The Annual Plasticulture Production System Originally developed by the University of California who merged several technologies:

Transcription

1 Annul Plsticulture Strwerry Production: Beyond the Trnsitionl Zone R. Allen Strw Are Specilist SW VA AREC Virgini Coopertive Extension The Annul Plsticulture Production System Originlly developed y the University of Cliforni who merged severl technologies: Drip Irrigtion nd Fertigtion Rised-eds nd Plstic Mulch Development of the Chndler vriety Avilility of Methyl Bromide Frost Protection Row Covers nd Sprinklers Strwerry Production Systems Trditionl Mtted-Row System Plnts produce for 2 to 5 yers Less expensive to estlish thn plsticulture Weed control options limited Smll, dirty erries Annul Plsticulture Production System Produce 1 crop (mye 2?) More expensive to estlish thn mtted-row Better weed control options (fumigtion nd mulch) Lrge, clen erries Why Use the Annul Plsticulture Production System? Lrger erries throughout the hrvest seson More erries / A Erlier hrvest (10+ dys erlier) Extended hrvest seson (10+ dys longer) Clener erries, since erries never touch the soil Esier hrvest Plnts re seprted Contrst of red ripe fruit on lck plstic Why Use the Annul Plsticulture Production System (cont.)? Excellent in-row weed control Proly fewer fungicide pplictions (?) Berries never touch the soil Better ir movement round plnts These ll dd up to high customer stisfction U-Pick Fresh Picked Wholesle Mrketing Disdvntges of the Annul Plsticulture Production System? Significnt cpitl investments! $5,000 to $7,000 / A estlishment costs $12,000 + / A production costs Intensive mngement! Mke time to do it right the first time! Mistkes will gretly cost you! Significnt lor investments! 1

2 Expected Income: Plsticulture Quntity Price ($ / qurt) (qurts) $2.00 $2.50 $ ,052 (6.5, 0.75) $20,104 $25,130 $30,156 13,403 (6.5, 1.00) $26,806 $33,507 $40,209 10,890 (6.0, 0.75) $21,780 $27,255 $32,670 14,520 (6.0, 1.00) $29,040 $36,300 $43,560 13,068 (5.0, 0.75) $26,136 $32,670 $39,204 17,424 (5.0, 1.00) $38,848 $43,560 $52,272 Summry The Annul Plsticulture Strwerry Production System: Requires significnt cpitol investment! ($5,000 to $7,000/A estlishment costs) ($12,000+/A totl production costs) Requires excellent mngement prctices! Producers excellent potentil returns! ($20,000 + /A potentil gross returns) Site Selection Soil Smpling Site Preprtion Fll Fertiliztion Soil Fumigtion Bed Formtion Mulch Lying Seeding Cover Crop Trnsplnting Annul Plsticulture Production System Pest Mngement Weed Control Insect Control Disese Control Frost Protection Potentil Vrieties Types of Trnsplnts Nutrient Mngement Irrigtion nd Fertigtion Row Cover Mngement Hrvest Site Selection This production system ws designed for wrm climtes (i.e. Southern Cliforni), nd dpted to the Southestern U.S. The system hs worked well in Florid, nd long the estern shore of SC, NC, nd Virgini The technology hs moved into the Piedmont nd mountins of NC (TN nd VA) Now IL, Northern OH, MA nd ME Site Selection (cont.) We need to py ttention to the following issues: Field Loction Field Orienttion Soil Type Air Dringe Wter Dringe Field Orienttion Beds (rows) should e oriented in North South direction to encourge more uniform plnt development nd erry ripening. Est West orienttion results in plnts in the North row eing shded y plnts in the South row. Therefore, plnts in the North row re generlly smller nd fruit ripens slower. Greter yields from South row thn North row. 2

