MANAGEMENT OF SIGATOKA LEAF SPOT DISEASE OF BANANA WITH OIL BASED FORMULATIONS

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2 Int. J. Agrl.Sc Sc. & Vet.Med. Med Thammaiah N and Shirol A M, 2013 Research Paper ISSN Vol. 1, No. 3, August Meghana Publications. All Rights Reserved MANAGEMENT OF SIGATOKA LEAF SPOT DISEASE OF BANANA WITH OIL BASED FORMULATIONS Thammaiah N 1 * and Shirol A M 1 *Corresponding Author: Thammaiah N, nthammaiah@gmail.com Results revealed that three sprays of propiconazole 0.05%+ petroleum based mineral oil 1% effectively controlled the Sigatoka leaf spot disease. The next best treatments were propiconazole o.1% and mancozeb 0.25%, carbendazim 0.1%, carbendazim +Calixin 0.1% and Propiconazole 0.1%. The youngest leaf spotted was in the treatment of propiconazole 0.05%+ petroleum based mineral oil 1% and youngest leaf spotted (YLS) in the treatment of propiconazole o.1%. With regard to yield, The highest yield of t/ha was recorded in the treatment of propiconazole 0.1% followed by propiconazole 0.05% + petroleum based mineral oil 1% (72.28 t/ha), mancozeb 0.25% carbendazim 0.1%, carbendazim + calxin 0.1% and propiconazole 0.1% (65.62 t/ha) and it was lowest in the untreated check (48.74 t/ha). The B/C ratio was more (8.69) in the treatment of propiconazole 0.05% + petroleum based mineral oil 1% followed by propiconazole 0.1% (8.56), petroleum based mineral oil 1% (7.51) and mancozeb 0.125% + petroleum based mineral oil 1% (7.38). Keywords: Sigatoka leaf spot, Oil based formulations, youngest leaf spotted, yield INTRODUCTION Banana is one of the most important tropical fruit crops of the world. It is very important economically profitable plantation crop of India having high export potential. In India, banana crop is affected by several diseases affected by fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes and abiotic diseases. Among these, Sigatoka leaf spot is considered to be most distructive. Sigatoka disease of banana is widely distributed in the world and has already been recognized as a serious threat in Latin American countries (Mourichon et al., 1997). Economic losses due to the leaf spot diseases have been so heavy in some areas that banana production has ceased all together especially wherever susceptible varieties are under cultivation. A severe incidence of Sigatoka was 1 KRC College of Horticulture, Arabhavi , Tq: Gokak, Dist:Belgaum, Karnataka. 95

3 recorded in banana orchards of south Gujarat during 1976 to 1982 causing drying and defoliation of leaves and premature ripening of fruits in bunches on plants (Vala, 1996). MATERIALS AND METHODS An experiment was conducted during at KRC College of Horticulture, Arabhavi, University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot. An experiment was laid in a randomized block design with ten treatments, viz., Untreated check, petroleum based mineral oil 1%, petroleum based mineral oil 2%, propiconazole (0.1%), manconzeb (0.25%), tridemorph (0.1%), propiconazole (0.05%) +petroleum based mineral oil 1%, mancozeb (0.125%)+Petroleum based mineral oil 1%, Tridemorph l (0.05%)+ Petroleum based mineral oil 1%, and mancozeb 0.25%, carbendazim 0.1%, Carbendazim+Calixin 0.1% and Propiconazole 0.1%. Each treatment was replicated three times with a spacing of 1.8 X 1.8 m. The Spraying was taken when typical symptom of Sigatoka leaf spot was observed in few plants. Three sprays were taken at 20 days interval. A 0-6 scale was followed for scoring the disease index ( Gauhl et al., 1993) where, 0 = No symptoms, 1 = Less than 1% of lamina with symptoms (only streaks and / or Upto 10 spots), 2= 1 to 5% per cent of lamina with symptoms, 3=6 to 15% per cent of lamina with symptoms, 4= 16 to 33% per cent of lamina with symptoms, 5= 34 to 50% per cent of lamina with symptoms and 6= 51 to 100% per cent of lamina with symptoms. Observations were recorded with respect to PDI, Youngest Leaf Spotted (YLS) and yield parameters (bunch length, bunch width, hands/ bunch, No. of fingers in 3 rd hand, no. of fingers/ bunch, finger length, finger girth, finger weight, pulp weight, pulp/peel ratio, bunch weight and yield t/ha). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION An experimental results revealed that, three sprays of propiconazole 0.05%+petroleum based mineral oil 1% effectively controlled the Sigatoka leaf spot disease (13.78%) followed by propiconazole 0.1% (15.04%) and mancozeb 0.25%, carbendazim 0.1%, carbendazim +Calixin 0.1% and Propiconazole 0.1% (17.63%). The highest PDI was recorded in untreated check (46.77%) in plant crop. In I ratoon crop, three sprays of propiconazole 0.05% + petroleum based mineral oil 1% effectively controlled the disease (12.14%) followed by propiconazole (13.90%), mancozeb 0.25%, carbendazim 0.1%, carbendazim + calxin 0.1% and propiconazole 0.1% (23.33%) and petroleum based mineral oil 2% (26.76%) and tridemorph 0.1% (26.98%). While in II ratoon crop, the treatment propiconazole 0.1% effectively controlled the Sigatoka leaf spot disease (10.02%). The next best treatment was propiconazole 0.05% + petroleum based mineral oil 1% (14.38%). The intensity of Sigatoka leaf spot was highest (65.96%) in untreated check (Table 1 and Plate 1). With regard to YLS, the youngest leaf spotted was in the treatment of propiconazole 0.05 %+ petroleum based mineral oil 1% followed by propiconazole 0.1% (10.69%), mancozeb 0.25%, carbendazim 0.1%, carbendazim + calixin 0.1%, propiconazole 0.1% (9.60, and 7.44 in the treatment of tridemorph 0.05% + petroleum based mineral oil 1%. In untreated check, the YLS was 3.59 (Table 2). Ramsey et al. (1987) have also reported that propiconazole was the effective fungicide applied 96

