Index 259. J JFET. See Junction field-effect transistor (JFET) Junction field-effect transistor (JFET), 48, 168

Transcription

1 Index A Absorption spectrophotometer, 121 Absorption spectrum, 121, 124 Acceptance cone (of an optical fiber), 150 A/D converter, 1 Adenine, 9 Agglutination, 246 Ames reflectance meter, 127 Amperes, 16 Amperometric, 161 Amperometric detection, 210 Amplification (of a transistor), 46 Analog, 1 Analog IC, 87 Analog-to-digital converter, 1 Annealing (in PCR), 248 Anode, 40 Antibody, 6 Antibody-antigen binding, App (for smart phone), 219 Application (for smart phone), 240 Aptamer, 205 Aptasensor, 205 Artificial fluorescence, 147 AT-cut, AuNP, 207 Avidin, 10 B Barrier voltage, 41 Base (of a transistor), 45 B cell, 203 B cell cancer, 203 Beer Lambert law, 123, 136 Binding posts (of a breadboard), 25 BioMEMS, 226 Bioreceptor, 5 11 Biosensor, 4 5 Biotin, 10 Bipolar junction transistor (BJT), 44 Bovine serum albumin (BSA), 8, 199 Breadboard, Breakdown voltage, 41 BSA. See Bovine serum albumin (BSA) Buffer (in chemistry), 171 Buffer op-amp, Buffer stage, 49, 99 C Cantilever biosensor, 78 Capacitor, 3 Capillary action, 236 Capillary electrophoresis, 225, 231 Capture probe, 10, 221 Cathode, 40 CCD. See Charge-coupled device (CCD) cdna. See Complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cdna) CE. See Capillary electrophoresis Cell (as bioreceptor), 10 Cell constant (of a conductivity cell), 170 Cell counter, 239 Cell-on-a-chip, 254 Cell phone, 219 Cell phone camera, 219, 239 Charge-coupled device (CCD), 4, 108, 125 Cladding (of an optical fiber), 148, 149 CMOS. See Complementary metal oxide semiconductor Cold junction temperature, 59 Collector (of a transistor), 45 J.-Y. Yoon, Introduction to Biosensors: From Electric Circuits to Immunosensors, DOI / , # Springer Science+Business Media New York

2 258 Index Color weakness, 219 Combined ph electrode, Complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cdna), 247 Complementary metal oxide semiconductor, 108 Complex shear modulus, 187 Complex viscosity, 187 Conductivity, 170 Conductivity bridge, 171 Conductivity cell, 170 Conductometric, 161 Conductor, 17 Cone cell, 219 Constant region (of an antibody), 203 Core (of an optical fiber), 148, 149 Coulomb, 15 Cross-reactivity, 203 Crystal oscillator, Current, 15 Current biasing circuit, 48, 49 Current divider, 21, 30 Current gain, 46 Cuvette, 122, 133 Cy3, 145 Cy5, 145 Cytosine, 9 D Daniell cell, 162 DAPI, 144 Denaturation (in PCR), 205 Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), 8 Depletion region, 40 Detector probe, 11, 221 Development (in photolithography), 227 Dextrostix, 127 Diabetes, 127 Diaphragm, 3 Dichromatic vision, 219 Dichromatism, 219 Differential op-amp, 94 Differential resistance measurer, 77 Digital, 1 Digital IC, 87 Digital multimeter (DMM), 2, 27 Diode, 2, 41 Diode temperature sensor, 62 Dipole, 181 Dissipation factor (of QCM), 188 Distribution strips (of a breadboard), 26 DMM. See Digital multimeter (DMM) DNA. See Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) DNA sensor, 221 DNA sequencer, 249 Dopant, 39 Doping, 39 Double-stranded DNA (dsdna), 204, 247 Droop, 31 Dry etching, 228 dsdna. See Double-stranded DNA (dsdna) E EDL. See Electric double layer (EDL) Elastic modulus, 78 Electric circuit, 15 Electric current, 15 Electric double layer (EDL), 231 Electric voltage, 12 Electrochemical biosensor, 161 Electrochemical cell, 161 Electrochemical ELISA, 211 Electrochemical glucose sensor, 168 Electrochemical immunosensor, 210 Electrochemical sensor, 161 Electrochemical transducer, 6, 161 Electrolyte, 161 Electrolytic cell, 161 Electromagnetic radiation, 103 Electromotive force (EMF), 16 Electroosmotic flow (EOF), 236, 252 Electrowetting, 250 Electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD), 250 ELISA. See Enzyme-linked oligonucleotide assay (ELISA) ELISA plate, 201 ELONA, 205 Embedded fiber, 236 EMF. See Electromotive force (EMF) Emitter (of a transistor), 45 Enzyme, 5, 6 Enzyme-linked oligonucleotide assay (ELISA), , 205, 233 EOF. See Electroosmotic flow (EOF) Epitope, 202 Etching, 228 Evanescent wave, 210 EWOD. See Electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) EWOD droplet PCR, 250 Extension (in PCR), 248