3 Field Orienttion (cont.) Exposure A South fcing slope will wrm sooner Advntge erlier hrvest Disdvntge erlier frost protection A North fcing slope will wrm slower Advntge delyed frost protection Disdvntge lter hrvest Idel NE or SE Air Dringe Locte fields for use in the nnul plsticulture production system, where cold ir will drin off of the field. This is especilly criticl when deling with Southern exposure. A slight slope with lower elevtion elow the field works very nicely. Wter Dringe During frost protection, you cn esily pply 1.5 to 2 of wter / event (night). If you hve to frost protect severl nights in row, tht cn dd up to severl inches. Tht wter needs plce to go; therefore slight slope to one end of the field works well for directing wter off of the field without severe erosion prolems. Soil Smpling Smple s soon s possile 6 months prior to trnsplnting Allows time for lime to rect Apply lime to djust the ph to 6.0 to is optimum Tke representtive smples from the field Smple 6 to 8 deep Smple s deep s eds re to e rised. Site Preprtion Fllowed Lnd Plow 3 to 6 months prior to ed formtion This llows much of the residue to decy Excess Residue Clogs edding equipment Mkes poor eds Binds fumignt, reducing the effectiveness of fumigtion Will result in severe ed slumping the following spring Fll Fertiliztion Apply fertilizer in the fll ccording to soil test recommendtion. Rule of thum: Apply 1/3 to 1/2 of totl N in the fll (60 l/a) Apply ll of the phosphte in the fll (120 l/a) Apply 1/2 of potsh in the fll (120 l/a) (150 +?) Incorporte thoroughly in the soil used to form eds. Boron response on sndy soils? (1 to 2.5 l/a Boron) 3

4 Yield (qurts/a) Apply Fumignt Soil Fumigtion Methyl Bromide 50% / Chloropicrin 50% 300 to 350 l. / A 6 to 8 deep ( ) 3 knives/30 ed dys prior to trnsplnting Telone C-35 (Telone + Chloropicrin 35%) 30 to 40 gllon / A 12 to 18 deep 3 knives/30 ed 21 dys prior to trnsplnting Methyl Bromide Alterntives Generl Trends Telone C-35 Good yield (95 to 110 % of MB) Good disese control Weed control dependent upon depth of injection Nemtodes? Appliction restrictions Injection through trickle irrigtion Methyl Bromide Alterntives (cont.) Generl Trends (cont.) Vpm Slight yield reduction when compred to MB/PIC Good visile disese control? Acceptle weed control Acceptle nemtode control Injection through trickle irrigtion Moisture sensitive Strwerry Reserch, PES, Methyl Bromide Alterntive Evlutions UTC MB / PIC 400 l/a Tri-Form 40 gl/a 400 l/a 100 gl/a UTC vs. MB / PIC Jnury, ,000 16,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 Methyl Bromide Alterntives PES, Crossville, UTC MB/PIC Tri-Form 35 Bsmid Vpm Yield sed on 1.25 l/qurt 4

5 Yield (qurt/a) Yield (qurts/a) 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 Methyl Bromide Alterntives PES, Crossville, c UTC MB/PIC Tri-Form 35 Bsmid Vpm c Bed Formtion Pre-Bedding Prior to fumigting, form the eds One less thing to concentrte on while fumigting Do not pre-ed too much in dvnce Form crowned ed, fill the ed full! 27 to 36 wide (30 to 32 ) 6 to 8 high (10?) 5 to 6 ed centers Yield sed on 1.25 l/qurt Bedding Equipment Lying Plstic Mulch Insert trickle irrigtion tpe At lest 10 mil. thick (15 mil. for multiple crops) At lest 1 inch deep In the center of the ed Two tpes/ed (?) Apply plstic mulch 4.5 wide plstic mulch will cover 30 to 32 wide eds, 6 to 8 high At lest 1.25 mil. or use high density mulch Blck or White (?) Vriety Evlutions PES, Crossville, Vriety Evlutions PES, Crossville, ,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 c Yield (qurt/a) 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 c 0 'Chndler' 'Cmros' 'Sweet Chrlie' Blck White Yield sed on 1.25 l/qurt 0 'Chndler' 'Cmros' 'Gemstr' 'Sweet Chrlie' Yield sed on 1.25 l/qurt 5