4 Table 1: Management of Sigatoka leaf spot disease (Mycosphaerella musicola) with oil based Formulations PC IR II R M ean PDI Untreated check 46.77(43.15) d 61.56(51.71) d (54.31) d (49.72) 32.54(34.76) c 34.26(35.79) c (33.60) c (34.72) Petroleum based mineral oil2% 28.32(31.97) b 26.76(31.08) b (32.03) c (31.69) Propiconazole 1 ml/ lit (0.1%) 15.04(22.80) a 13.90(23.62) a (18.44) a (21.62) Manconzeb 2.5g/ lit (0.25%) 27.35(31.48) b 32.94(34.94) c (32.92)c (33.11) Tridemorph 1ml / lit (0.1%) 25.99(30.56) b 26.98(31.19) b (29.82) bc (30.52) Propiconazole 0.5 ml/ lit (0.05%) (21.73) a 12.14(20.26) a (21.89) a (21.29) mancozeb 1.25g/lit(0.125%) (32.95) b 33.37(35.18) (33.52) c (33.88) Tridemorph 0.5 ml/l (0.05%) (31.86) b 28.35(32.07) b (30.62) b (31.52) Mancozeb 0.25%, carbendazim 0.1%,Carbendazim + Calixin 0.1% and Propiconazole 0.1% 17.63(24.77) a 23.33(28.75) b (26.67) b (26.73) SE m CD at 5% Note: PC-Plant crop, IR-First ratoon crop and IIR-second ratoon crop; Figures in the parenthesis are the angular transformation values. either continuously (50g a.i./ha+oil or 100g a.i. per hectare alone or alternated (50g a.i./ha+oil) with mancozeb + oil in a spray program at North Queensland. Klein (1960) reported that Texaco 522 oil applied to yellow streaks halted further development into spots, the effectiveness of the oil lasted no more than 24 hours under field conditions. Nogueira (1995) reported that, the propiconazole 0.4 liters per hectare + mineral oil 12 to 15 liters per hectare was effectively in controlling the disease. The bunch length was more in the treatment of propiconazole 0.1% (74.42 cm) followed by propiconazole 0.05% + petroleum based mineral oil 1% (73.27 cm) and it was lowest in untreated check (65.05 cm) (Table 3). The number of hands/ bunch was more in the treatment of propiconazole 0.1% (9.95) f ollowed by Propiconazole 0.05%+ petroleum based mineral oil 1% (9.63), mancozeb 0.125% + petroleum based mineral oil (9.34) and petroleum based mineral oil 1% (9.33). The number of fingers in 3 rd hand was maximum (16.86) in the treatment of propiconazole 0.05% + petroleum based mineral oil 1%(16.86) followed by propiconazole 0.1% (16.24) and petroleum based mineral oil 1% (16.16) (Table 4). The total number of fingers/ bunch was highest (165.86) in the treatment of propiconazole 0.1% followed by propiconazole 97

