2 - Reproduction. 3 - Metabolism. Chapter 1: Themes of Biology (pp.6-9) Living things have certain characteristics in common.

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1 Objective: Outline and explain each of the major themes found in biology. Chapter 1: Themes of Biology (pp.6-9) Biology: Bio = life -ology = study of Living things have certain characteristics in common. All living organisms share general properties that separate them from non-living things! 1 Cellular Structure & Function Basic unit of life. Human body has over 100 trillion cells all of which have a certain job or function! Paramecium is a single cell. 2 - Reproduction No organism lives forever! Creates new generations. All living things can reproduce either sexually or asexually. 3 - Metabolism Obtain & use of energy to run the processes of life. Sum of all chemical reactions carried out in an organism Photosynthesis -- Cellular Respiration 1

2 4 - Homeostasis Maintain constant internal environment in spite of changes to the external environment. Homeostasis is kind of a fancy word for healthy. 5 - Heredity All living things must pass down traits to offspring through genes (which are made up of DNA). Genes - Mutations BALANCE! 6 Respond & Adjust to Environment Adaptation: Acquiring a characteristic (structural/behavioral) that helps one survive in an environment. Evolution Change in inherited traits of a species over time. Can lead to adaptation. 7 Growth & Development Interdependence between organisms Ecology Extinction Objective: Create a hypothetical experiment using the scientific method. Clearly label each step. Biologists David Bradford & John Harte Early 1980s Noticed decline in number of Frogs & Tiger Salamanders in ponds in Rocky Mountains 2

3 Ambystomatigrinum 1 - COLLECTING OBSERVATIONS For 2 years: The scientists collected observations pertaining to: H20 samples Food Behavior Reproduction Environmental Conditions They noticed tiger salamander population decreased by 65% 2 ASKING QUESTIONS The obvious one is Why are the salamander populations decreasing? Usually scientists begin doing a background research at this point. Sometimes the questions can be answered here before going any further. Example: Rocky Mountains have moisture high in H2SO4 (Sulfuric Acid) from power plants that burn high sulfur coal low ph Results in Acid Deposition snow melt in late May Just when salamanders lay eggs! 3 FORMING HYPOTHESES & MAKING PREDICTONS Hypothesis A statement that can be tested by additional observations/experiments ************************************************** 1 Acids formed in the upper atmosphere by pollutants were falling in the Rocky Mts. as snow. 2 - Melting snow made ponds acidic and harmed salamander embryos in late May. 3

4 Experiment - A planned procedure to test a Hypothesis. ********************************************************************************* Experimental Group Receives experimental treatment INDEPENDENT VARIABLE : (ph Level) Experimental factor is varied. DEPENDENT VARIABLE (# of salamanders hatched from eggs) Experimental factor is measured. Control Group Receives NO experimental treatment EXPERIMENT Allowed captive salamanders to lay eggs in regular pond H20 with a neutral ph. Collected and divided into 5 groups. ************************************************** Group 1: CONTROL GROUP Eggs placed in pond H20 with neutral ph. Other Groups: EXPERIMENTAL GROUPS Eggs placed in pond H20 with different phs similar to levels after snow melt. Data/Observations Usually in the form of: Data Tables Graphs Sometimes Descriptive Results Stating the results from the experiment. Often an explanation of the data. This is where graphs and data tables are explained. 5 DRAWING CONCLUSIONS Data is analyzed. This is where scientists connect the dots. ********************************************************* Melting snow in Rocky Mts. could cause acid absorbed from atmospheric pollution to be released into ponds of snow melt, harming salamander embryos! ********************************************************** Data supported both his Hypotheses! 6 PUBLISHING RESULTS IN SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL Reviewed by other scientists to confirm results & conclusions ************************************************* THEORY: Set of related Hypotheses that have been tested and confirmed many times by many scientists! Future evidence may cause revision/rejection! ******************************************************** 4

5 Scientific Process (pp 14-20) Objectives: Identify 3 benefits we receive from the biological sciences.. Importance of Biology #1 Crops * Bioengineered crops to become insect resistant and increase crop yields. * Bioengineered crops have been made to withstand harsher environments, thus increasing the areas that they can be planted. #2 Medicine: new biotechnology has and will continue improved healthcare. Some Top Research Areas: 1) AIDS Treatment and Prevention 2) Cancer Treatment and Prevention Example: Taxol, a chemical found in Pacific Yew Trees is found to be effective in treating ovarian and breast cancer. Medical Success Story Cystic Fibrosis: normally a fatal disorder caused by a defective gene. Gene therapy has been able to switch the defective gene with one that functions normally. Biology is linked to our quality of life. So your health, nutrition, food availability, longevity are all somewhat linked to the biological sciences. 5

6 Bar Graph * Uses horizontal and vertical bars to display data. * They make comparisons very easy to see. * Clearly show trends in data. * Downside: Harder to make precise predictions that line graph. Average height 100 Pie Chart Temp Only displays PERCENTAGES! Leaving out parts of the pie chart render it useless Used to compare different parts of the same whole. 0 1 min 2 min 3 min 4 min 5 min Time 0 Calculating Averages Students Favorite Foods 1 To determine an average you must: 30 #1 Add up all the numbers. 34 Chicken Nuggets Pizza #2 Divide by the total number of quantities. Hamburger Chicken Patty Fish Nuggets Example: Dr. Labratty has 5 students in his first class. On the last exam, the grades were: 78%, 62%, 89%, 94%, and 82%. Find the average grade for the exam. 0 6

7 Objectives: 1) Determine different metric units of measurement. 2) Convert inside the metric system. Calculating Percentages Calculating percentages is not as hard as many think. To get a percentage of a set quantity, you must multiply the quantity by the percent number ( move decimal 2 spaces to the left). Example: What is 70% of 85? Metric System Why use it? #1 Easy to use, since all conversions are based on units of 10. #2 It is the official method of measurement of all but 3 countries in the world. Metric Prefixes Pico Nano Micro Milli (1 millimeter =0.001 meters) Centi 0.01 (1 centimere =0.01 meters) Deci 0.1 no prefix 1.0 Deka 10.0 Hecto Kilo (1 kilometer = 1000 meters) Mega 1,000,000. Giga 1,000,000,000. Units of Metric Measurements Mass = Gram Volume = Liter Distance = Meter Converting Inside the Metric System: Factor Labelling 1 meter =? Kilometers Solution #1 1 meter * (1 kilometer)/(1000 meters) = kilometers 7

8 Solution #2 Jumping Method 3) If you are converting from a larger to a smaller unit of measurement, you move the decimal that many spaces to the right. 1) Find out how many units of measurement are between the original unit and the desired unit. There are 3 jumps to get from meters to kilometers. 2) If you are converting from a smaller to a higher unit of measurement, move the decimal that many spaces to the left. In converting 1 meter to kilometers, you would move the decimal 3 spaces or jumps to the left. Answer = km Assignment: Complete the following conversions: #1 Convert 300 milliliters to hectoliters. #2 Convert 50 grams to centigrams. #3 Convert 510 kilometers to meters. #4 Convert 3 kilograms to grams. #5 Convert 45 millimeters to kilometers. #6 Convert 2 liters to deciliters Bonus: Convert 200 micrometers to millimeters 8