3 Index 259 F F(ab) 2 fragment, 203 Fc fragment, 204 Ferricyanide, 168, 169 Ferrocyanide, 169 Filter cube, 145 FITC. See Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) Flow cell, 189, 191 Flow cytometer, 239 Fluorescein, 144 Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), 144 Fluorescence, 142 Fluorescent, 142 Fluorescent dye, 142, 144 Fluorescent lamp, 142, 153 Fluorescent microscopy, 147 Fluorite, 143 Forward bias, 40, 51 Frequency (of light), 104 FT-IR spectrophotometer, 122 G Gain medium (of laser), 111 Gain stage, 99 Galvanic cell, 162 GDH. See Glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) Glass electrode, Glass membrane ISE, 166 Gluconic acid, 128 Gluconolactone, 128 Glucose dehydrogenase (GDH), 169 Glucose meter, Glucose oxidase (GOx), 6, 127, 168 Glucose sensor, 126 Gold nanoparticle, 207 GOx. See Glucose oxidase (GOx) Ground, 15 Guanine, 9 H Half-cell, 162 Harmonic oscillation, 184 hcg. See Human chorionic gonadotropin (hcg) Heart rate, 137 Hemoglobin, 137 Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, 172 High-throughput LOC, 227 High voltage, 15 Hole, 39 Horseradish peroxidase (HRP), 210 Hot embossing, 229 Hot junction temperature, 59 HRP. See Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) Human chorionic gonadotropin (hcg), 207 Hybridoma cell, 203 Hydrogen electrode, 165 Hydrophilic, 236 Hypervariable region (of an antibody), 203 I IC. See Integrated circuit (IC) IgG. See Immunoglobulin G (IgG) IME. See Interdigitated microelectrode (IME) IME immunosensor, 213, Immunoassay, 7 Immunoglobulin G (IgG), 7 Immunosensor, 199 Impedance (electrical), 187, 212 Impedance immunosensor, 212 Infrared, 103 Insulator, 17 Integrated circuit (IC), 87 Interdigitated array, 212 Interdigitated microelectrode (IME), 213, Intrinsic layer (of a photodiode), 107, 108 Inverting comparator, 90 Inverting op-amp, 92, 97 Ion-selective electrode (ISE), IR, 103 ISE. See Ion-selective electrode (ISE) Isoelectric point, 191 J JFET. See Junction field-effect transistor (JFET) Junction field-effect transistor (JFET), 48, 168 K Kirchhoff s current law, 91 Kirchhoff s first law, 91 L Lab-on-a-CD, 237 Lab-on-a-chip (LOC), 13, 214, Laser, 111 Laser diode, 3, 111 Lateral-flow assay(lfa), 8, 206, 233