5 Table 2: Management of Sigatoka Leaf Spot Disease (Mycosphaerella musicola) with oil Based Formulations YLS PC IR II R M ean Untreated check 3.67 c 3.58 d 3.53 c b 6.08 c 6.17 b 6.13 Petroleum based mineral oil2% 6.36 b 6.42 b 6.50 b 6.43 Propiconazole 1 ml/ lit (0.1%) a a a Manconzeb 2.5g/ lit (0.25%) 6.56 b 6.50 b 6.75 b 6.60 Tridemorph 1ml / lit (0.1%) 6.17 b 6.58 b 6.08 b 6.28 Propiconazole 0.5 ml/ lit (0.05%) a a a Mancozeb 1.25g/lit(0.125%) b 7.33 b 7.11 b 7.21 Tridemorph 0.5 ml/l (0.05%) b 7.50 b 7.50 b 7.44 Mancozeb 0.25%, carbendazim 0.1%,carbendazim+ calixin 0.1% and Propiconazole 0.1% 9.67 a 9.42 a 9.72 a 9.60 SE m CDat 5% Note: PC-Plant crop, IR-First ratoon crop and IIR-second ratoon crop. Table 3: Management of Sigatoka Leaf Spot Disease (Mycosphaerella musicola) with Oil Based Formulations: Yield Parameters Bunch Length (cm) Bunch Width (cm) Untreated check b c b c c c a a a a b a Petroleum based mineral oil2% b a a a a a Propiconazole 1 ml/ lit (0.1%) a a a a a a Manconzeb 2.5g/ lit (0.25%) a b b b b a Tridemorph 1ml / lit (0.1%) a b a a ab a Propiconazole 0.5 ml/l (0.05%) a a a a a a mancozeb 1.25g/lit (0.125%) a a a a ab a Tridemorph 0.5 ml/l (0.05%) a a a a ab b

6 Table 3 (Cont.) Bunch Length (cm) Bunch Width (cm) Mancozeb 0.25%, a a a a ab a carbendazim 0.1%, carbendazim + calixin 0.1% and Propiconazole 0.1% SE m CD at 5% Note: PC-Plant crop, IR-First ratoon crop and IIR-second ratoon crop. Table 4: Management of Sigatoka Leaf Spot Disease (Mycosphaerella musicola) with Oil Based Formulations: Yield Parameters Hands/Bunch No.of Fingers in 3 rd Hand Untreated check 8.00 b 8.46 c 8.22 b c b a 9.58 a 9.32 a b a Petroleum based mineral oil 2% 9.09 a 9.42 bc 9.38 a b a Propiconazole 1 ml/ lit (0.1%) 9.22 a a a b a Manconzeb 2.5g/ lit (0.25%) 8.48 b 9.32 b 8.70 b b a Tridemorph 1ml / lit (0.1%) 8.81 a 9.18 b 9.04 b b a Propiconazole 0.5 ml/ lit (0.05%) a 9.82 a 9.95 a a a mancozeb 1.25g/lit(0.125%) a 9.43 ab 9.64 a b a Tridemorph 0.5 ml/l (0.05%) a 9.31 b 9.34 a b a Mancozeb 0.25%, carbendazim 8.86 a 9.71 a 9.01 b b a %, carbendazim + calixin 0.1% and Propiconazole 0.1% SE m CDat 5% NS Note: PC-Plant crop, IR-First ratoon crop and IIR-second ratoon crop. 0.05% +petroleum based mineral oil 1% (164.16) mancozeb 0.125% + petroleum based mineral oil 1% (152.26) and mancozeb 0.25%, carbendazim 0.1%, carbendazim + calixin 0.1% and Propiconazole 0.1%(150.30) and it was lowest in untreated check (128.18). With regard to finger length,the treatment propiconazole 0.1% recorded more finger length (19.90 cm) followed by propiconazole 0.05% + petroleum based mineral oil 1% (19.80 cm) (Table 5). 99