6 Yield (qurt/a) 9,000 8,000 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 Vriety Evlutions PES, Crossville, 'Chndler' 'Cmros' 'Sweet Chrlie' Yield sed on 1.25 l/qurt Seeding Cover Crop Seeding Cover Crop nd Trnsplnting Immeditely fter lying plstic mulch nd efore trnsplnting, rodcst cover crop Use n nnul grss tht is esy to control Do not use clovers! Trnsplnting nd Vrieties Doule rows 12 to 15 etween rows 12 to 15 prt in-row Vrieties Chndler locl sles Cmros shipping Sweet Chrlie locl sles Chndler Cmros Stndrd Vriety Consistent performnce under yer to yer vritions environmentl conditions Excellent eting qulity when ripe Lrge fruit High yields Skin nd flesh deep red Very lrge fruit Attrctive Very firm fruit Preferred for shipping Drk red skin efore fully ripe Sweet nd romtic when fully ripe Purple when fully ripe Performnce not s consistent s Chndler Poor qulity in cool wether Adpted to wrmer res of the South Hrvest t proper ripeness Very susceptile to nthrcnose Developed for winter production in Florid A week erlier thn Chndler Often plnted for erly production Medium fruit size Medium red color Sweet flvor less cid Sweet Chrlie Appers to hve some tolernce to nthrcnose Fruit qulity deteriortes quickly in wrm wether Yields re significntly lower thn Chndler Yield compenstion Plnt erlier Increse popultion Yield (qurt/a) 8,000 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 Sweet Chrlie Plnting Dtes PES, Crossville, Yield sed on 1.25 l/qurt 1st 2nd 3rd 4th (8/13/02) (8/29/02) (9/05/02) (9/17/02) c 6

7 Drselect Strwerry Festivl New vriety developed in Frnce Developed for Plsticulture Yields equl to Chndler t higher elevtions nd Northern res Lrge to very lrge fruit Attrctive fruit Moderte fruit firmness Fruit qulity less desirle thn Chndler Mturity comprle to Cmros Fruit is susceptile to nthrcnose Fruit shpe Conic Skin color Deep, glossy red Flesh color Bright red Excellent flvor Fruit size Similr to Sweet Chrlie Very long fruit pedicels Susceptile to nthrcnose Yields similr to Cmros, higher thn Sweet Chrlie Time of Trnsplnting Chndler nd Cmros Septemer 1 or erlier Septemer 1 to 15 in wrmer loctions Sweet Chrlie August 15 (?) August 15 - Septemer 1 in wrmer loctions (?) Types of Trnsplnts Bre-root dormnt plnts Used primrily in mtted-row Not recommended for plsticulture production Bre-root plnts Plug plnts Bre-root Plnts Plug Plnts Predominnt in much of the Southestern U.S. Dughter plnts re removed from the field Soil is removed from the roots Plnts re plced in cold storge Bre-root plnts re then plnted in the field I don t recommend re-roots for the trnsitionl zone or ove. Advntges Esy to trnsplnt to the correct depth Less wter required for estlishment (10%) Miniml root dmge during trnsplnting Greter plnt survivl Disdvntges More expensive Twice the cost of purchsed re-root plnts 7

8 Crry Over Plnts Some of you hve expressed concerns with only getting couple of rnch crowns the first yer. If not disese (Anthrcnose), these re gret plnts to crry-over for second yer/ Berry Size Anthrcnose Row Cover Mngement Three functions of row covers Fll nd winter to promote plnt development, especilly if lte trnsplnting Winter / spring to promote ud nd loom development, (use in fll when growing Cmros ) Winter / spring to provide protection from cold tempertures, wind, nd frost Possile use of row covers Mnge row covers to extend the hrvest seson Cover nd Blck Mulch Cover nd White Mulch Covered in Jnury Photos tken mid-april, 2000 Uncovered Covered in Jnury Photos tken mid-april, 2000 Uncovered Row Covers Weight Light Appliction Cost Polypropylene oz 85% Growth $700/A oz 70% Growth, Frost $1,000/A 1.2 oz 60-65% Frost $1,250/A 1.5 oz 50% Frost $1,500/A 2 oz 30% Frost $2,000/A Polyester 0.6 oz 85% Growth $1,300/A 1.25 oz 75% Growth. Frost $1,800/A Hve frost protection system in plce nd working prior to first loom. Minimum Requirements: 70 gl. of wter/a/min. (0.15 /hour) Continul coverge of plnts Frost Protection 8