4 260 Index Lateral-flow immunochromatographic assay, 8, 206, 233 Latex immunoagglutination assay (LIA), 245 LC. See Liquid chromatography (LC) LED. See Light emitting diode (LED) LFA. See Lateral-flow assay(lfa) LIA. See Latex immunoagglutination assay (LIA) Light, 103 Light emitting diode (LED), 3, 49, 103, 109 Light sensor, 103 Light transducer, 3 Linear IC, 87 Liquid chromatography (LC), 225, 231 Liquid membrane ISE, 166 LM324, 50, 95, 119 LM334, 64 LM335, 63, 67, 100 LM741, 50, 88, 97, 117 LOC. See Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) Logic IC, 87 M mab. See Monoclonal antibody (mab) Magnetofluidics, 250, 251 Manetofluidics droplet PCR, 251 Mask, 227 Mediator (for electro-chemical immunosensor), 210 Megapixel (for cell phone camera), 219 MEMS, 226 Microchannel, 255 Microchannel PCR, 250 Micro electro mechanical system, 226 Microfabrication, 226 Microfluidic chip, 225 Microfluidic device, 225 Microfluidics, 255 Microinjection molding (mim), 230 Microplate, 8, 201 Microplate reader, 202, 217 Microtransfer molding (mtm), 230 Micro wave, 104 Microwell plate, 8, 201 Mie scattering simulation, 247 mim. See Microinjection molding (mim) Miniature spectrophotometer, 124, 132 Model dispersion, 149 Molar absorptivity, 123 Mold, 229 Monochromatic, 103 Monochromator, 122 Monoclonal antibody (mab), 203 Monocrystal, 181 mtm. See Microtransfer molding (mtm) Multimode fiber, 149 Myeloma cell, 203 N 2N4401, 69 NA. See Numerical aperture (NA) NA (of an optical fiber), 150 NAD +, 169 NADH, 169 N-dope, 39 Negative resist, 227 Nernst equation, 163 Neutravidin, 10 Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, 169 Non-inverting comparator, 90 Non-inverting op-amp, 91, 95 Non-specific reaction, 8 NPN transistor, 44 N-type, 40 Nucleic acid, 10 Numerical aperture (NA), 150 O Ohms, 17 Ohm s law, 17 Op-amp, 49, 87 Open-loop voltage gain, 89 Operational amplifier, 49, 87 Optical fiber, 4, 147, 235 Optical glucose sensor, 126, 139 Optical immunosensor, 207, 233 Oxygen saturation in blood, 137 P pab, 202 Passivating protein, 8, 199 Passive mixer, 238 PBS. See Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) PCB. See Printed circuit board (PCB) PCR. See Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) PD. See Photodiode (PD) PDMS. See Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) P-doped, 39 ph, 182 ph electrode, 173 ph meter, 173 Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), 201 Photobleaching, 147 Photoconductive cell, 104 Photodiode (PD), 3, 105