7 Table 5: Management of Sigatoka Leaf Spot Disease (Mycosphaerella musicola) with Oil Based Formulations: Yield Parameters Fingers/Bunch Finger Length (cm) Untreated check b c c c b b a a b b a a Petroleum based mineral oil2% a b b a a a Propiconazole 1 ml/lit (0.1%) a a a a a a Manconzeb 2.5g/lit (0.25%) a b b b a b Tridemorph 1ml/lit (0.1%) a b b a a b Propiconazole 0.5 ml/lit (0.05%) a a a a a a mancozeb1.25g/lit(0.125%) a a a b a b Tridemorph 0.5 ml/l (0.05%) a b b b a a Mancozeb 0.25%, carbendazim a a b a 18.08a b %,carbendazim+ calixin 0.1% and Propiconazole 0.1% SE m CD at 5% Note: PC-Plant crop, IR-First ratoon crop and IIR-second ratoon crop. Table 6: Management of Sigatoka Leaf Spot Disease (Mycosphaerella musicola) with Oil Based Formulations :Yield Parameters Finger Girth (cm) FingerWeight (g) Untreated check 3.23 c 3.19 c c c a 3.60 a b b Petroleum based mineral oil2% 3.66 b 3.62 a b b Propiconazole 1 ml/ lit (0.1%) 4.01 a 3.95 a a a Manconzeb 2.5g/ lit (0.25%) 3.76 a 3.50 b a b Tridemorph 1ml / lit (0.1%) 3.69 b 3.54 a a b Propiconazole 0.5 ml/ lit (0.05%) a 3.93 a a a

8 Table 6 (Cont.) Finger Girth (cm) FingerWeight (g) mancozeb 1.25g/lit(0.125%) b 3.44 b b b Tridemorph 0.5 ml/l (0.05%) b 3.60 a b b Mancozeb 0.25%, carbendazim 3.72 a 3.69 a b a %,carbendazim + calixin 0.1% and Propiconazole 0.1% SE m CD at 5% NS NS Note: PC-Plant crop, IR-First ratoon crop and IIR-second ratoon crop. Table 7: Management of Sigatoka Leaf Spot Disease (Mycosphaerella musicola) with Oil Based Formulations Pulp Weight (g) Pulp/Peel Ratio Untreated check c d c a 2.73 a a b b a 3.19 a Petroleum based mineral oil 2% a b b a 3.36 a Propiconazole 1 ml/ lit (0.1%) a a a a 4.36 a Manconzeb 2.5g/ lit (0.25%) a b b a 3.34 a Tridemorph 1ml / lit (0.1%) b b b a 2.85 a Propiconazole 0.5 ml/ lit (0.05%) a a a a 3.76 a mancozeb 1.25g/lit (0.125%) b c c a 2.96 a Tridemorph 0.5 ml/l (0.05%) b b b a 3.19 a Mancozeb 0.25%, carbendazim b b b a 3.05 a %, carbendazim + calixin 0.1% and Propiconazole 0.1% SE m CD at 5% NS NS NS Note: PC-Plant crop, IR-First ratoon crop and IIR-second ratoon crop. 101

9 Table 8: Management of Sigatoka Leaf Spot Disease (Mycosphaerella musicola) with Oil Based Formulations: Yield Parameters Bunch Weight (kg) Yield (t/ha) Untreated check c c d c c d b b c b b c Petroleum based mineral oil 2% b b b b b b Propiconazole 1 ml/lit (0.1%) a a a a a a Manconzeb 2.5g/ lit (0.25%) b b c b b c Tridemorph 1ml / lit (0.1%) b b b b b b Propiconazole 0.5 ml/ lit (0.05%) a a a a a a mancozeb 1.25g/lit (0.125%) b b b b b b Tridemorph 0.5 ml/l (0.05%) b b b b b b Mancozeb 0.25%, carbendazim b a b b a b %,carbendazim+ calixin 0.1% and Propiconazole 0.1% SE m CD at 5% Table 8 (Cont.) B/C Ratio PC IR II R M ean Untreated check Petroleum based mineral oil 2% Propiconazole 1 ml/lit (0.1%) Manconzeb 2.5g/ lit (0.25%) Tridemorph 1ml / lit (0.1%) Propiconazole 0.5 ml/lit (0.05%) mancozeb 1.25g/lit (0.125%) Tridemorph 0.5 ml/l (0.05%) Mancozeb 0.25%, carbendazim 0.1%, carbendazim+ calixin 0.1% and Propiconazole 0.1% 102

