Cells and Energy. e. Aerobic. a. Photosynthesis c. Thylakoids

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1 Name: Date: Period: BIO FIRST SEMESTER STUDY GUIDE & 1 st Semester Final Exam Study Packet All the information below can be found in your notes or textbook. Remember this is only a guide. There may be exam questions that are not mentioned in this handout & not everything mentioned will be on the test. The Study of Life 1. Common definitions: a. Species b. Biology c. Cell d. Homeostasis e. Observation f. Data g. Hypothesis h. Independent variable i. Dependent variable 2. What are some of the characteristics that all living organisms possess? 3. Know the steps of the scientific method. 4. Be able to identify the variables if given a description of an experiment. 5. Be able to explain some of the tools used in biology. Basic Chemistry a. Covalent bond b. Ionic bond c. Atomic number d. Exothermic e. Endothermic f. Polar g. Cohesion h. Adhesion j. Constants i. Solution j. Solute k. Solvent l. ph 2. Be able to convert between Metric units such as: a m = km b mg = g c cl = ml d. 6.7 km = m 3. Be able to determine the number of electrons that an atom has from its place in the Periodic Table. 4. Be able to describe the characteristics of water. 5. Know how to read the ph scale and the importance of the numbers on the scale. Organic Chemistry 1. Common definitions: a. Monomer c. Reactants e. Exothermic g. Activation energy b. Polymer d. Products f. Endothermic h. Enzyme 2. Know the four types of organic molecules. 3. Know the components and properties of the four organic compounds. 4. What are the functions and characteristics of enzymes? Cells and Cell Transport a. Prokaryote/Eukaryote b. Selectively permeable c. Organ/Tissue d. Organelle e. Hypertonic/Hypotonic f. Isotonic 2. Know the function, location, and appearance of the following organelles: a. Nucleus/Nucleolus b. Golgi Body d. Flagella/Cilia e. Lysosome/Vacuole c. Mitochondria f. Chloroplast g. Cell Theory h. Phagocytosis i. Exocytosis g. Ribosome & ER h. Cytoskeleton i. Cell membrane/wall 3. How are molecules able to enter/exit cells through the processes of: a. Diffusion b. Osmosis c. Active transport d. Passive transport 4. Be able to describe the process of protein creation along with the organelles and their role. 5. Be able to identify basic parts of the light microscope (see page R8 in the back of your textbook). Cells and Energy a. Photosynthesis c. Thylakoids e. Aerobic g. Glycolysis b. Chlorophyll d. Cellular respiration f. Anaerobic h. Fermentation 2. How is the ATP ADP Cycle able to repeat over and over again? 3. Cellular Respiration and Fermentation a. Know the characteristics/functions of glycolysis b. Know the characteristics/functions of aerobic respiration c. Know the characteristics/functions of Alcoholic Fermentation, Lactic acid fermentation 4. Photosynthesis a. What are the characteristics/functions of the light dependent reaction? Light independent reaction? Chromosomes, Mitosis, and Meiosis a. Haploid e. Zygote i. Chromatin m. Tetrad b. Diploid f. Fertilization j. Centromere n. Homologous c. Gamete g. Chromosome k. Cytokinesis o. Gametogenesis d. Somatic h. Chromatid l. Karyotype p. Crossing over 2. Know what happens during the 5 steps of the cell cycle. Be able to identify pictures and/or descriptions of: a. Interphase b. Prophase c. Metaphase d. Anaphase e. Telophase 3. Know what happens during the stages of meiosis. How does mitosis/meiosis differ? 4. Why is meiosis important to your survival? 5. Be able to read and interpret a karyotype. DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis a. Nucleotide b. Double helix c. Replication d. Transcription e. Translation f. Codon g. Anticodon h. Introns i. Exons j. Polypeptide k. Silent Mutation l. Point mutation m. Frame shift mutation n. Mutagens 2. Know the characteristics of DNA and RNA. 3. What role do the following molecules play in replication, transcription, and translation? a. DNA c. DNA Polymerase e. trna b. mrna d. RNA Polymerase f. Ribosome 4. Know the role between introns and exons given a strand of DNA or RNA. 5. Know the different types of mutations and the impact they play on the overall structure of a protein. 6. Be able to describe the process of transcription and translation starting with DNA and ending with a completed polypeptide. Be able to read the amino acid/codon chart that was used during this chapter. Incomplete Example Below: DNA mrna trna Amino Acid UAU Genetics and Punnett Squares a. Allele b. Genotype c. Phenotype d. Homozygous e. Heterozygous f. Heredity g. Codominant h. Incomplete dominance i. Sex linked 2. Be able to complete the following Punnett Squares and answer probability questions: (Practice!) a. Autosomal recessive inheritance d. Incomplete dominance inheritance b. Autosomal dominance inheritance e. Sex linked inheritance c. Codominance inheritance 3. Know how to read a Pedigree and be able to interpret missing genotypes and phenotypes.