5 Index 261 Photolithography, Photometry, 121 Photon, 103 Photoresist (PR), 227 Photoresistor, 3, 104 Phototransistor, 3, 108 Photovoltaic cell, 108 Photovoltaic mode, 106, 116 Physical sensor, 59 pi, 191 Piezoelectric effect, 181 Piezoelectric immunosensor, 213 Piezoelectricity, 181 Piezoelectric sensor, 181 Piezoelectric transducer, 12, 213 PIN-040A, 117, 134 PIN photodiode, 107 PNP transistor, 44 POCT. See Point-of-care testing Point-of-care testing, 233 Polarization (of polycrystal), 182 Polychromatic, 103 Polyclonal antibody, 202 Polycrystal, 182 Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), 229 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 205, 247 Positive resist, 227 Pot, 19, 33 Potentiometer, 19, 33 Potentiometric, 161 PR. See photoresist (PR) Pressure transducer, 3 Primer, 248 Printed circuit board (PCB), 24 Probe, 11 Proximity fiber, 236 P-type, 39 Pulse (of heart), 137 Pulse mixer, Pulse oximeter, 137 Q QCM. See Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) QCM-D, 198 QCM immunosensor, 213 qpcr, 249 qrt-pcr, 249 Quality factor (of QCM), 188 Quantitative PCR, 249 Quantum dots, 147 Quartz, 181 Quartz crystal, Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), R Radioisotope dye, 142 Radio wave, 104 RBC. See Red blood cell (RBC) Red blood cell (RBC), 124 Red, green, and blue (RGB), 219 Redox, 161 Reflection probe, 151, 208 Reflection spectrophotometry, 123 Reflectometer, 123 Refractive index, 148 Replica molding, 229 Resistance, 17 Resistivity, 170 Resistor, 3, 17 Resistor-inductor-capacitor circuit, 184 Resistors in parallel, 20 Resistors in series, 18 Resonant frequency, 184 Reverse bias, 43, 54 Reverse transcription PCR, 249 Reynolds number, 238 RGB. See Red, green, and blue (RGB) Rhodamine. See Tetramethyl rhodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC) Ribonucleic acid (RNA), 8 RLC circuit, 184 RNA. See Ribonucleic acid (RNA) RT-PCR, 249 Rules of op-amp, 89 S Sandwich immunoassay, 8, 200, 234 Saturated calomel electrode, 165 Saturation voltage (of an op-amp), 90 Sauerbrey equation, 186 scab fragment, 203 scfv fragment, 203 Secondary antibody, 200 Seebeck effect, 59 SELEX. See Systemic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment Semiconductor, 3 Sensor, 1 Serpentine mixer, 239 Signal, 1 Signal-to-noise ratio, 119 Silicon wafer, 227 Single-chain antibody fragment, 203 Single-chain variable antibody fragment, 203 Singlemode fiber, 149 Single-stranded DNA (ssdna), 204, 221 Smart phone, 219, 239 S/N. See Signal-to-noise ratio

6 262 Index Snell s law, 148 Soft lithography, 226, 227 Solar cell, 108 Solid-state ISE, 166 Spectra, 112 SpectraSuite, 132 Spectrometry, 121 Spectrophotometer, 4, 121 Spectrophotometry, 112 Spectrum, 112 Spleen, 203 SpO 2, 137 SPR immunosensor, 209, 234 ssdna. See Single-stranded DNA (ssdna) Standard curve, 123, 130, , 220, 221 Standard electrode potential, 164 Steinhart-Hart equation, 61 Stokes shift, Strain, 3, 77 Strain gauge, 3, 77, 87 Strain transducer, 2, 77 Summing junction (of an op-amp), 91, 100 Summing op-amp, 93 Surface plasmon resonance immunosensor, 209, 234 Syringe pump, 192 Systemic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment, 205 T Taq polymerase, 248 Temperature coefficient (of a resistor), 23 Temperature sensor, 59 Temperature transducer, 2 Tetramethylbenzidine (TMB), 210, 211 Tetramethyl rhodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC), 144 Thermistor, 2, 60, 75 Thermocouple, 2, 59 Thermocycler, 249 Thermocycling, 249 Thévenin resistance, 35 Thévenin s theorem, 35 Thévenin voltage, 35 Thickness shear mode, 186 Thickness shear mode resonator, 186 Thymine, 9 TIR. See Total internal reflection (TIR) Tissue (as bioreceptor), 11 TL082, 168, 176 TMB. See Tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) Tolerance (of a resistor), 22 Total internal reflection (TIR), 148 Transducer, 1 2 Transistor, 2, 44 Transistor temperature sensor, 64 Trichromatic vision, 219 TRITC. See Tetramethyl rhodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC) TSM resonator, 186 U Ultraviolet (UV), 103 Uracil, 9 USB2000, 152 USB4000, 126, 132 UV. See ultraviolet (UV) UV/Vis spectrophotometer, 124 V Vis (light), 103 Visible (light), 103 Voltage, 1, 20 Voltage divider, 19, 28 Voltage droop, 32 Voltage drop, 20 Voltage dropper, 42 Voltage follower, 90 Voltage regulator, 43 Voltage rise, 17 Voltmeter, 2, 24 Volts, 16 W Wavelength (of light), 103 Wave-particle duality, 103 Wet etching, 228 Wheatstone bridge, 3, 77, 79 Wire-guided droplet PCR, 251 X X ray, 104 Z Zener diode, 43, 49 Zener voltage, 44 Zero adjust stage, 99