,

7 Million ha mm/year mm/year 3mm2mm/year 5mm/year 5mm/year 2mm/year 3mm/year 2mm/year Fig. 4. Distribution of Precipitation (The Times Comprehensive Atlas of the, 2 th edition 27) Annual area equipped for iriigation 4mm/year Fig. Area Equipped for Irrigation and Potntal of (Aquastat 26) Having with 9485 km 3 of annual available water, has 26 million ha equipped for irrigation, 94 million ha for irrigated rice harvest in 23. Its potential area is 322 and 4million ha respectively. Since has 367 km -3, 4% of (Oki et al 29), its potential irrigated area and potential irrigated rice harvest will be 29 million ha and 56million ha respectively. Sawah based rice harvest was only 2million ha in 23 If can irrigate rice similar to, total potential irrigated rice harveset area will be 56million ha annually Inland delta at Mali (8 million ha, ±27m altitude) Various wetlands in Nigeria Chad basin, the largest wetland in (35 million ha, ±29m altitude) Okavango and other deltas (25 million ha, ±m altitude) Congo basin (25 million ha, ±4m altitude) Lower Nile Delta in desert climate (3 million ha) Sudd basin of Sudan (5 million ha, ±45m altitude) Highland Although only large scale wetlands, such as flood plains and inland as well as coastal basins (deltas) are appeared in this map, there are numerous small inland swamps and valleys in all agroecological zones of Sub Saharan. Fig. 2. Distribution Fig. of 2. flat wetland soils in (Van Dam and Van Diepen 982) 5. Traditional Rice Farming Systems and Sawah Systems Evolution in Inland delta of Mali is possible area where rice (Oryza Glaberrima), different species from n rice (Oryza Sativa) was domesticated Gao, Mali, Oryza Glaberrima 2 East Central North West America Middle East East West East Europe Developed countries