2 Station #1: Chemistry (due 11.23) Sodium and chlorine will form an ionic bond because both are naturally unstable. Diagram the process below. 1. How many electrons does sodium have? 2. How many protons does sodium have? 3. What is the overall charge of sodium? 4. How many electrons does chlorine have? 5. How many protons does chlorine have? 6. What is the overall charge of chlorine? 7. Draw the electrons of each atom below. Use an arrow to show which atom will lose/gain an electron. Station #2: Cell Part Identification (due 11.23) Answer the following questions. 1. Which organelle transports ribosomes from one end of the cell to another? 2. Which organelle creates ribosomes? 3. Which organelle packages and ships proteins outside of a cell? 4. Which organelle creates ATP energy? 5. Which two organelles (besides the nucleus) contain their own DNA and were probably once free living organisms? 6. Which organelle creates lipids? 8. Fill in the ph scale below.. Label each part of the cell above. These are your choices: 7 Plasma membrane Lysosome Smooth ER Golgi body Vesicle Nucleolus Cytoplasm Chloroplast Mitochondria Nucleus Cilia Cell wall Rough ER Flagella 9. Battery acid has a ph of 0.8, so it is considered a strong acid / base. (circle one) 10. Baking soda has a ph of 8.4, so it is considered a strong / weak base. (circle one)

3 Station #3: The Metric System & Microscope (due 11.16) 1. Using LENGTH as your guide, fill out the Metric scale below. Station #4: The Cell Cycle (due 11.16) 2. Which unit you would use to measure the following objects? a. Distance from LA to Chicago? km kg mm m dm b. Weight of a medicine pill? kg hg mm cm mg c. Weight of a semi truck? g kl kg mg hm d. Height of a person? hl m dg l mm e. Amount of water in a swimming pool? dl kg kl dam cl f. Length of an eyelash? dam mm cg kl dm 3. In each series, circle the largest number. Hint: Change each number to the same unit. Series A: 3m 325cm.275km 3176mm Series B: 1.5km 150cm 15m mm 1. Place the pictures in order from start to finish. 2. Which picture is metaphase? 3. Which picture has the nucleus dissolving? 4. Which picture has the cell enlarging? 5. Which picture has DNA being duplicated? 6. Which picture has the spindle fibers being created? 7. Which picture has the spindle fibers dissolving? 8. Which picture has the chromatids being pulled apart? 9. Cytokinesis takes place at the end of which picture? 10. Which picture shows Anaphase? 11. In which picture is the cell performing its normal operations? Series C: 34g 2500mg 34kg 0.024g 4. Identify the letter of the eye piece a. What is the magnification of the ocular lens found here? 5. Identify the letter of the objective lenses What is the magnification of the: a. scanning lens? b. low power lens? c. high power lens? 6. Name the focus that should be used under low power and when first finding an object? 7. Suppose you are viewing a cell under the lowest power (the scanning objective lens), what would be your total magnification (don t forget about the ocular lens)? 12. How many chromosomes are found in gamete cells? 13. How many chromosomes are found in diploid cells? 14. How many chromosomes are found in muscle cells? 15. How many chromosomes are found in sperm cells? 16. How many chromosomes are found in brain cells? 17. How many chromosomes are found in the zygote? 18. How many chromosomes are found in the egg cell of this individual organism?