10 Plate 1: Management of Sigatoka Leaf Spot With Oil Based Formulations The treatment propiconazole 0.1% recorded the highest fruit weight ( g) followed by propiconazole 0.05% +petroleum based mineral oil 1% ( g) and it was lowest in untreated check (88.57 g) (Tables 6 and 7). With regard to yield, the treatment propiconazole 0.1% recorded the highest bunch weight of kg/plant. However, this treatment was on par with propiconazole 0.05% + petroleum based mineral oil 1% (23.42 kg/ plant). The treatment mancozeb 0.25%, carbendazim 0.1%, Carbendazim+ Calixin 0.1% and Propiconazole 0.1% recorded the yield of kg/plant. The lowest bunch weight was recorded in untreated check (15.79 kg/plant). The highest yield of t/ha was observed in the treatment of propiconazole 0.1% followed by propiconazole 0.05% + petroleum based mineral oil 1% and (72.28 t/ha), mancozeb 0.25%, carbendazim 0.1%, carbendazim + calxin 0.1% propiconazole 0.1% (65.62 t/ha), petroleum based mineral oil 1% (63.08 t/ha), petroleum based mineral oil 2% (62.63 t/ha), tridemorph 0.1% (62.62 t/ha) and mancozeb 0.125%+ petroleum based mineral oil 1% (62.46 t/ha). The lowest yield (48.74 t/ha) was obtained in the untreated check (Table 8). The B/C ratio was more (8.69) in the treatment of propiconazole 0.05% + petroleum based mineral oil 1% followed by propiconazole 0.1% (8.56), petroleum based mineral oil 1% (7.51), mancozeb 0.125% + petroleum based mineral oil 1% (7.38) (Table 8). Leach (1996) reported that number of hands, fingers as well as size of fingers was reduced 103

11 and finger are not fully filled and the bunches remained small and stunted and the fruits became soft in bunch showing the tendency of premature ripening in Sigatoka affected plants. Ramsey et al. (1987) reported the efficacy of propiconazole 50 g a.i. and 100 g a.i. per hectare for controlling the premature ripening of banana due to Sigatoka, The bunch weight was increased compared with untreated plants. West (1983) reported that Tilt (propiconazole) gave good control of leaf spot (M. musicola). The introduction of the triazoles or ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors (EBIS) in 1984, e.g., propiconazole (Tilt) and flucilazole (punch) was an important step forward in Sigatoka leaf spot control. The compound are usually applied in oil and have a post infection or curative effect of approximately 14 days and are persistent for approximately 60 days (Jeger et al., 1995). Calpouzos et al. (1959) reported that the antifungal action of petroleum and oil sprays which control the Sigatoka leaf spot disease of banana. The materials tested did not significantly inhibit conidial or ascospore germination and stomatal penetration was not sufficiently inhibited to account for disease control. They possibly inhibit the fungus inside the leaf at same stage after stomatal penetration and before symptom appearance. ACKNOWLEDGMENT We thank the Project Co-ordinator, AICRP on Tropical Fruits, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore for providing necessary facilities. REFERENCES 1. Calpouzos L, Theis T, Carmen M R and Colberg C (1959), Studies on the caution of oil in the control of Mycosphaerella musicola on banana leaves, Phytopathology, Vol. 49, pp Jeger M S, Edengreen S, Thresh J M, Johanson A, Waller, J M and Brown A E (1995), Banana diseases in bananas and plantains, Gowen S (Ed.), Chapman and Hall, London, pp Klein H H (1960), Controls of Cercosporaleaf spot of bananas with applications of oil sprays based on the disease cycle, Phytopathology, Vol. 7, pp Leach R (1946), Banana leaf spot (Mycosphaerella musicola) on the Gros Michel Variety in Jamaica, Kingston, Jamaica Government printer, pp Mourichon X, Carlier J and Foure E (1997), Sigatoka leaf spot diseases, Musa disease fact sheet No.8. International network for the improvement of banana and plantain (INIBAP), Montpellier, France, p Nogueira E M (1995), Evaluation of mixture of fungicide with mineral oil to control banana yellow Sigatoka (Mycosphaerella musicola), Acta Horticulturae, Vol. 370, pp Ramsey M D, Vandrey L L and Schipke L G (1987), Evaluation of systemic and protectant fungicides for the control of Sigatoka leaf spot (Mycosphaerella musicola Leach) of banana in North Queensland, Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, Vol. 27, No. 6, pp

12 8. Stover R and Simmonds N W (1987), Bananas, 3 rd Edition, Longman Scientific and Technical, Harlow, Essez, p Vala D G (1996), Fungal and bacterial diseases of banana, Singh S J (Ed.), Advances in diseases of fruit crops in India, Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana, pp West M (1983), New systemic fungicide highely effective on spot and speckle, Banana Bulletin, Vol. 47, pp

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