9 Tissue Smpling Tke tissue smples in the lte winter or erly spring when plnts egin to ctively grow Tke representtive mount of smples from ech field (6 to 8 smples) The most recent fully expnded trifolite is the est indictor of nutritionl sttus Remove petioles ner the crown of the plnt, prtil petioles do not yield relile results Tissue Smpling (cont.) Remove the leves from the petioles The leves re used to determine concentrtions of essentil nutrients Unless there re deficiencies, this should e the only smple of leves you will need to tke Petioles re used for the SAP test Mesures nitrte concentrtion Should e smpled on weekly sis You cn run this nlysis yourself using Crdy meter Tissue Anlysis Ls Sufficiency Rnges Pulic Illinois? North Crolin will now do them Mississippi Stte University Soil Anlysis nd Tissue Anlysis, P.O. Box 9610, Mississippi Stte, MS Privte Micro-Mcro Interntionl, Inc., 183 Prdise Blvd., Suite 108, Athens, GA Phone: Fx: A & L Ls, Memphis, TN N % P % K % C % Mg % S % Fe Mn Zn Cu B ppm ppm ppm 4 15 ppm ppm Petiole Levels Common Questions Nitrte Nitrogen (NO 3 -N) Octoer Novemer Mrch April My June Potsh (K 2 O) Octoer Novemer Mrch April My June How often do I fertilize? Every week? Every other week? How much fertilizer do I pply? How often re you going to fertilize? 9

10 Answer Irrigtion nd Fertigtion Fertilize every week Rottion 50 l of clcium nitrte / A 50 l of potssium nitrte / A 50 l of /A Lower rte once hrvest egins (?) (25 l/a) Irrigtion Fll Overhed irrigtion fter trnsplnting Bre root or pugs Het nd wind Trickle s needed to mintin soil moisture Spring Once growth egins in lte winter or erly spring Fertigtion Once growth egins in lte winter or erly spring or t lest y erly loom Apply 7 to 10 l of N/A/week For 8 to 10 weeks Alternte etween 50 l/a/week of clcium nitrte nd potssium nitrte Spring Irrigtion / Fertigtion Insect Spry Schedule Irrigtion 1 to 1.5 / A / week Mondy 1/3 to ½ Wednesdy 1/3 to ½ Fridy 1/3 to ½ Fertigtion Mondy 25 l of clcium nitrte/a Wednesdy 25 l of potssium nitrte/a Fridy 25 l of /A Fll Spider Mites oz/a Kelthne 1 2 l/a Agri-Mek 16 fl oz/a Brigde oz/a Grsshoppers Spring Spider Mites Sme s previous Clipper Weevils Lorsn 1 qt/a Brigde oz/a Spittle Bugs Sp Beetles Fll Pest Mngement Strwerry Weevils Insects Spider mites Grsshoppers? 10

11 Spittle Bug nd Sp Beetles Disese Control Botrytis Control Deris Mngement Remove ded plnt mteril in lte Fe. to erly Mrch Preventtive Sprys Fll ppliction of Benlte or Elevte or Switch Prior to first loom At 10% loom At full loom At lst loom Anthrcnose Fruit Rot Alternte Qudris nd Cptn s needed Riny, wet wether My require more frequent pplictions to control oth Botrytis nd Anthrcnose Botrytis (Gry Mold) Botrytis on Lef Anthrcnose Fruit Rot Anthrcnose Crown Rot 11

12 Disese Spry Schedule Hrvesting Lte Fll nd Lte Winter Cptec 3 qt/a plus Topsin 1 l/a Weekly, strting t loom 23 oz/a 14 oz/a 3 qt/a plus 1.5 l/a 23 oz/a 14 oz/a 3 qt/a plus 1.5 l/a Riny Wether during Hrvest Qudris Cptec Crio Topsin M Fruit should e hrvested every 2 to 3 dys! Stge of ripeness t hrvest will depend on mrketing prctice nd vriety produced. Fruit for fresh, locl sles my e hrvested t 75% to full red. Fruit for shipping sles will need to e hrvested t 50% to 75% red. Cmros my e hrvested with more color. Dy Neutrl or Ever-Bering Vrieties Interest in extending the seson through the summer: Alion Good size, ut inconsistent yield. Evie II Excellent qulity nd good yield in the het. Sescpe Generlly good yield, ut mrginl erry size. Fll Fertility Vriety Selection Plnt Type Plnting Dte! Row Covers! Disese Control Detils for Success Questions? R. Allen Strw SW VA AREC VPI Frm Rod Glde Spring, VA Moile: (931) Phone: (276) Moile: (276) Fx: (276) Emil: strw@vt.edu 12