4 Station #5: Transcription and Translation (due 12.7) Station #6: Genetics (due 12.7) Answer the following questions. Autosomal Dominance Punnett Squares: Huntington s disease (H) is a dominant disorder where the healthy allele (h) is recessive. Rebecca is has Huntington s disease and Jarrod is homozygous recessive. They want to start a family, but also want to know the risk of passing the disease on to their children. 1) What is Rebecca s genotype? a. HH b. Hh c. hh d. Healthy e. Huntington s disease 2) What is the probability of each child being healthy? 3) What is the probability of having a homozygous dominant child? 1. Write the amino acids created from the piece of DNA (gene) below. G A A G C A C T A T T T A T A 4) What is the probability of having four children, each with Huntington s disease? Incomplete dominance: A homozygous blue bird and a homozygous white bird produce offspring that are heterozygous silver. Cross two silver birds with each other. 2. Fill in the table below using the rules of transcription and translation. DNA Codon Anticodon Amino acid C G U G A U C C T 3. Fill in the table below with the proper enzymes. (A) RNA Polymerase (B) DNA Helicase (C) DNA Polymerase DNA Replication Enzyme function Transcription Separates the DNA helix Rejoins the DNA helix Name not given 5) What is the genotype of the silver birds? a. SS b. Ss c. BB d. WW e. BW 6) What is the probability of producing a silver bird? 7) How many different phenotypes are created by this cross? a. Zero b. One c. Two d. Three e. Four Sex Linked Inheritance: 8) Sex Linked Inheritance: The pedigree shows hemophilia in a small family. Determine the genotypes of every involved. Use X H for healthy and X h for hemophilia. Half shaded means the same as a dot or slash. a. e. b. f. c. g. d. h.

5 Station #7: Chemical Reactions, ATP, & Organic Molecules (due 11.30) 1. Match the following words with the proper definition: Equilibrium Enzyme Endothermic Activation Energy Exothermic a. The amount of energy that is needed for a chemical reaction to start. b. When a reaction takes place at an equal rate in both directions. c. A chemical reaction the releases more energy than it absorbs. d. Increases a reaction by lowering the activation energy. e. A chemical reaction that absorbs more energy that it releases. Station #8: Cellular Transport (due 11.30) Fill in the table below with the correct details for each type of cellular transport COMPARE/CONTRAST the kinds of transport Choose one: Active (Uses ATP) or Passive (Diffuses w/o using energy) What is needed for this type of transport to happen? (Choose one) Membrane proteins Vesicles Needs no help Other Give an example of a substance(s) that moves into/out of the cell with this type of transport DIFFUSION Salt 2. True / False (circle one): Enzymes are not specific and can only be used once by the cell. 3. Fill in the ATP diagram below: FACILITATED DIFFUSION Passive Ions OSMOSIS Needs no help Use the four monomer choices to answer questions 4 14: a. Monosaccharide b. Fatty acid c. Nucleotide d. Amino acid ACTIVE TRANSPORT (USUALLY INVOLVES PROTEIN PUMP) Ions 4. Which forms the genetic code of a species? 5. Which bonds with a glycerol molecule to make a wax? 9. Which is a chain of C, H, and O atoms in a 1: 2: 1 ratio? 10. Which will bond to make a polypeptide? ENDOCYTOSIS (PHAGOCYTOSIS) Large Particles 6. Which is made from a sugar, phosphate, and 11. Which is a monomer of carbohydrates? nitrogen base? 7. Which is a simple sugar? 8. Which will form the basis of an enzyme? 12. Which is the monomer of nucleic acids? 13. Which is the monomer of lipids? 14. Which is the monomer of proteins? ENDOCYTOSIS (PINOCYTOSIS) Vesicle 15. Circle the example of an organic molecule below: EXOCYTOSIS Protein

6 Station #9: Cellular Energy (due 12.14) Answer the following questions and fill in the graphic organizer with the correct details. Define Photosynthesis: Define Cellular Respiration: Write the equation for cellular respiration. Draw a box around the reactants and circle the products. Write the equation for photosynthesis. Draw a box around the reactants and circle the products. Where does lactic acid fermentation take place? What is the purpose of fermentation?